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287 BC (search for this): entry pyrrhus-bio-5
nto a league against him, and resolved to crush him in Europe before he had time to cross over into Asia. They easily persuaded Pyrrhus to break his recent treaty with Demetrius, and join the coalition against him. Accordingly, in the spring of B. C. 287, while Ptolemy appeared with a powerful fleet off the coasts of Greece, Lysimachus invaded the upper and Pyrrhus the lower provinces of Macedonia at the same time. Demetrius first marched against Lysimachus, but alarmed at the growing disaffectire country. It is doubtful how long Pyrrhus reigned in Macedonia. Dexippus and Porphyry (apud Euseb. Arm. p. 329, ed. Aucher; apud Syncell. p. 266a.) state that it was only seven months, which would place the expulsion of Pyrrhus at the end of B. C. 287, or the beginning of 286; but as other writers relate (Plut. Pyrr. 12; Paus. 1.10.2) that this happened after the defeat of Demetrius in Syria, which did not take place till the middle of 286, the reign of Pyrrhus in Macedonia was probably some
288 BC (search for this): entry pyrrhus-bio-5
er an Illyrian, and a third Lanassa, the daughter of Agathocles of Syracuse, who brought him the island of Corcyra as a dowry But Lanassa, offended with the attention which Pyrrhus paid to his barbarian wives, had withdrawn to her principality of Corcyra, which she now bestowed upon Demetrius together with her hand. Pyrrhus accordingly returned to Epeirus more incensed than ever against Demetrius. The latter had previously withdrawn into Macedonia. At the beginning of the following year, B. C. 288, Pyrrhus took advantage of a dangerous illness of Demetrius to invade Macedonia. He advanced as far as Edessa without meeting with any opposition ; but when Demetrius was able to put himself at the head of his troops, he drove his rival out of the country without difficulty. But as he had now formed the vast design of recovering tire whole of his father's dominions in Asia, he hastened to conclude a peace with Pyrrhus, in order to continue his preparations undisturbed. His old enemies, Sel
289 BC (search for this): entry pyrrhus-bio-5
revolted a second time against Demetrius, probably at the instigation of Pyrrhus; and while the Macedonian monarch proceeded in person to chastise the rebellious inhabitants, Pyrrhus effected a diversion in their favour by invading Thessaly, but was compelled to retire into Epeirus before the superior forces of Demetrius. In B. C. 290 Thebes surrendered, and Demetrius was thus at liberty to take vengeance on Pyrrhus and his Aetolian allies. Accordingly, he invaded Aetolia in the spring of B. C. 289, and after overrunning and ravaging the country almost without opposition, he marched into Epeirus, leaving Pantauchus with a strong body of his troops to keep the Aetolians in subjection. Pyrrhus advanced to meet him; but as the two armies took different roads, Demetrius entered Epeirus and Pyrrhus Aetolia almost at the same time. Pantauchus immediately offered him battle, in the midst of which he challenged the king to single combat. This was immediately accepted by the youthful monarch
290 BC (search for this): entry pyrrhus-bio-5
en her husband and her brother, was now dead. The jealousies between the two rivals at length broke out into open war in B. C. 291. It was during this year that Thebes revolted a second time against Demetrius, probably at the instigation of Pyrrhus; and while the Macedonian monarch proceeded in person to chastise the rebellious inhabitants, Pyrrhus effected a diversion in their favour by invading Thessaly, but was compelled to retire into Epeirus before the superior forces of Demetrius. In B. C. 290 Thebes surrendered, and Demetrius was thus at liberty to take vengeance on Pyrrhus and his Aetolian allies. Accordingly, he invaded Aetolia in the spring of B. C. 289, and after overrunning and ravaging the country almost without opposition, he marched into Epeirus, leaving Pantauchus with a strong body of his troops to keep the Aetolians in subjection. Pyrrhus advanced to meet him; but as the two armies took different roads, Demetrius entered Epeirus and Pyrrhus Aetolia almost at the same
291 BC (search for this): entry pyrrhus-bio-5
ays before he put Alexander to death, and thus became king of Macedonia. Between two such powerful neighbours and such restless spirits, as Demetrius and Pyrrhus, jealousies and contentions were sure to arise. Each was anxious for the dominions of the other, and the two former friends soon became the most deadly enemies. Deidameia, who might have acted as a mediator between her husband and her brother, was now dead. The jealousies between the two rivals at length broke out into open war in B. C. 291. It was during this year that Thebes revolted a second time against Demetrius, probably at the instigation of Pyrrhus; and while the Macedonian monarch proceeded in person to chastise the rebellious inhabitants, Pyrrhus effected a diversion in their favour by invading Thessaly, but was compelled to retire into Epeirus before the superior forces of Demetrius. In B. C. 290 Thebes surrendered, and Demetrius was thus at liberty to take vengeance on Pyrrhus and his Aetolian allies. Accordingly,
318 BC (search for this): entry pyrrhus-bio-5
Pyrrhus （*Pu/rros), king of Epeirus, born about the year B. C. 318, was the son of Aeacides and Phthia, the daughter of Menon of Pharsalus, a distinguished leader in the struggle between Macedonia and Greece after the death of Alexander, usually called the Lamian war. The ancestors of Pyrrhus claimed descent from Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, who was said to have settled in Epeirus after the Trojan war, and to have become the founder of the race of Molossian kings. His father had succeeded to the throne on the death of his cousin Alexander, who was slain in Italy in B. C. 326. Alexander was the brother of Olympias, the wife of Philip and the mother of Alexander the Great; and it was this connection with the royal family of Macedonia, which brought misfortune upon the early years of Pyrrhus. His father Aeacides had taken part with his relative Olympias, and had marched into Macedonia to support her against Cassander; but when the latter proved victorious, and Aeacides and Olympias wer
278 BC (search for this): entry pyrrhus-bio-5
d it had moreover the charm of novelty, which always had great attractions for Pyrrhus. It was necessary, however, first to suspend hostilities with the Romans, who were likewise anxious to get rid of so formidable an opponent that they might complete the subjugation of southern Italy without further interruption. When both parties had the same wishes, it was not difficult to find a fair pretext for bringing the war to a conclusion. This was afforded at the beginning of the following year, B. C. 278, by one of the servants of Pyrrhus deserting to the Romans and proposing to the consuls to poison his master. The consuls Fabricius and Aemilius sent back the deserter to the king, stating that they abhorred a victory gained by treason. Thereupon Pyrrhus, to show his gratitude, sent Cineas to Rome with all the Roman prisoners without ransom and without conditions ; and the Romans appear to have granted him a truce, though not a formal peace, as he had not consented to evacuate Italy. Pyr
279 BC (search for this): entry pyrrhus-bio-5
emained firm in their resolve, and all the prisoners returned to Pyrrhus, the punishment of death having been denounced against those who should remain in the city. This is the account in Appian (Samn. 10.4, 5), and Plutarch (Plut. Pyrrh. 20); but other writers state with less probability that the prisoners were set free by Pyrrhus unconditionally and without ransom. (Liv. Epit. 13; Zonar. 8.4; Flor. 1.18; Eutrop. 2.7; Aurel. Vict. de Vir. Ill. 35.) Of the campaign of the following year, B. C. 279, we know but little. The consuls were P. Decius Mus and P. Sulpicius Saverrio. Apulia was the field of operations, and the great battle of the campaign was fought near Asculum. The first encounter took place near the banks of a river, where the uneven nature of the ground was ill adapted for the movements of the phalanx, and the Romans accordingly gained the advantage. But Pyrrhus manoeuvred so as to bring the enemy into the open plain, where the Romans were defeated, and fled to their cam
280 BC (search for this): entry pyrrhus-bio-5
arations occupied him during the remainder of this year and the beginning of the next. The Greek princes did every thing to favour his views, as they were glad to get rid of so powerful and dangerous a neighbour. Antigonus supplied him with ships, Antiochus with money, and Ptolemy Ceraunus with troops. He left as guardian of his kingdom his son Ptolemy by his first wife Antigone, who was then only a youth of fifteen years of age. (Just. 17.2, 18.1.) Pyrrhus crossed over to Italy early in B. C. 280, in the thirty-eighth year of his age. He took with him 20,000 foot, 3000 horse, 2000 archers, 500 slingers, and either 50 or 20 elephants, having previouslysent Milo, one of his generals, with a detachment of 3000 men. (Plut. Pyrrh. 15 ; Just. 17.2.) Such was his impatience to arrive at Tarentum in time to enter upon military operations early in the spring, that he set sail before the stormy season of the year had passed; and he had scarcely put out to sea before a violent tempest arose,
281 BC (search for this): entry pyrrhus-bio-5
at this happened after the defeat of Demetrius in Syria, which did not take place till the middle of 286, the reign of Pyrrhus in Macedonia was probably somewhat longer. (Comp. Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. iii. note 813.) For the next few years Pyrrhus appears to have reigned quietly in Epeirus without embarking in any new enterprize. But a life of inactivity was insupportable to him, and he pined for fresh scenes of action in which he might gain glory and acquire dominion. At length, in B. C. 281, the long wished for opportunity presented itself. The Tarentines, against whom the Romans had declared war, sent an embassy to Pyrrhus in the summer of this year, begging him in the name of all the Italian Greeks to cross over to Italy in order to conduct the war against the Romans. They told him that they only wanted a general, and that they would supply him with an army of 350,000 foot, and 20,000 horse, as all the nations of southern Italy would flock to his standard. This was too tem
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