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Thebes (Egypt) (search for this): chapter 3
s at Thebes, Alabastron, and elsewhere, but especially the former, are found chairs of almost all kinds which modern ingenuity has revived. Thrones, couches, sociables, folding, reclining, lazyback; leather-seated, cane-seated, split-bottom, made of ebony, inlaid with metals and ivory, with carved backs, sides, and legs; with claw-feet and foot-pads, and upholstered with gorgeous coverings resembling the rich stuffs of modern luxury. Egyptian Fauteuils (from the tombs of the Kings), Thebes, Africa, 1500 B. C. Fig. 1235 shows how little in the way of luxury was left to be desired in the chair line. The back consisted of a frame, receding gradually and terminating at its summit in a graceful curve supported from without by perpendicular bars. Over the chair was placed a handsome pillow of colored linen or wool, painted leather, or gold and silver tissue. The upper figure has an elaborately carved frame, the legs of which are formed of crossed swords, to which are tied captive
Austria (Austria) (search for this): chapter 3
ith the necessary docks, etc., was about $100,000,000. In the making of the Suez Canal, the total amount of earth removed amounted to about four hundred million cubic yards. By working day and night, the machines of M. Borel and Lavelley were able to remove 78,056 to 108,000 cubic metres per month. After ten years of labor this great work was completed. Upon the 17th of November, 1869, the opening of the canal was inaugurated in the presence of the Empress Eugenie and the Emperor of Austria, and of princes, ambassadors, and men of science from Europe and America. The transit between the two seas was safely made by the fleet. But the requisite depth had not been attained. Seventeen and a half feet of draft could be carried through the canal. Since then the depth has been increased to twenty-two feet, and ultimately will be twenty-six feet. The length of the canal is 100 miles. The established surface-width is about 328 feet, except in difficult cuttings, where it is 19
Cordoba (Spain) (search for this): chapter 3
hilips, and that the liberality and civilization of Cordova should be superseded by the bigotry of Dominic. ns (see hypocaust), and in the Arab palaces of Cordova, in Spain, about A. D. 1000, being imbedded in the wallstified places as early as 1118, and at the siege of Cordova, 1280. It is reasonable to suppose that, failing tier. A chandelier in the palace of the Khalif of Cordova, A. D. 1100, contained 1,084 lamps. Cordova was thCordova was then the intellectual center of Europe, and the royal dwellings of Germany, France, and England were like stablesphy and common-sense at the Saracenic University of Cordova, became successively a schoolmaster at Rheims (whero were so fortunate as to visit their University of Cordova, had a sleep of six centuries, for it was reservedhad his zeka, or house for the coinage of money, in Cordova; he introduced no change in the currency, but retait is finished as a black morocco, and is named from Cordova (the ancient Corduba), which is situated on the Gua
Preussen (search for this): chapter 3
stings are made at Berlin, Germany, known as the Berlin iron ornaments and chains. One exhibited in London was 4 feet 10 inches long, had 180 links, and weighed 1 2/3 ounces. Professor Ehrenberg, the renowned microscopist, states that the iron of which they are composed is made from a bog iron-ore, and that the sand is a kind of tripoli, also containing iron. Both are composed of the remains of animalcules. The origin of these interesting works of art was during the struggle between Prussia and France under Napoleon I. The generous ladies gave up their jewels to purchase the necessary armaments, and received in return iron ornaments which bore the inscription, Ich gab Gold um Eisen, — I gave gold for iron. An anvil block weighing 280,000 pounds, to be used with a 44,800-pound double-action forge-hammer was cast at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. To obtain the best result in compact metal-castings, destitute of porosity and with sharp definition on the angles and ornaments, castin
Westminster bridge (United Kingdom) (search for this): chapter 3
ing the piers of the railroad bridge over the Susquehanna at Havre de Grace, Md., are an example of the use in the first-mentioned capacity. Caissons resting upon a river-bed subject to washing have proved to be unsafe, as was evinced at Westminster Bridge, where the caisson was undermined by the current; the structure was saved by sheetpiling and underpinning. The plan adopted by Peronnet and other eminent French architects was to drive a substratum of piles, which were sawn off to a leveing a knowledge of the strength of materials and resolution of thrust. Engineering skill is also necessary in securing proper foundations under the widely varying circumstances of the soil and substrata. Fig. 1205, a is a center used at Westminster Bridge, an improvement on Perronet's system. Two timbers resting on the abutments incline and meet at the top, forming a large triangle; this is crossed and braced in different directions, constituting seven compartments, and affording considerab
Sala (Sweden) (search for this): chapter 3
alum. In the days of Charlemagne the Rhine communicated with the Escaut by a branch of the Meuse which has since disappeared. A great inundation, A. D. 860, obliterated many minor channels near the efflux, and opened new ones. In the thirteenth century the Zuyder Zee was converted from an inland fresh-water lake into a gulf of the sea by a storm which destroyed the barrier between it and the latter. The Roman legions under Drusus, B. C. 12, dug a canal between the Rhine and the small river Sala, as a military defence; this became enlarged into a third branch of the Rhine; it is mentioned by Pliny. A fourth branch, the Leck, was created subsequently, in a similar manner, during an insurrection under Claudius Civilis. When the Roman Empire fell to pieces, all engineering enterprises ceased, and the completed works fell into decay. Charlemagne revived the project of uniting the Rhine and the Danube, so as to connect the German Ocean and the Black Sea. The first canal in England
Fort Pierre (South Dakota, United States) (search for this): chapter 3
. Bridge (varieties, bridge).see Digue. Bridge-stone. Dike. Ditching-machine. Diving-bell.Monkey. Dock (varieties, see dock).Mortar. Draining.Nitrine. Drill.Nitro-glycerine. Drum-curb.Nitroleum. Dualine.Notching. Dumping-bucket.Oil-well. Dynamite.Pannier. Earth-boring auger.Paved way. Earth-work.Pavement. Embankment.Paving. Excavator.Paving-machine. Explorer.Paving-roller. Extension ladder.Pebble paving. False works.Pick. Fascine.Pier. Filling.Pierameter. Finger-grip.Pierre perdue. Fire-escape.Pile (varieties, see pile.). Fire-ladder.Pile-drawer. Flood-gate.Pile-driver. Fulminate.Pile-saw. Gabion.Pise — work. Gage-ladder.Pitched work. Gavelock.Plank-road. Girder.Polings. Grab.Pozzuolana. Grade.Praya. Gradient.Pricker. Grading-post.Profile. Grafting tool.Propeller (varieties, see propeller). Grapnel. Graving-dock.Pump (varieties, see pump). Grillage.Quadre. Ground-mold.Quarrying-machine. Ground-plan.Rail (varieties, See rail). Ground-plot.Rail
Asia (search for this): chapter 3
rrupted file. —Huc's Travels in Tartary, 1844-46. As Strabo (19 B. C.) says: The rest of the countries of Asia are principally inhabited by Scenites (inhabitants of tents; Scythians) and nomads (hamaxoeci, dwellers in wagons), who dwell at a great distance. Chilian cart. Sometimes a wave breaks over the boundary, and the West sees an irruption of Huns, Tures, or Tartars; sometimes the head of the horde becomes a conqueror, as when Genghis the Khan conquered China, Persia, and Central Asia, A. D. 1206; or Timour (Tamerlane) conquered Persia, founded a dynasty in India 1402-1749, and broke the power of the Turcs in Asia Minor. The Chilian cart d is a good illustration of the primitive vehicle on wheels. Its wheel consists of disks sawn or chopped from a log and bored for the axle. The tongue or pole is secured to the axle and forms the frame of the bed, somewhat like a city dray. Enlargements on the centers of the wheels outside form hubs, to prevent the wobbling of t
South river (United States) (search for this): chapter 3
th, from the Corinthian to the Cenchrean Sea. The place was called the Diolcos, or drawing-place, and was five miles in length. This crossing-place was again used during the maritime warfare between the Genoese and the Turks. At a number of places in Lombardy and Venetia the locks are insufficient or absent, and boats are cradled and transported over the grade. The same thing takes place on the Morris and Essex Canal, which crosses the State of New Jersey, uniting the Hudson and Delaware Rivers. See inclined plane. In its simple form, the cradle consists of three longitudinal timbers united by ribs or cross-pieces. This is floated beneath the ship, which is lashed thereto by cables. The cradle and its burden are then floated to the inclined ways or slip, up which it is hauled, being supported by rollers which intervene between the timbers of the cradle and those of the slip. 6. (Metallurgy.) A rocking apparatus, used in collecting gold from soil and sand by agitati
Nineveh (Virginia, United States) (search for this): chapter 3
and clashed in furious imitation of the scenes of war. See cymbal. The mural sculptures of Nineveh show large bodies of men welcoming the king by advancing in military order, clapping their handmozzi mentions only three in his time, placed similarly. We learn from Fletcher — Notes from Nineveh — that the houses in Mosul, on the Tigris, are not always provided with chimneys, although the des, by which it is conveyed from one room to another. Mosul is termed by travelers the Modern Nineveh, and the apartments of the old palace which once stood in the vicinity were no doubt similarly ps of lead for fastening together the stones of masonry were found by Layard among the ruins of Nineveh. Leaden cramps were similarly used in Egypt. Cramps. The blocks included in one layer o as we see in the works of Lepsins, Rossellini, Champollion, etc. The beards of the kings of Nineveh and other kingdoms of the basin of the Euphrates and Tigris were no doubt indebted to the curli
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