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Massachusetts Bay (Massachusetts, United States) (search for this): chapter 22
Chapter 45: Martial law introduced into Massachusetts.—Hillsbo-rough's Administration of the Colonies continued. July—October, 1770. greater joy was never shown than prevailed in CHAP XLV.} 1770. July. London at the news that America was resuming commercial intercourse. The occasion invited corresponding concessions, which Lord North would have willingly made; but the majority of his colleagues had been led to consider the state of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay more desperate than ever; State of the Disorders Confusion and Misgovernment, &c. &c. and on the sixth of July the King in Council gave an order, making a beginning of Martial Law within that Province, and preparing the way for closing the Port of Boston. Hutchinson paid court by acting in the same spirit; and in July once more summoned the Legislature to Cambridge. For this repeated wrong to the public service of the Colony, he continued to offer no other excuse than the King's will. The highest advoca
North America (search for this): chapter 22
embly, and Monarchy itself was losing all its halo. The session had passed without the transaction of Sept. any business, when, near the evening of Saturday, the eighth day of September, Hutchinson received the order which had been adopted in July by the King in Council, and which marks the beginning of a system of measures having for their object the prevention of CHAP XLV.} 1770. Sept. American Independence. The harbor of Boston was made the rendezvous of all ships, stationed in North America, and the fortress which commanded it was to be delivered up to such officer as Gage should appoint, Hillsborough to Hutchinson, July, 1770. to be garrisoned by regular troops, and put into a respectable state of defence. Report of the Committee of the Privy Council, to whom the State of the American Colonies was referred, and which was adopted, 6 July, 1770. At the same time Hutchinson received from Gage the direction to surrender up Castle William to Dalrymple. But the Charter of
England (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 22
s investigations into the laws of nature; and from questioning the right of Parliament to tax the Colonies externally, he had been led to the conviction, that the Colonies originally were constituted distinct States; that the legislative authority of Parliament over them was a usurpation; that Parliament was not supreme, nor the American Assemblies subordinate; that the American Assemblies with the King, had a true legislative authority, which ought not to be limited by his Parliament in Great Britain; and that the keeping up a standing army in America, without the consent of the colonial Assemblies, had no sanction in the Constitution. Benjamin Franklin to Samuel Cooper, London, 8 June, 1770; in Franklin's Witings, VII. 475. Compare also Franklin, IV. 408, VII. 392, and VII. 487 and Cooper to Franklin, 15 November, 1770, in Franklin, VII. 490. From the knowledge that these were his principles, and from confidence in his integrity and ability, the House readily confided the redres
Massachusetts (Massachusetts, United States) (search for this): chapter 22
Chapter 45: Martial law introduced into Massachusetts.—Hillsbo-rough's Administration of the Colonies continued. July—October, 1770. greater joy was nev direction to surrender up Castle William to Dalrymple. But the Charter of Massachusetts purposely and emphatically reserved to its Governor the command of the miliGage, 9 September, 1770. but what was a scruple about the Charter rights of Massachusetts, compared with the favor of Hillsborough and the King? On second thoughts Hillsborough commenced his fixed purpose of subverting the Constitution of Massachusetts, its two Houses, which had been called for the third time to Cambridge, havained them in the metropolis as hostages. An Act of Parliament, curtailing Massachusetts of all the land east of the Penobscot, was a supplementary proposition. amuel Adams. At the time when Franklin was thus called by the people of Massachusetts to be their mediator with the mother country, he was sixty-four years of ag
Milton, Mass. (Massachusetts, United States) (search for this): chapter 22
, they demanded of him, place the command of the Castle CHAP. XLV.} 1770. Sept. in the Governor? After a secret discussion which lasted for two hours, till Dalrymple had had time to take possession, he entered his carriage which was waiting at the door, hurried to the Neck, stole into a barge, and was rowed to the Castle. The officers and garrison were discharged without a moment's warning; Hutchinson delivered up the keys to Dalrymple, and in the twilight retired to his country house at Milton. Hutchinson to Sir Francis Bernard, 15 Sept. 1770. But he was so haunted by fear as to dread being waylaid; and the next day, as he and Bernard had done five years before, he fled for safety to the Castle, where he remained every night for the rest of the week. His fears were groundless. The people of Boston, especially Samuel Adams, were indignant at the breach of their Charter; the act was a commencement of civil war. Yet the last appeal was not to be made without some prospect of suc
France (France) (search for this): chapter 22
inson paid court by acting in the same spirit; and in July once more summoned the Legislature to Cambridge. For this repeated wrong to the public service of the Colony, he continued to offer no other excuse than the King's will. The highest advocate for the divine right of regal power had never gone so far as to claim, that it might CHAP. XLV.} 1770. July. be used at caprice, to inflict wanton injury. There was no precedent for the measure but during the worst of times in England, or in France, where a Parliament had sometimes been worried into a submission by exile. The Assembly expressed in the strongest terms the superiority of the Legislative body to royal instructions; and in answer to the old question of what is to be done upon the abusive exercise of the prerogative, they went back to the principles of the Revolution, and adopted the words of Locke: In this as in all other cases, where they have no judge on earth, the people have no remedy but to appeal to Heaven. They
Alton Locke (search for this): chapter 22
caprice, to inflict wanton injury. There was no precedent for the measure but during the worst of times in England, or in France, where a Parliament had sometimes been worried into a submission by exile. The Assembly expressed in the strongest terms the superiority of the Legislative body to royal instructions; and in answer to the old question of what is to be done upon the abusive exercise of the prerogative, they went back to the principles of the Revolution, and adopted the words of Locke: In this as in all other cases, where they have no judge on earth, the people have no remedy but to appeal to Heaven. They drew a distinction between the King and his servants; and attributed to wicked Ministers the daring encroachments on their liberty, as well as the impudent mandate to one House, to rescind an excellent resolution of a former one. Hutchinson made haste to expose his Sovereign Aug personally to contempt. On the third day of August he communicated to the House, that t
S. Sayre (search for this): chapter 22
ury would certainly have found one guilty who was innocent, and they chose five guilty should escape rather than one innocent be convicted. These are pretty good distinctions for an American jury. The self-possession which had marked the conduct of the Town in regard to the trial of Preston, appeared in the measures of the Assembly for the redress of their grievances. In selecting an agent to bring them before the King, Samuel Adams and about one third of the House, Samuel Adams to S. Sayre, 16 November, 1770. Hutchinson to Gov. Pownall, 11 Nov. 1770. following the advice of Joseph Reed of Philadelphia, gave their suffrages for Arthur Lee; but by the better influence of Bowdoin and of the Minister Cooper, Samuel Cooper to B. Franklin, 6 November, 1770; in Franklin, VII. 489. Hutchinson to Gov. Pownall, 11 Nov. 1770. Benjamin Franklin was elected with Arthur Lee as his substitute. Franklin held under the Crown the office of Deputy Postmaster General for America, and his
John Pownall (search for this): chapter 22
two Houses, which had been called for the third time to Cambridge, having summoned all absent members, Hutchinson to J. Pownall, Boston, 30 Sept. 1770. were keeping a day of fasting, solemn prayer and humiliation. We have, said Hutchinson, many pthe land east of the Penobscot, was a supplementary proposition. In Letters to Hillsborough, and more distinctly to John Pownall. Less occasion never existed for martial rule than at Boston. At the ensuing trial of Preston, every indulgence whe King, Samuel Adams and about one third of the House, Samuel Adams to S. Sayre, 16 November, 1770. Hutchinson to Gov. Pownall, 11 Nov. 1770. following the advice of Joseph Reed of Philadelphia, gave their suffrages for Arthur Lee; but by the ben and of the Minister Cooper, Samuel Cooper to B. Franklin, 6 November, 1770; in Franklin, VII. 489. Hutchinson to Gov. Pownall, 11 Nov. 1770. Benjamin Franklin was elected with Arthur Lee as his substitute. Franklin held under the Crown the off
John Adams (search for this): chapter 22
on, seized the leading men in rebellious Colonies, and detained them in the metropolis as hostages. An Act of Parliament, curtailing Massachusetts of all the land east of the Penobscot, was a supplementary proposition. In Letters to Hillsborough, and more distinctly to John Pownall. Less occasion never existed for martial rule than at Boston. At the ensuing trial of Preston, every indulgence was shown him by the citizens. Auchmuty, his Counsel, had the assistance of the patriots, John Adams and Quincy. The prosecution was conducted with languor and inefficiency; the defence with consummate ability; the judges were the partisans of the prisoner; and selected talesmen were put upon the jury. As the slaughter of the citizens took place at night, it was not difficult to raise a plausible doubt, whether it was Preston, or some other person, who had actually cried out to the soldiers to fire; and on that ground a verdict of acquittal was obtained. The public acquiesced; but was
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