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professionals only, as the bayadeers of India; or by fanatics, as the dervishes of Moslem lands. In Oriental countries, as also in ancient Rome, it is considered unbecoming the gravity of men, and they regard it absurd for persons who can afford to hire dancers to give themselves so much trouble. The idea of dancing as a festive entertainment practiced by the guests seems to be European, though some of the pictures of ancient Egypt indicate that the guests danced at their assemblies. Miriam and her troupe of females danced as a votive exercise in celebration of the deliverance at the Red Sea, and used as accompaniments the musical instruments of Egypt. Without occupying space by citing the saltatorial and posturing exercises of the nations of antiquity, it may be briefly mentioned that in the early centuries of the Christian Church the dance was combined with the hymn. This was, no doubt, a concession to the Pagan habits of the people. Scaliger says that the bishops led th
yed with a bow. (See Plate LXIV., Bonanni.) The latter has merely a flat soundingboard, on which the single string is stretched. The so-called German lyre is a hurdy-gurdy. The Kaffirs have a species of monochord, consisting of a string stretched on a bow and twanged with an ornamented swan-quill, and a sort of violin formed by stretching a string over a kind of drum with a handle. This is played with a bow. Instruments played by percussion seem to have been among the first known. Miriam is represented as playing on the timbrel after the passage of the Israelites across the Red Sea. (Exodus, chap. XV.) This appears to have been similar to the tambourine, and was also probably surrounded by little bells. See tambourine. The tam-tam, formed by stretching a skin over the opening of a hollow hemisphere, cylinder, quadrangular box, or even a gourd, and beaten with a stick, has been found among all races and tribes of people. See drum. The maramba, formed by thus prepa
ing proportions and shapes, to imitate the peculiar sounds of the various instruments after which they are named, as flute, trumpet, bassoon, oboe, etc. Tim′brel. A drum or tambourine used in ancient times. We read of it in Exodus and Job. Miriam sang, danced, and played on the timbrel when she took her part in the grand antiphonal by the Red Sea. See tambourine; Tabret. Time-alarm. Time-a-larm′. An audible notice at the expiration of a set time. In this sense, every striking cfour women with harps; one beating a drum and another with a double pipe. Then comes a chorus of singers, clapping their hands The Hebrew drum (toph) was a small hand-drum or tambourine, called timbrel or tabret in the English version; vide Miriam and Jephtha's daughter. The hand-drum of some parts of the East is still called doff, diff, or adufe. Clarke's artificial tympanum. Tym′pa-num, Ar-ti-fi′cial. (Surrgical.) An elastic membrane designed to replace the natural tympanu