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A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), (search)
, Apollinarians, and Novatians, and of Jovinian. It was probably about the year 384 that he successfully resisted the petition of Symmachus and the heathen senators of Rome for the restoration of the altar of Victory. He was the principal instructor of Augustine in the Christian faith. [AUGUSTINUS.] The latter years of his life, with the exception of a short absence from Milan during the usurpation of Eugenius (392), were devoted to the care of his bishopric. He died on the 4th of April, A. D. 397. Works As a writer, Ambrose cannot be ranked high, notwithstanding his great eloquence. His theological knowledge scarcely extended beyond a fair acquaintance with the works of the Greek fathers, from whom he borrowed much. His works bear also the marks of haste. He was rather a man of action than of letters. His works are very numerous, though several of them have been lost. They consist of Letters, Sermons, and Orations, Commentaries on Scripture, Treatises in commendation of celiba
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), or St. Chryso'stomus (search)
acher was so great, that on the death of Nectarius, archbishop of Constantinople, he was chosen to succeed him by Eutropius, minister to the emperor Arcadius, and the selection was readily ratified by the clergy and people of the imperial city, A. D. 397. The minister who appointed him was a eunuch of infamous profligacy, and Chrysostom was very soon obliged to extend to him the protection of the church. Tribigild, the Ostrogoth, aided by the treachery of Gainas, the imperial general, who hated (three books), &c. 5. Liturgies. Of the homilies, those on St. Paul are superior to anything in ancient theology, and Thomas Aquinas said, that he would not accept the whole city of Paris for those on St. Matthew, delivered at Antioch, A. D. 390-397. The letters written in exile have been compared to those of Cicero composed under similar circumstances; but in freedom from vanity and selfishness, and in calmness and resignation, Chrysostom's epistles are infinitely superior to Cicero's. Among
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Flavia'nus (search)
o accept the appointment. The imputation of perjury, to which Flavian thus subjected himself, apparently aggravated the schism; and when Paulinus died, A. D. 388 or 389, his party elected Evagrius to succeed him; but on his death after a short episcopate [EVAGRIUS, No. 1], no successor was chosen; and the schism was healed, though not immediately. Flavian managed to conciliate Theophilus, bishop of Alexandria, and by his intervention, and that of Chrysostom, now bishop of Constantinople, A. D. 397-403, he was acknowledged by the Roman and other Western churches. On occasion of the great sedition at Antioch, A. D. 387, Flavian was one of those who interceded with the emperor, Theodosius the Great, for the pardon of the citizens. He set out on this mission in spite of the infirmities of age, the inclemency of the weather, and the illness of his only sister, who was at the point of death; and used such diligence as to reach Constantinople before the authentic tidings of the disturban
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Gildo (search)
ximus was quelled, itis probable that he continued faithful. The Codex Theodosianus (9. tit. 7. s. 9) shows that he possessed his high offices in A. D. 393. In the war of Theodosius against Arbogastes and Eugenius (A. D. 394), Gildo acted very ambiguously. It is probable that he professed allegiance to Theodosius, but did not send to him any contributions of ships, money, or men. Claudian intimates that Theodosius, irritated by this, proposed to attack him, but was prevented by death. In A. D. 397 Gildo was instigated by Eutropius the eunuch to transfer his allegiance and that of his province from the western to the eastern empire, and the emperor Arcadius accepted him as a subject. Stilicho, guardian of Honorius, was not disposed quietly to allow this transfer, and the matter was laid before the Roman senate, which proclaimed Gildo an enemy, and denounced war against him. Just about this time, Mascezel, brother of Gildo, either disapproving his revolt, or having had his life attemp
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Hadria'nus (search)
Hadria'nus or ADRIANUS. We learn fiom the Codex Theodosianus that a person of this name held the office of Magister Officiorum in the reign of Honorius, A. D. 397 and 399 (Cod. Theod. 6. tit. 26.11; tit. 27.11). He appears to have been praefectus praetorio Italiae, A. D. 400-405 (Cod. Theod. 7. tit. 18.11 to 14; 8. tit. 2.5. tit. 5.65; 16. tit. 2.35. tit. 6.45). After an interval in which the praefecture passed into other hands we find it again held by an Hadrianus, apparently the same person as the former praefect of the name, A. D. 413-416 (Cod. Theod. 7. tit. 4.33. tit. 13.21; 15. tit. 14.13). The first of the five Epistolae of Claudian is inscribed Deprecatio ad Hadrianum Prefuectum Praetorio: but it is not known on what authority this title rests. The poet deprecates the anger of some grandee whom he had in some moment of irritation in his youth offended by some invective. Another of Claudian's poems (Epigr. xxviii. ed Burman, xxx. in some other ed.) bears the inscription De Th
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Hiero'nymus or St. Jerome (search)
(Ed. Bened. vol. ii. p. 715.) 3. In Canticum Canticorum Tractatus II. In Canticum Canticorum Tractatus II. From the Greek of Origen, who is strongly praised in the preface addressed to Pope Damasus. Translated at Rome in A. D. 383. (Ed. Bened. vol. ii. p. 807 ; comp. vol. v. p. 603.) Vol. IV. 4. Commentarii in Iesaiam, Commentarii in Iesaiam, in eighteen books. The most full and highly finished of all the labours of Jerome in this department. It was commenced apparently as early as A. D. 397, and not completed before A. D. 411. Tillemont considers that there is an allusion to the death of Stilicho in the preface to the eleventh book. (Ed. Bened. vol. iii. p.i.) 5. Homiliae novem in Visiones Iesaiae ex Graeco Origenis. Homiliae novem in Visiones Iesaiae ex Graeco Origenis. Rejected by Vallarsi in his first edition as spurious, but admitted into the second, upon evidence derived from the Apology of Rufinus. (See Vallarsi, vol. iv. p. ii. p. 1098.) This must not be confounded
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Hila'rio (search)
Hila'rio or HILARIA'NUS, Q. JU'LIUS, an ecclesiastical writer belonging to the close of the fourth century, of whose history we know nothing since his works convey no information upon the subject, and he is not mentioned by any ancient authority whatever. Works Two works bear the name of Hilarius. 1. Expositum Expositum de Die Paschae et Mensis, on the determination of Easter, finished, as we are told in the concluding paragraph, on the fifth of March, A. D. 397. It was first published from a MS. in the Royal Library at Turin, by C. M. Pfaff, and attached to the edition of the Divine Institutions of Lactantius, printed at Paris in 1712. It will be found under its most correct form in the Bibliotheca Patrum of Galland, vol. viii. Append. ii. p. 745. Venet. fol. 1772. 2. De Mundi Duratione, De Mundi Duratione, or, according to a Vienna MS., De Cursu Temporum, composed, as we learn from the commencement, after the piece noticed above. Editions De Mundi Duratione was first pu
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Hypere'chius (search)
and for whom he endeavoured to obtain the office of praeses of one of the provinces, is the Hyperechius of Ammianus; but this is perhaps hardly consistent with the contemptuous manner in which the latter speaks of him. An Hyperechius, apparently the same as the friend of Libanius, appears among the correspondents of Basil of Caesareia (Epist. 367, or ed. Bened. 328), and is mentioned by Gregory of Nazianzen with great praise (Epist. 234, or in Caillau's ed. 134, written about A. D. 382). A person of the same nanle, and perhaps the same person, was comes rerum privatarum A. D. 397 (Cod, Theod 7. tit. 13.12; 10. tit. 1.14); and an Hyperechius, probably also the same, is mentioned in the letters of Symmachus. (Amm. Marc. 26.8, with the notes of Valesius; Libanius, Epist. 1285, 1286, et alibi, ed. Wolf; Greg. Nazianz. Opera, vol. ii. p. 113, ed. Caillau, Paris, 1840; Basil. Opera, vol. iii. pars 2, p. 655, ed. Paris, 1839; Gothof. Prosop. Cod. Tleodos.; Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vol. v.)
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Rufi'nus (search)
een ordained a presbyter, and to whom he was warmly attached. The seeds of enmity planted by this controversy were cherished into vigour by the characteristic heat of Jerome, whose denunciations of his fonner companion became, by quick degrees, more and more fierce and unsparing; but before the quarrel had ripened into inextinguishable hatred, its progress was checked by the interposition and explanations of honest friends, and a solemn reconciliation took place at Jersalem, on Easter day, A. D. 397. In the autumn of the same year Rufinus embarked for Italy, along with Melania, and having been hospitably entertained by Paulinus [PAULINUS], at Nola, betook himself from thence, without visiting the metropolis, to the monastery of Pinetum. Hither multitudes flocked for the purpose of making inquiries with regard to the ceremonies and liturgies of the sister Churches of the East, the rules of the most celebrated coenobitical fraternities, the Greek ecclesiastical writers, and various ot
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Syne'sius (search)
Syne'sius （*Sune/sios), one of the most elegant of the ancient Christian writers, was a native of Cyrene, and traced his descent from the Spartan king Eurysthenes. He devoted himself to the study of all branches of Greek literature, first in his own city, and afterwards at Alexandria, where he heard Hypatia; and became celebrated for his skill in eloquence and poetry, as well as in philosophy, in which he was a follower of Plato. About A. D. 397, he was sent by his fellow-citizens of Cyrene on an embassy to Constantinople, to present the emperor Arcadius with a crown of gold; on which occasion he delivered an oration on the government of a kingdom (peri\ basilei/as), which is still extant. Soon after this he embraced Christianity, and was baptized by Theophilus, the patriarch of Alexandria, who had such a sense of his merits that, in the year 410, he ordained him as bishop of Ptolemais, the chief city of the Libyan Pentapolis, although Synesius was very unwilling to accept the office