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1605 AD (search for this): part 5, chapter 17
t, who certainly contributes most of the picturesque and humorous details and all of the interruptions and rejoinders, it has been thought that he owes something to the expanded version in Camden's Remaines concerning Britaine, which appeared in 1605. All the members of the body conspired against the stomacke, as against the swallowing gulfe of all their labors; for whereas the eies beheld, the eares heard, the handes labored, the feete traveled, the tongue spake, and all partes performed erved well but incurred hatred, of the patriot whom his aristocratic convictions drive to the enemy, was already familiar to the dramatist from North's translation of Plutarch; and Camden's Remaines concerning Britaine, which had newly appeared in 1605 contributed a more detailed version of the fable of the belly and the members, first set forth by Livy. From this mood and about this time Coriolanus, for the dating of which only the very relative evidence of metre and style is available, may mo
1603 AD (search for this): part 5, chapter 17
wo editions was used. In them Coriolanus tells Aufidius: If I had feared death, I would not have come hither to have put my life in hazard: but prickt forward with spite and desire I have to be revenged of them that thus have banished me, etc. In 1603, this suffers the curtailment, pricked forward with desire to be revenged, etc. But Shakespeare says: If I had fear'd death, of all men i‘ the world I would have ‘voided thee, but in mere spite, To be full quit of those my banishers, Stand Itcome of events that occurred in the first years of the century. The material for Coriolanus was perhaps put in Shakespeare's way by a contemporary tragedy which keenly excited the Londoners, and especially the courtly and literary circles, about 1603 and 1604. Sir Walter Raleigh had been one of the most splendid gentlemen at the court of Elizabeth, was a friend of Spenser and Ben Jonson, had himself tried his hand at lyric poetry, and in addition as adventurous officer had discovered Virginia
1604 AD (search for this): part 5, chapter 17
bject. The extreme ease with which they have been discovered for the various dates proposed may well teach us caution. Thus Professor Brandl who assigns it an earlier position than most critics and discusses it before Lear sees in it the outcome of events that occurred in the first years of the century. The material for Coriolanus was perhaps put in Shakespeare's way by a contemporary tragedy which keenly excited the Londoners, and especially the courtly and literary circles, about 1603 and 1604. Sir Walter Raleigh had been one of the most splendid gentlemen at the court of Elizabeth, was a friend of Spenser and Ben Jonson, had himself tried his hand at lyric poetry, and in addition as adventurous officer had discovered Virginia and annexed Guiana. He was the most highly considered but also the best hated man in England: for his behaviour was domineering, in the consciousness of his innate efficiency he showed without disguise his contempt for the multitude, the farm of wine-licenses
1818 AD (search for this): part 5, chapter 17
ficient, but whose greatness becomes mischievous to himself and others, partly because it is out of harmony with the times, partly because it is corrupted by his inordinate pride. And to all these persons, or groups of persons, Shakespeare's attitude, as we shall see, is at once critical and sympathetic. Admitting the conditions, we can only agree with Coleridge's verdict: This play illustrates the wonderfully philosophic impartiality of Shakespeare's politics.Notes on Plays of Shakespere, 1818. And there is no reason why the conditions should not be admitted. It is easy to imagine a society in which the masses are not yet ripe for self-government, and in which the classes are no longer able to steer the state, while a gifted and bigoted champion of tradition only makes matters worse. Indeed, something similar has been exemplified in history oftener than once or twice. Whether in point of fact Shakespeare's conception is correct for the particular set of circumstances he describ
1609 AD (search for this): part 5, chapter 17
es and introduce it among the romantic plays of his final period. If, however, we turn to the supposed allusions that make for the intermediate date of 1608 or 1609, we do not find them much more satisfactory. Thus it has been argued that the severe cold in January, 1608, when even the Thames was frozen over, furnished thety-four years old. Again Malone found a reference to James's proclamation in favour of breeding silk-worms and the importation of young mulberry trees during 1609, in the expression: Now humble as the ripest mulberry That will not hold the handling. (III. ii. 79.) But even in Venus and Adonis Shakespeare had told to the repeated references in the play to famine and dearth, and supposes they were suggested by the scarcity which prevailed in England during the years 1608 and 1609. But the lack of corn among the people is one of the presuppositions of the story, to which Plutarch also recurs. There is only one allusion that has streng
1103 AD (search for this): part 5, chapter 17
e's observation or imagination, by the time that he was forty-four years old. Again Malone found a reference to James's proclamation in favour of breeding silk-worms and the importation of young mulberry trees during 1609, in the expression: Now humble as the ripest mulberry That will not hold the handling. (III. ii. 79.) But even in Venus and Adonis Shakespeare had told how, in admiration of the youth's beauty, the birds Would bring him mulberries and ripe-red cherries; （1103.) and in Midsummer-Night's Dream, Titania orders the fairies to feed Bottom With purple grapes, green figs, and mulberries. (III. i. 170.) A third of these surmises is even more gratuitous. Chalmers calls attention to the repeated references in the play to famine and dearth, and supposes they were suggested by the scarcity which prevailed in England during the years 1608 and 1609. But the lack of corn among the people is one of the presuppositions of the story, to which Plutarch al
1610 AD (search for this): part 5, chapter 17
at a mother's death would inspire? The most sympathetic traits in her portrait are drawn by Plutarch. Shakespeare's many touches supply the harshness, the ambition, the prejudice. If these additions are due to Shakespeare's wistful broodings on his own mother, a woman with a son of genius may well hope that he will never brood on her. Then, especially by those who advocate a later date for the play, a political motive for it has been discovered. Mr. Whitelaw, who would assign it to 1610, when James's first parliament was dissolved, conjectures that in Coriolanus Shakespeare intended a two-fold warning, to the pride of James, and to the gathering resistance of the Commons.Coriolanus. Rugby Edition. Mr. Garnett,In the conclusion of his essay on the Date and Occasion of the Tempest. Universal Review, 1889. on the other hand, maintains that Coriolanus, to our apprehension, manifestly reflects the feelings of a conservative observer of the contests between James and his refracto
1876 AD (search for this): part 5, chapter 17
bes comforted, and peace re-established. Even so it fareth with the bodies of Common-weale; for albeit the Princes gather much, yet not so much for themselves, as for others: So that if they want, they cannot supply the want of others; therefore do not repine at Princes heerein, but respect the common good of the whole publike estate. It has been pointed out,E.g., by Delius. Shakespeare's Coriolanus in seinem Verhältness zum Coriolanus des Plutarch (Jahrbuch der D.-Sh. Gesellschaft, xi. 1876). in criticism of Malone's suggestion, that in some respects Shakespeare's version agrees with Plutarch's and disagrees with Camden's. Thus in Camden it is the stomach and not the belly that is denounced, the members do not confine themselves to words but proceed to deeds, it is not the belly but Reason from its seat in the heart that sets forth the moral. This is quite true, but no one doubted that Shakespeare got from Plutarch his general scheme; the only question is whether he fitted int
1607 AD (search for this): part 5, chapter 17
ly passed over. Not universally, however. It seems already to have engaged the attention of one important dramatist in France, the prolific and gifted Alexandre Hardy. Hardy began to publish his works only in 1623, and the volume containing his Coriolan appeared only in 1625; so there is hardly any possibility of Shakespeare's having utilised this play. And, on the other hand, it was certainly written before 1608, probably in the last years of the sixteenth century, but in any case by 1607, so there is even less possibility of its being influenced by Shakespeare's treatment. All the more interesting is it to observe the coincidences that exist between them, and that are due to their having selected a great many of the same motifs from Plutarch's story. It shows that in that story Plutarch met the playwright half way, and justifies the statement of Hardy in his argument that few subjects are to be found in Roman history which are worthier of the stage.See Théâtre d‘Alexandre Ha
1608 AD (search for this): part 5, chapter 17
period. If, however, we turn to the supposed allusions that make for the intermediate date of 1608 or 1609, we do not find them much more satisfactory. Thus it has been argued that the severe rth, and supposes they were suggested by the scarcity which prevailed in England during the years 1608 and 1609. But the lack of corn among the people is one of the presuppositions of the story, to n of Biron in 1602 inspired Chapman to write The Conspiracie and The Tragedie which were acted in 1608. Again, in connection with what seems to be the actual date, an attempt has been made to expolitical situation, adopts the general principle as quite compatible with the state of affairs in 1608. He puts the case as follows: Was it Shakespeare's intention to allude to the strained relati Shakespeare's having utilised this play. And, on the other hand, it was certainly written before 1608, probably in the last years of the sixteenth century, but in any case by 1607, so there is even l
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