Named Entity Results, 59 BC

e the impression, but sometimes Asiatic chalk.pro Flacco, 37. Upon the outside of the roll the name of the person addressed was written in the dative, sometimes with his title and the place where he could be found, e.g. M. Lucretio flamini Martis decurioni Pompeus.From a Pompeian wall-painting preserved in the Museum at Naples. 64. Letters were often written by secretaries from dictation, but most of Cicero's letters to Atticus and Quintus at least were written with his own hand; for in 59 B.C. he writes to Atticus: numquam ante arbitror te epistulam meam legisse, nisi mea manu scriptam Att. 2.23.1.; and in 49 B.C.: lippitudinis meae signum tibi sit librarii manus Att. 8.13.1.; and in 54 B.C. to Quintus: scribis enim te meas litteras superiores vix legere potuisse, in quo nihil eorum, mi frater, fuit quae putas; neque enim occupatus eram neque perturbatus nec iratus alicui, sed hoc facio semper ut, quicumque calamus in manus meas venerit, eo sic utar tamquam bono. Q. fr. 2.14 (1

d while the games were being held. For a similar scene when Caesar and Curio entered the theatre, cf. Ep. VII. 3. pastoricia fistula: shrill whistles were used by a politician's opponents to drown the applause of his supporters. Hissing was also common (Ep. VII. 2). comitiorum: the consular election. Auli filium: i.e. L. Afranius. By designating him as Auli filium Cicero means perhaps that Afranius was himself a man of no worth. He was consul in 60 B.C. , proconsul of Gallia Cisalpina in 59 B.C. , was pardoned by Caesar for espousing the cause of Pompey in the Civil War, joined the Pompeian forces again, and was captured and put to death after the battle of Thapsus. Philippus: the methods of Philip of Macedon had become proverbial. Cf. Hor. Od. 3.16.13-15 diffidit urbium portas vir Macedo et subruit aemulos reges muneribus. In Juv. 12.47 he is callidus emptor Olynthi. consul ille: i.e. Piso. deterioris histrionis: a deuteragwnisth/s. Pompey takes the leading role in this comedy of

Letter VII: ad Atticum 2.19 Rome, July, 59 B.C. In accordance with the Compact made in 60 B.C. between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, who formed what is commonly called the First Triumvirate, Caesar had been elected consul for 59 B.C. , and the radical measures whose passage he had secured or was securing with the help of Pompey (cf. Att. 2.16.2) opened Cicero's eyes to the character of Pompey, and to the danger which threatened the state. The letter presents a lively picture of the political59 B.C. , and the radical measures whose passage he had secured or was securing with the help of Pompey (cf. Att. 2.16.2) opened Cicero's eyes to the character of Pompey, and to the danger which threatened the state. The letter presents a lively picture of the political turmoil in Rome, throws light upon the attitude of the populace toward Caesar and Pompey, as viewed from an aristocratic standpoint, and discloses Cicero's realization for a moment of the danger with which the designs of Clodius threaten him. sescenta: cf. miliens, Ep. V.4n. Statium manu missum (esse): Quintus Cicero had lately set his slave Statius free, and this action had given color to the rumor that Statius exerted too great an influence over Quintus. Cf. Q. fr. 1.2.3 quod autem me maxis

Letter VIII: ad Atticum 2.22 Rome, Aug. or Sept., 59 B.C. The excited tone and the abrupt style of the letter betray the writer's appreciation of the imminence of the danger threatening him. quam vellem Romae: if the text is correct, either to be connected with the greeting (cf. Fam. 1.10), or an extreme case of ellipsis, with te esse understood. Cf. Att. 13.21.6 de Caesaris adventie scripsit ad me Balbus non ante Eat; 13.2.1 Pisonem sicubi (poteris, conveni, Ut) de auro (coificias), and Iem fore quem disam nescio, haut. Trin. 2; sed dic tamen unde onustam celocem agere te praedicem, Plaut. Pseud. 1306; inimiciorem nunc utrum credam magis sodalemne esse an Bacchidem, incertum admodumst, Plaut. Bacch. 500 f. libros Alexandri: in 59 B.C. Cicero was at work on his Chorographia, a treatise upon geography (cf. Att. 2.4. 3; 2.6.1; 2.7.1), and Atticus had sent to him a poem upon the same subject, written by Alexander of Ephesus (Att. 2.20.6). Numerium Numestium: recommended to Cicer

Letter IX: ad Atticum 2.23 Rome, Aug. or Sept., 59 B.C. nisi mea manu scriptam: cf. Intr. 64. quanta occupatione distinear: his attention was given to professional matters rather than to politics; cf. 3. voculae: cf. pulchellus, Ep. V.10n, and voculas, Ep. LI.2n. ambulare: Quintilian, 11.3.19, recommends walking, among other things, as good for the voice. dictavi : Tiro, Cicero's principal secretary, was an expert shorthand writer and the author of a system of stenography. Cf. Intr. 57. haequests for the presence of Atticus would seem to have been successful, as there is a break in the correspondence between the two men from November, 59, to March, 58, during which time Atticus was doubtless in Rome. The correspondence of the year 59 B.C. reveals the utter helplessness of the senatorial party to cope with the triumvirs. The former were without a 'platform' and without leaders. The petulant opposition of Bibulus and the tactless obstinacy of Cato excited only ridicule and anger

nd that of one of his contemporaries. discedens: Caelius accompanied Cicero part of the way from Rome to Brundisium. See Cumarum tenus, 2n. diligentissime perscripturum: cf. Intr. 77. paravi persequeretur: Caelius had evidently employed a reporter to collect news, probably a certain Chrestus. Cf. Ep. XXX III. 1. peregrinantibus gratum: so eager for news were the Romans in the provinces that certain persons in Rome drove a thriving trade by sending them reports of the news of the day. In 59 B.C. their task was lightened by the law of Caesar requiring the doings in the senate and the courts and in the field, together with some events of a private character, to be published officially in the Acta diurna, which were copied and sent in great numbers to the provinces. Cf. Fam. 12.23.2 rerum urbanarum acta tibi mitti certo scio. Cf. also Att. 3.15.6; 6.2.6; Mommsen, St. R. 3.1017 f. meum hoc officium, this method of keeping my promise. volumen: the document of Chrestus apparently took

o writes to Atticus: rumore adventus nostri et Cassio, qui Antiochia tentbatur, animus accessit et Parthis timor iniectus est. Itaque tos cedentes ab oppido Cassius insecutus rem bene gessit, Att. 5.20.3. Bibulum: Bibulus, who had been consul in 59 B.C. , was proconsul of Syria. apud Epiphaneam: cf. apud Iconium, 2 n. Quintus legati: usually there was one legatus to a legion, but Cicero had four for his two legions. repugnantibus: sc. iis. The omission of the subject is so remarkable that Bantonius, Cicero exchanged provinces with him, and afterward declined Cisalpine Gaul. For another statement of his feelings with reference to a province, cf. contra voluntatem, Ep. XXIX.1n. sacerdotium: the augurate. But Cicero writes to Atticus, 59 B.C. : de istis rebus exspecto tuas litteras cuinam auguratus deferatar, quo quidem uno ego ab istis capi possum, Att. 2.5.2. He was elected a member of the college of augurs in 53 B.C. iniuriam : one of Cicero's euphemisms for exsilium. meam calam

ing some shame upon himself, etc. See Crit. Append. fore: in apposition to and explanatory of periculum. Ne with the subj. would be a more natural construction, but cf. cum subest ille timor, ea (utilitate) neglecta ne dignitatem quidem posse retineri, de Or. 2.334. The statement of one side of the question, which began with 2, comes to an end with this sentence. istum: i.e. Caesarem. ille: i.e. Pompeius. legibus ferendis: i.e. the laws whose passage Caesar effected in his consulship in 59 B.C. For Pompey's attitude toward these laws, cf. Att. 2.16.2. When Caesar's agrarian law, assigning lands to Pompey's veterans, came before the people, Bibulus and Cato, the leaders of the opposition, were treated with great roughness; cf. Plut. Cat. Min. 32; Suet. Iul. 20. contra auspicia: to the many attempts which the Optimates made to postpone the comitia on religious grounds (cf. Dio Cass. 38.6) Caesar paid little heed. Galliae adiunctor: Caesar's third province (cf. Intr. 13) was volunt