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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
the platform. Smeaton's air-pump was an improvement on Hawksbee's in two respects. Hawksbee had found considerable difficulty in opening the valves and ex- Smeaton's air-pump. hausting the air at the bottom of the barrels, owing to the fact that the pistons did not shut down close on to the bottom. The first defect arose frer through which the air entered; the bladder being kept moist with oil adhered to the metal and resisted the upward pressure at so small an opening. This defect Smeaton cured by exposing a greater surface of bladder to the upward action of the air. He used a congeries of holes consisting of six hexagonal openings surrounding a ceh denoting the velocity of the wind during the intervals of time indicated by a scale on the paper. Stuntz's anemometer. The following table, calculated by Smeaton, shows the force and velocity of the wind: — VelocityPerPressure per hour.second.per sq. ft. Miles.ftlbs. 11.47005Hardly perceptible. 22.93.020Just percept
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
block. Sheave.Tackle-block. Shell.Tail-block. Shoe-block.Thick-and-thin block. Shoulder-block.Top-block. Single-block.Treble-block. Sister-block.Tye-block. Smeaton's block.Uvrow. Snatch-block.Viol-block. Spring-block.Waist-block. Standing-block.Warping-block. The pulley-block, with two or more sheaves, was well known me ice-making machines. The fan-blower is believed to have been invented by Teral, 1729. The water-bellows by Horn blower. Blowing-machines were erected by Smeaton at the Carron Iron Works, 1760. The hot-air blast was invented by James Neilson, of Glasgow, and patented in 1828. Wooden bellows, in which one open-ended b to break off in the wound, that the arrow-shaft may drop and be recovered. See air-gun. Blow′ing-cyl′in-der. （Pneumatics.) A form of blowing-engine. Smeaton introduced the blowing-cylinders at the Carron iron-works, and by the power and volume of blast made effective the earnest and repeated attempts of the English t<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
-ract. （Steam-engine.) A regulator invented by Smeaton for single-acting steam-engines. The plug-tree ie Romans. Attention was directed to the subject by Smeaton, when he experimented for a cement capable of harde, and can be easily put together and taken down. Smeaton's center for Coldstream Bridge resembled a roof-trug it up, and it became necessary to strike a mean. Smeaton, who had probably obtained the best results up to tCor′nish-boil′er. The cylindrical-flue boiler of Smeaton, who did so much to increase the economy of workinged by operators in the diving-bell, as practiced by Smeaton at Ramsgate Harbor. Coursed-rubble masonry is la The blocks included in one layer of masonry in Smeaton's Eddystone lighthouse were united by iron cramps, allons per minute, raised 120 feet high. In 1767 Smeaton added wheels in the fifth arch. Steam-engines werel, and wagon boilers unsafe. (See Cornish-boiler). Smeaton introduced the flue into the boiler. The cylindric<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
mpletely under the control of those within it. For this the British Government decreed him a reward. The celebrated engineer Smeaton, about the year 1779, first used it for engineering purposes, and in 1788, having to prepare the foundation for the y. Dovetailing of ashlar-work was occasionally adopted in olden times, but was first reduced to a regular system by Smeaton in the construction of the Eddystone lighthouses. The solid lines in the illustration show the 24th course of the masonthe adobe palaces of Nimroud were united by wooden and bronze dowel-pins. The several blocks in each layer of masonry in Smeaton's Eddystone lighthouse were cramped together, and the layers were prevented from slipping on each other by oaken dowels.ls, 94 pounds. Pounds, 1 foot high. In 1769, the Newcomen engine5,500,000 In 1772, the Newcomen engine, improved by Smeaton9,500,000. In 1778 to 1815, the Watt engine20,000,000 In 1820, the improved Cornish engine, average duty28,000,000 In
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
to heat the surrounding water. It is usually secured in the sheets of the fire-box and smoke-box respectively, as in the locomotive-boiler. Perhaps invented by Smeaton. 3. The technical abbreviation of flute; used by organ-builders to signify a flute-pipe, in contradistinction to a mouth-pipe or reed-pipe. Flue—boil′er. ce is traversed by flues; that is, a tube in which the heated gases are conveyed. There are several varieties, as, drop-flue; multiple-flue; return-flue, etc. Smeaton is credited with the invention. It is now the usual form on our Western rivers; the cylindrical boilers have usually two flues. The fire heat first passes beneacurrent-wheel turned by the flow and ebb, and first placed near the bridge, then under the northern arch; afterwards three wheels were added under the third arch; Smeaton added another under the fifth arch, and afterwards a steam-engine to assist at low-water and neap tides. See current-wheel. The water-wheel of Morice worked
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
russed, spans the building longitudinally, and the joists proceed from it to the walls on each side. See floor. Girders. Girders are often compound, the timbers being scarfed together and stayed by truss-work or fished at the junction. Smeaton bent the girders upward and trussed them in that position. In double-framed floors, the binding-joists n, instead of resting on the walls, are supported by large timbers m, called girders. The bridging-joists s rest on the binding-joists n, 's momentum-wheel governor has a heavy revolving wheel, whose momentum acts upon the throttle-valve when any change occurs in the rate of motion of the engine. See also marine-governor. The hydraulic governor or cataract is the invention of Smeaton. A quantity of water is pumped at each stroke, and forced by counter weights through an orifice of a certain size. See cataract. Davis's governor (English) consists of a single hollow ball with a zone round it, having an opening through th
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), H. (search)
hine for scattering cut hay to expose it to sun and air. A tedder. (See Fig. 2460.) Hay′stack—boil′er. （Steam.) A tall form of steam-boiler introduced by Smeaton, and shaped like a kettle or a haystack, with flaring sides and rounded top. Hay raker and loader. Hay—stack′er. （Husbandry.) A portable derrick for thwer, mercury is the liquid generally used for an artificial horizon. A horizontal spinning speculum was adopted by Lerson, of England, and this was improved by Smeaton, who used a polished metallic speculum about three and a half inches in diameter enclosed in a circular rim of brass, so fitted that the center of gravity of the mill. Water-gilding.Worm. Water-glass.Worm-safe. Water-indicator.Wort-cooler. Watering-cart.Zigzag. Hy-drau′lic Gov′ern-or. （Steam.) Another name for Smeaton's cataract. See cataract; Cornish-engine. Hy-drau′lic hoist. （Hoisting.) One device for this purpose consists of a large cylinder in whi
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
and can hardly be worked without blasting. The incline was again used in the wars of the Genoese and Turks. Inclined planes and lifts for raising and lowering canal-boats from one level to another, as a substitute for locks, are mentioned by Smeaton in 1774. Both systems are used on the English canals, in the neighborhood of Taunton; 80 feet of rise are overcome in this way. The inclined plane has a steam-engine on the summit, which, by means of a drum and chain, hauls up the cradle conpower of the blast, and the blowing engines driven by manual, horse, or ox power were superseded by engines. The dimension of the blast apparatus was increased from time to time, and about 1760 coke was commonly used in blast-furnaces. In 1760 Smeaton erected at the Carron works the first large blowing cylinders, and shortly after Boulton and Watt supplied the steam-engines by which the blowers were driven. Peter Onions, in his patent of 1783, described the rationale of the puddling process;
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
sting the relative distances of the runner and bedstone. The runner rests on a spindle, which is supported on a bridge-tree; the lighter-screw raises and lowers the latter. See grinding-mill. Light′house. The ancient word Pharos, a lighthouse, is probably derived from Phrah, the Egyptian god personating the sun. Pthah, in the Egyptian mythology, was the embodiment of stability. The essential portion of the figure strikingly resembles the figure of the Eddystone lighthouse, which Smeaton derived from the observation of the trunk of a tree. The figure (a, Fig. 2947) is shown divested of the arms and headdress of the god whom it shrouds. The most celebrated lighthouse of antiquity is that erected on the island of Pharos, harbor of Alexandria. It was built by the orders of Ptolemy Soter, by the architect Sostratus, and finished under Ptolemy Philadelphus, 280 B. C. The wonderful energy of Alexander's mind seems to have comprehended all at a glance. He visited the little
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
clay element, cited above. The common London mortar is sharp river sand, 2 1/2; white chalk-lime, 1. The cohesion of the two is due probably to something more than mere mechanical contact, as is proved by the fact that while a paste of chalk and sand is nearly as coherent as a mass of hydrate of lime and sand, the former will not harden into a cement and the latter will. The moles and other marine structures of the Romans were cemented with a composition of lime, 1; pozzuolana, 2. Smeaton used, in building the Eddystone Lighthouse, hydrate hydraulic lime, 1; pozzuolana, 1. It was rendered plastic by continued beating. Aiken states the general theory as follows: In the white limes or nearly pure carbonates of lime the only effect of burning them is to drive off the carbonic acid. By slaking, the lime becomes a hydrate, and in this state is capable of acting chemically, though feebly, on the surface of pure siliceous sand. This combination causes the first setting of the
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