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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
necessary. These devices have been used in connection with the diving-bells, but the latter is not a necessary auxiliary. In the article on the diving-bell some instances of submarine armor are given, but only as incidentals. Submarine armor has not as clear claims to antiquity as the diving-bell, if we accept the accounts of Aristotle and Jerome. The earliest distinct account of the diving-bell in Europe is probably that of John Taisnier, quoted in Schott's Technica Curiosa, Nuremberg, 1664, and giving a history of the descent of two Greeks in a diving-bell, in a very large kettle, suspended by rope, mouth downward ; which was in 1538, at Toledo, in Spain, and in the presence of the Emperor Charles V. Beckman cites a print in editions of Vegetius on War, dated in 1511 and 1532, in which the diver is represented in a cap, from which rises a long leather pipe, terminating in an opening which floats above the surface of the water. Dr. Halley, about 1717, made a number of impr
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
te persons about 1500, and about the same time watches were introduced. Shakespeare refers to a watch in the play of Twelfth Night, where Malvolio says: — I frown the while, and perchance wind up my watch, or play with some rich Jewel. Mr. Pierce showed me the Queene's [the Portuguese princess, wife of Charles II.] bedchamber, and her holy-water at her head as she sleeps, with a clock by her bedside, wherein a lamp burns that tells her the time of the night at any time. — Pepys's Diary, 1664. The pendulum, which engaged the attention of the Spanish Saracens in the eleventh century, and persons of other nations who were so fortunate as to visit their University of Cordova, had a sleep of six centuries, for it was reserved for the seventeenth century to bring it into general notice and usefulness. Early in the seventeenth century, Galileo, observing the oscillations of a suspended lamp, conceived the idea of making a pendulum a measurer of time, and in 1639 published a work
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
with his cap, from which rises a long leather pipe provided with an opening above the surface of the water. Lorini on Fortification, 1607, shows a square box, bound with iron, furnished with windows and a seat for the diver. Kessler in 1617, Witsen in 1671, and Borelli in 1679, gave attention to the subject and contributed to the efficiency of the apparatus. A diving-bell company was formed in England in 1688, and the operators made some sucessful descents on the coast of Hispaniola. In 1664, cannon were recovered from wrecks of the Spanish Armada by the Laird of Melgim, near the Isle of Man, but not sufficient to pay. Previous unsuccessful attempts had been made by Colquhoun, of Glasgow, who depended for air upon a leathern tube reaching above the surface of the water. Dr. Halley, in 1715, improved the diving-bell by a contrivance for supplying it with fresh air by means of barrels lowered from the vessel, from which the bell was suspended, the foul air escaping by a cock. Thi
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
of the time of Charles I. It is called a snaphaunce self-loading petronel. It has a revolving cylinder containing seven chambers with touch-holes. The action of lifting the hammer causes the cylinder to revolve, and a fresh chamber is brought into connection with the barrel. Six of the seven chambers are exposed to view, and the charges are inserted without the aid of a ramrod. Speaking generally, the early hand-guns were breech-loaders. See revolver. Abraham Hall's English patent, 1664, had a hole at the upper end of the breech to receive the charge, which hole is opened or stopped by a piece of iron or steel that lies along the side of the piece, and movable by a ready and easy motion. Henry VIII. took much interest in fire-arms, and two weapons, yet extant, manufactured during his reign, were substantially the same as the modern Snider rifle. Among the curiosities of this branch of invention is Puckle's English patent, No. 418, May 15, 1718. The accompanying illus
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), O. (search)
was discovered by Dolland; afterward polarization of light by double refraction; a century later polarization by reflection, by single refraction; depolarization, and many beautiful phenomena were observed, such as the irised rings, bright and black crosses in crystals, unannealed and compressed glass; then came the discovery that the colors of soap-bubbles were due to the thickness of the film, and this led to ascertaining the length of waves of light. The undulatory theory was suggested in 1664, and was held in abeyance by the supremacy of Newton's preferred material theory; the eye came to be considered as a camera, as described by Da Vinci; later we have reached the kaleidoscope the stereoscope, the photographic camera and processes, the compound and achromatic microscope, which is now working a revolution in anatomy and physiology. See under the following heads: — Achromatic condenser.Catadioptric apparatus. Adapter.Catopter. Alidade.Catoptric cistula. Altarimeter.Catoptri
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
point and auger at the bottom, and a wheel at the top which rotates in a nut and feeds the auger into the ground. On retracting the auger the shaft remains stationary and the nut is rotated. See also auger; earth-auger. Post-butt. A block inserted in the ground and having a socket to hold a post. Post-chaise. A closed vehicle for hire, designed to be drawn by relays of horses, hired for each trip between stations. Post-chaises are said to have been introduced into England in 1664. Post-driver. Post-driver. An implement for driving sharpened posts into the ground instead of setting them in holes. Fig. 3908 is an example of one attached to a wagon. The secondary tongue enables the ram to be elevated by the team. The elevated ram is sustained by a spring latch, and may be dropped at any time by pulling the tripping-line. Fig. 3909 is attached to a sled. A weight is operated within the frame by means of an adjustable hook and rope. Post′er. A printed
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
the proper acceptation of the term, the grooves being straight and intended merely to prevent fouling of the bore and facilitate cleaning. The grooves were made spiral by Koster of Birmingham, England, about 1620. In Berlin is a rifled cannon of 1664, with 13 grooves, and one in Munich of perhaps equal antiquity has 8 grooves. The French Carabineers had rifled arms in 1692. Pere Daniel, who wrote in 1693, mentions rifling the barrels of small-arms, and the practice was apparently well knowlver plates, it being so small, that Browne, that made it, cannot get one to do it. So I got Cocker [the celebrated arithmetician, Ob. 1679], the famous writing master, to do it, and I set an hour by him, to see him design it all. — Pepys's Diary, 1664. Rules. Some rules have a slider in one leg; in Gunter's scale this is graduated and engraved with figures, enabling various simple computations to be made mechanically. When Dalton (who died in 1844, aet. 78) made known his discovery of
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
（Architecture.) A hollow, curved molding. It occurs in the base of the Ionic column, and also in the projecting angle of the Doric corona. Synonymous with cavetto. Sco′to-graph. An instrument to assist in writing in the dark or without seeing. Sco′to-scope. An optical instrument by which objects may be discerned in the dark. The scotoscope he [Mr. Reeve] gives me, and is of value; and a curious curiosity it is to discover objects in a dark room with. — Pepys's. Diary, 1664. Scots′man. （Nautical.) See Scotchman. Scour′ing. 1. (Woolen-manufacture.) The pounding of woven woolen cloth by mallets in a trough provided with a detergent and water, in order to remove the oil and acquired dirt incident to its deck-load. The example shows one strongly trussed, to prevent sagging or hogging. Scrap. 1. The integuments that remain after the rendering of fat. 2. Broken iron, cast or wrought, for remelting or reworking. Scrap-book. A bla
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
. The annals of China place the use of the leaf at a very remote date. It was introduced into Japan in the ninth century A. D., but was not brought to Europe till some seven centuries later. It was about the middle of the seventeenth century (1664) that the East India Company presented to the queen of England a package of two pounds of tea, then valued at forty shillings a pound. About the same time some Russian ambassadors returned to Moscow, bringing some carefully packed green tea, whicic intensity of the earth alone. The-or′bo. （Music.) A large lute, having two heads, to each of which strings are attached. One slovenly and ugly fellow, Signor Pedro, who sings Italian songs to the theorbo most neatly. — Pepys's Diary, 1664. Ther′mal a-larm′. An attachment for giving indication of a hot-bearing. A tube j has a plug l of such material or alloy as will melt at the degree at which it is desired the alarm should be given. See table of fusible alloys, page