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Horace Greeley, The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1860-65: its Causes, Incidents, and Results: Intended to exhibit especially its moral and political phases with the drift and progress of American opinion respecting human slavery from 1776 to the close of the War for the Union. Volume I., Vi. Slavery under the Constitution. (search)
imultaneous inventions of Hargreaves, Arkwright, and others, James Hargreaves had invented the Spinning-Jenny in 1764; this was supplanted by the invention by Sir Richard Arkwright, in 1768, of a superior machine for spinning cotton thread. James Watt patented his Steam Engine in 1769, and his improvement, whereby a rotary motion was produced, in 1782; and its first application to cotton-spinning occurred in 1787, but it was many years in winning its way into general use. John Fitch's first success in steam navigation was achieved in 1786. Fulton's patents were granted in 1809-11, and claimed the simple means of adapting paddle-wheels to the axle of the crank of Watt's engine. whereby steam was applied to the propulsion of machinery admirably adapted to the fabrication of Cotton, secured the cultivators against all reasonable apprehension of a permanently glutted market. As the production was doubled, and even quadrupled, every few years, it would sometimes seem that the demand h
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Dwight, Timothy 1752-1817 (search)
when he resigned the office. President Dwight was one of the American committee on Revision of the Bible from 1878 till 1885. Educator; born in Northampton, Mass., May 14, 1752; graduated at Yale College in 1769, and was a tutor there from 1771 to 1777, when he became an army chaplain, and served until October, 1778. During that time he wrote many popular patriotic songs. He labored on a farm for a few years, preaching occasionally, and in 1781 and 1786 was a member of the Connecticut legislature. In 1783 he was a settled minister at Greenfield and principal of an academy there; and from 1795 until his death was president of Yale College. In 1796 he began travelling in the New England States and in New York during his college vacations, and in 1821 he published his Travels in New England and New York, in 4 volumes. Dr. Dwight wrote some excellent poetry, revised Watt's version of the Psalms, and published many occasional sermons. He died in New Haven, Conn., Jan. 11, 1817.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Engineering. (search)
end of the eighteenth century a great intellectual revival took place. In literature appeared Voltaire, Rousseau, Kant, Hume, and Goethe. In pure science there came Laplace, Cavendish, Lavoisier, Linnaeus, Berzelius, Priestley, Count Rumford, James Watt, and Dr. Franklin. The last three were among the earliest to bring about a union of pure and applied science. Franklin immediately applied his discovery that frictional electricity and lightning were the same to the protection of buildings by lightning-rods. Count Rumford (whose experiments on the conversion of power into heat led to the discovery of the conservatism of energy) spent a long life in contriving useful inventions. James Watt, one of the few men who have united in themselves knowledge of abstract science, great inventive faculties, and rare mechanical skill, changed the steam-engine from a worthless rattletrap into the most useful machine ever invented by man. To do this he first discovered the science of thermodyna
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Fulton, Robert 1765-1815 (search)
ntor; born in Robert Fulton. Little Britain, Lancaster co., Pa., in 1765; received a common-school education; became a miniature painter; and, at the age of twenty, was practising that profession in Philadelphia, by which he made Fulton's Clermont enough money to buy a small farm in Washington county, on which he placed his mother. Then he went to England; studied painting under Benjamin West; became a civil engineer; and made himself familiar with the steam engine, then just improved by Watt. He devised various machines, among them an excavator for scooping out the channels of aqueducts. He wrote and published essays on canals and canal navigation in 1795-96. He went to Paris in 1797, and remained there seven years with Joel Barlow, studying languages and sciences, and invented a torpedo. This he offered to the French and English governments, but both rejected the invention, and in December, 1806, he arrived in New York. He went to Washington, where the models and drawings o
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Steamboats, Hudson River (search)
nce the first boat was built by Mr. Livingston and Mr. Fulton, ten vessels are now in operation on their construction, and several more contracted for. When Messrs. Watt and Bolton had given a great degree of perfection to the steam-engine, it was conceived that this great and manageable power might be usefully applied to the st obtained from most of the States in the Union a law vesting in him for a long term the exclusive use of steamboats) built one upon the Delaware. He made use of Watt and Bolton's engine, and his propelling power was paddles. This vessel navigated the river from Philadelphia to Bordentown for a few weeks, but was found so imper in Talman & Ward's manufactory in the Bowery, who state that the links claimed by Mr. Dodd as his invention and an important improvement have been to all Bolton & Watt's engines for fourteen years. When I put these links in my patent, I did not patent them exclusively for all kinds of machinery; nor did I patent the steam-engine
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Sumner, Charles 1811- (search)
f descents, remainders, and executory devises, also the ancient hair-splitting technicalities of special pleading—both creatures of an illiterate age, gloomy with black-letter and verbal subtilties. He returns again and again to the contrast between the lawyer or the judge, both practising law, and the jurist. All ages have abounded in lawyers and judges. There is no church-yard that does not contain their forgotten dust. But the jurist is rare.... The jurist is higher than the lawyer, as Watt, who invented the steam-engine, is higher than the journeyman who feeds its fires and pours oil on its irritated machinery—as Washington is more exalted than the Swiss, who, indifferent to cause, barters for money the vigor of his arm and the sharpness of his spear. Mr. Sumner reaffirms this contrast with even greater zeal and force in his opinion in the great case of the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson. If there were to be stricken out from the history of constitutional liberty what has be
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
raised one foot in the same time, according to Boulton and Watt's experiments. The following statement by Hachette shows125 x 2 1/2 × 8 = 2,500. By the experiments of Boulton and Watt they determined that a good horse can draw 125 pounds at the water, being supported at intervals on timber pillars. Watt's submerged aqueduct across the bed of the Clyde was an artthe fire. The subject has been amplified of late years. Watt introduced it into his steam — boiler furnace about 1767. of Blois, France, in 1695; improved by Newcomen, 1705, and Watt, 1769. It was the first good steam-engine on a working sca of the Cornish engine. The present form of the engine has Watt's improvements. In it the steam from the boiler is condug and closing the respective valves at the proper times. Watt's atmospheric engine. To the engine of Newcomen, Watt aWatt added, among other improvements, the separate condenser and the air-pump. By the former he avoided the cooling of the cylind
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
ding to its capacity. The idea seems to have originated in the Constant furnace of the alchemists. See Athanor. James Watt contrived a smoke-consuming furnace on that principle. See smoke-consuming furnace. The principle of the base-burngine.) The pump-rod and the piston were suspended by flexible connections from arcs on the ends of the working-beam. When Watt came to the work, he devised the parallel motion as a means of communicating a vertical motion to a rod from a point on a erthollet, in 1784, ascertained that an aqueous solution of chlorine discharged vegetable colors. This he communicated to Watt, and it was soon adopted in Scotland with linen. Berthollet added potash to the water to preserve the health of the workms the cutterblock. Cylinder borer. This machine was invented by George Wright when in the employment of Boulton and Watt, Birmingham, England. A machine substantially the same, but with a different feed arrangement, is shown in the accompan
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
ach again the heart whence the water flowed. Watt warmed buildings in this manner in 1784. Calscorpers of the carver. As early as 1800, a Mr. Watt, of London, built a machine that carved medaump introduced by the successors of Boulton and Watt in connection with the boilers of sea-going vesision of the folio work on Shipbuilding, by Messrs. Watt, Rankin, Barnes, and Napier. Mackenzie, Lone. Trevethick applied high-pressure steam to Watt's ordinary single cylinder or Cornish engine, wms:— The injection condenser was invented by Watt, who was a philosophical-instrument maker in Gl wrist or pin; b, shaft; c, web; d, boss. James Watt—no mean judge—remarks that the true inventor a meritorious application, however, devised by Watt, to turn the reciprocating action of the pistonut the design from a sketch and conversation of Watt's workmen. Watt invented the sun and planet moWatt invented the sun and planet motion as a substitute (which see). See also planet-wheel and epicycloidal wheel. If the foot-lathe we[8 more...
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
shing into the fire above the grates. It was introduced by Watt in his patent of 1785. Dead-point. One of the points uble-acting engine. This form of engine was invented by Watt. The piston of the Newcomen atmospheric-engine, on which WWatt was improving, was raised by steam at a moderate pressure, and depressed by the pressure of the atmosphere when the steam beneath the piston was condensed by a water-jet. Watt added the separate condenser, air-pump, and the steam-jacket to therger cylinder. Working steam expansively was invented by Watt and introduced in 1778. Hornblower's expansive engine, pdouble steam-engine (Leopold's) preceded the double-acting (Watt's)-See double-cylinder steam-engine; duplex steam-engine. ingmachine for raising ballast from the Thames. In 1796, Watt made a steam dredger for deepening Sunderland Harbor. Thay, has been denominated duty, a term first introduced by Mr. Watt in ascertaining the comparative merit of steam-engines, w
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