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t to suppress that rebellion we borrowed one hundred and two millions sterling, adding it to our permanent debt, besides the extra sums obtained by increased taxation from the people. At the beginning of the war with Napoleon, our national debt was two hundred and thirty-three millions; by the close of the war we had trebled it. Every farthing of this money was spent in war, and hundreds of millions besides, the accumulating debt being bound, like a millstone, round our necks forever. The Russian war shows that we have only to get our blood heated to be as extravagant as ever. In 1856 our expenditure was eighty-four millions, the year after nearly as much, and the whole expense of the war has been estimated at not less than one hundred millions. And what was the object for which we threw away such vast sums of money? The integrity of the Empire was not threatened. An insurgent host was not encamped within thirty miles of the capital. We were not called upon to wage a struggle f
etrieve the day. The left wing of General J. B. Turchin's brigade of Baird's division, had taken possession of a small work constructed by the enemy on that portion of Mission Ridge nearly opposite Fort Wood. Before he could arrange his regiments inside, the rebels, gathering up all the yet unrouted fragments of such force as they had upon the centre, charged Turchin with a determined fury excelling any thing they had displayed upon that part of the field during the day. But the heroic old Russian who had for two long years overthrown both rebels and their sympathizers, in every field where he had met them, was not to be conquered now, while flushed with his crowning victory. His left wing stood firm as a rock against the overwhelming numbers assailing it. The remainder of the brigade was hurried to the rescue upon the double-quick; the rebel fortifications, manned by Union soldiers, blazed like a volcano in the face of the foe. In vain the enemy's officers bravely stepped in front
, and no doubt Chinese, Esquimaux, and detachments from the army of the Grand Duchess of Gerolstein. Such a mixture was probably never before seen under any flag, unless, perhaps, in such bands as Holk's Jagers of the Thirty Years War or the free lances of the middle ages. I well remember that in returning one night from beyond the picket-lines I encountered an outpost of the Garibaldians. In reply to their challenge I tried English, French, Spanish, Italian, German, Indian, a little Russian and Turkish; It is proper to say that this is doubtless a simple statement of fact. Gen. McClellan was able to converse freely in most of the languages named, including two dialects of North American Indian, and had sufficient practical knowledge of all of them (as well as others) to make him independent of an interpreter. W. C. P. all in vain, for nothing at my disposal made the slightest impression upon them, and I inferred that they were perhaps gipsies or Esquimaux or Chinese.
James Barnes, author of David G. Farragut, Naval Actions of 1812, Yank ee Ships and Yankee Sailors, Commodore Bainbridge , The Blockaders, and other naval and historical works, The Photographic History of The Civil War: in ten volumes, Thousands of Scenes Photographed 1861-65, with Text by many Special Authorities, Volume 6: The Navy. (ed. Francis Trevelyan Miller), Introduction — the Federal Navy and the blockade (search)
. His diary, etc., 1910. A friendly visitor The Russians, although in some degree a maritime nation, did not devote much attention to their navy, as can be seen from a glance at this picture of one of the visiting Russian vessels during the Civil War, the Osliaba. In another photograph has been shown a group of their sailors. They are as different in appearance from the trim American and English men-of-warsmen as their vessel is different from an American or English man-of-war. The Russian sailors were all conscripts, mostly taken from inland villages and forced to take up a sea-faring life in the service of the Czar. There had to be a sprinkling of real seamen among the crew, but they, like the poor serfs from the country, were conscripts also. The Russian harbors are practically cut off from the world by ice for at least five months of the year. This fact has prevented Russia from taking a place among maritime nations. It has been Russia's purpose to reach warm-water ha
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Alaskan boundary, the. (search)
t to the 140th degree of longitude west of Greenwich, and thence along that degree of longitude to the Polar Sea. The Russian plenipotentiaries rejected this proposal and submitted a counter-project. By the ukase of 1799, the Russian dominion was assumed to extend to the southward as far as the 55th degree of north latitude. The Russian plenipotentiaries therefore offered to adhere to this limit, with a deflection at the southern extremity of Prince of Wales Island so as to avoid a divisint and that of which we are in possession to the eastward of long. 135° along the course of the Mackenzie River. The Russian plenipotentiaries explained their object with equal clearness. In a memorandum accompanying their counter-proposal theyG. Canning to Sir C. Bagot, July 24, 1824.) Both these phrases obviously referred to mountains on the mainland. The Russian government, in response to the last British proposition, proposed that the lisiere, instead of being bounded by the summ
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Bering sea. (search)
atified in London, and the arbitrators met in Paris; they were Lord Hannen, Sir John Thompson, Justice Harlan, United States Senator Morgan, Baron de Courcelles, M. Gregero Gram, and Marquis Visconti Venosta. The decision of the tribunal was rendered Aug. 15, 1893. The findings of the arbitrators were: Russia never claimed exclusive rights; (Great Britain had not conceded any claim of Russia to exclusive jurisdiction; Bering Sea was included in the Pacific Ocean in the treaty of 1825: all Russian rights Passed to the United States; the United States have no rights when seals are outside the 3-mile limit. Restrictive regulations were also adopted: proclaiming a closed season from May 1 to July 31 in Bering Sea and the North Pacific; establishing a protected zone within 60 miles of the Pribyloff Islands; forbidding steam-vessels, use of nets, fire-arms, and explosives. The award was regarded as a compromise, in which the United States was technically defeated, but acquired substanti
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Greene, Francis Vinton 1850- (search)
he was promoted to captain. In 1885 he became Professor of Practical Military Engineering at West Point; and Dec. 31, 1886, resigned from the army. When the war with Spain broke out in 1898 he was commissioned colonel of the 71st New York Regiment, but before this regiment embarked for Cuba he was sent to Manila with the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers, and had command of the United States forces in the battle of Malate, June 30, 1898, and in other actions around Manila in August. On Aug. 13, 1898, he was promoted to major-general. Returning from the Philippines in October he was placed in command of the 2d Division of the 7th Army Corps, and was on duty at Jacksonville (Fla.), Savannah (Ga.), and Havana. He resigned his commission Feb. 28, 1899. He is the author of The Russian army and its campaigns in Turkey; Army life in Russia; The Mississippi campaign of the Civil War; Life of Nathanael Greene, Major-General in the army of the Revolution; and many magazine articles.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Treaties. (search)
99 Treaty of Commerce and navigationWashingtonMay 1, 1828 Treaty of Regulating citizenship of emigrantsBerlinFeb. 22, 1868 Prussia and German Confederation: Convention of ExtraditionWashingtonJune 16, 1852 Roumania: Convention of ConsularBucharestJune 5-17, 1881 Convention of Navigation, fishery, boundarySt. PetersburgApril 5-17, 1824 Russia: Treaty of Navigation and commerceSt. PetersburgDec. 6-18, 1832 Convention of Rights of neutralsWashingtonJuly 22, 1854 Treaty of Cession of Russian possessionsWashingtonMar. 30, 1867 Addition to treaty of 1832WashingtonJan. 27, 1868 Treaty of ExtraditionWashingtonApril 21, 1893 San Salvador: Treaty of Amity, navigation, commerceLeonJan. 2, 1850 Convention of ExtraditionSan SalvadorMay 23, 1870 Treaty of Amity, commerce, consular privilegesSan SalvadorDec. 6, 1870 Samoan Islands: Treaty of Friendship and commerceWashingtonJan. 17, 1878 Sardinia: Treaty of Commerce and navigationGenoaNov. 26, 1838 Saxony: Convention of Abolit
d right of Englishmen, that taxation and representation are correlative. We, their sons, contend to-day for the great American principle that all just government derives its powers from the will of the governed. It is the corner-stone of the great temple which, on this continent, has been reared to civil freedom; and its denial leads, as the events of the past two months have clearly shown, to despotism, the most absolute and intolerable, a despotism more grinding than that of the Turk or Russian, because it is the despotism of the mob, unregulated by principle or precedent, drifting at the will of an unscrupulous and irresponsible majority. The alternative which the North has laid before her people is the subjugation of the South, or what they are pleased to call absolute anarchy. The alternative before us is the independence of the South or a despotism which will put its iron heel upon all that the human heart can hold dear. This mighty issue is to be submitted to the ordeal of
the universal glazingtool, for cutting and setting glass. This has a small thin roller pivoted at its lower extremity, which in its passage over the glass separates the particles in a manner similar to the diamond. The spatula at the other end is used for puttying, etc. The diamond is crystallized carbon. Diamonds were first brought to Europe from the mine of Sumbalpoor. The Golconda mines were discovered in 1534. The mines of Brazil in 1728. Those in the Ural in 1829. The great Russian diamond weighs 193 carats; cost, £ 104,166 13 s. 4 d. in 1772. The Pitt diamond weighed 136 carats; sold to the king of France for £ 125,000, in 1720. The Koh-i-noor was found in 1550. It belonged in turn to Shah Jehan, AurungZebe, Nadir Shah, the Afghans, Runjeet-Singh, and Queen Victoria, 1850. It originally weighed 800 carats, was cut down to 289 carats by an unskilful Italian, and then to 102 1/4 carats to perfect its shape. See diamond. Pliny speaks of adamant as the hardest o