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January (search for this): chapter 4
34,600,000 tons of solid matter. Mahmoud, about 1024, after desolating Northern India for some years, came to Somnauth, and — omitting the details — plundered from the Temple of Siva the destroyer the rich offerings of centuries, carrying them and the doors of the temple to Afghanistan, where the latter were made the doors of his tomb. Here they rested till 1842, when the English, stung to madness by the massacre of 26,000 soldiers and camp followers in the Kyber pass, in the month of January of the same year, invaded Afghanistan in force, and conquered Akbar Khan. Lord Ellenborough, inflated with an august desire for poetical, historical, and every other kind of retribution, seized upon the doors of Mahmoud's tomb as representatives of the success of Mohammedan domination, and carried them back to India proper, chanting a paean whose refrain was the insult of eight hundred years is avenged, and commanding that the doors should be transmitted with all honor to the Temple of Siv
1000 BC (search for this): chapter 4
logwood (dye) becomes black. If a solution of tin (mordant) be substituted for the salt of iron, the tint imparted by the logwood will be violet. Mordants were used in China and India from very distant periods, and are described by Pliny. See calico-printing. Moses (1490 B. C.) speaks of stuff dyed blue, purple, and scarlet ; rams'-skins dyed red. Joseph (1729 B. C.) had a coat of many colors; probably a product of Damascus. Dyeing is attributed to the Phoenicians. Solomon (1000 B. C.) sent to Hiram of Tyre for a man cunning to work in . . . purple and crimson and blue. Ezekiel speaks, in his burden of Tyre, of the blue and purple from the isles of Elisha, which may mean the Peloponnesus and adjacent islands. The most celebrated dye of antiquity was the Tyrian purple, derived from a species of murex. Pliny cites two, the buccinum and purpura. A single drop of fluid was obtained from a sac in the throat of each animal. A quantity was heated with seasalt, ripened by
1120 BC (search for this): chapter 4
had each two leaves. The two leaves of the one door were folding, and the two leaves of the other door were folding. It is not easy to find in any other very ancient author so clear a description of the proportions and construction of a building as is found in 1 Kings, VI. A pair of doors have figured somewhat largely in the history of East Indian conquest. It is seldom that so much fuss has been made about a pair of doors since Samson took those of Gaza from their hinges, about 1120 B. C., and carried them to the top of a hill before Hebron. He took them bar and all, not condescending to unlock them, but tearing them from their foundations. The doors of the Temple of Siva, at Somnauth, a town of Guzerat, in Hindostan, were of sandal-wood, elaborately carved in correspondence with the other portions of the temple, which was an oblong hall 96 × 68 feet, crowned by a dome. When Mahmoud, of Ghizni, at the head of his Mohammedan hordes, invaded India (A. D. 1004), on a mixe
1200 BC (search for this): chapter 4
(latrunculi), or counters (calculi), of different colors. See checkers. While the statement of Herodotus possesses a certain historic interest, we cannot credit that dice, knuckle-bones, and ball were invented by the Lydians to while away the alternate days of fasting to which the people were subjected in a time of bitter scarcity. Neither can we credit Socrates when he avers that Palamedes, son of the King of Euboea, invented dice to serve instead of dinner during the siege of Troy, 1200 B. C. Herodotus is mistaken when he says that these sports were invented in the time of Atys, to amuse the people during the famine, for the Heroic times are older than Atys. In Homer the suitors amused themselves in front of the door with dice [to determine by the chances who should claim Penelope]. —Athenieus, A. D. 220. Plato is more probably correct in ascribing them to the Egyptians, though the Sanscrit book is as old as the Pentateuch and the Pharaoh who knew Joseph. The Greek di
1305 BC (search for this): chapter 4
originally made at Damascus and thence deriving its name. It had raised figures in various patterns, and flowers in their natural colors embossed upon a white or colored ground. The work was probably of the nature of embroidery in the first place, but the figures were afterwards exhibited on the surface by a peculiar arrangement of the loom, which brought up certain of the colors and depressed others, according to the requirements of the pattern. We read of similar goods in the year 1305 B. C., when Deborah celebrated the victory over Sisera: — Divers colors of needlework on both sides, meet for the necks of them that take the spoil. The events of the bloody battle of Mt. Tabor took place but four days march from Damascus, and it is probable that this ancient city was, as early as the times of Abraham (1996 – 1822 B. C.), the workshop of articles in metal, silk, wool, and flax, as well as the depot of an extensive trade between the Orientals on the east and the Phoenicians
1336 BC (search for this): chapter 4
edge Latin (pungere, Lat., to prick) as the base of their mother tongues. In the fourteenth century it was carried by citizens, yeomen, sailors, and ladies. It survives in England in the midshipman's dirk, and in other places as a stiletto, a bowie-knife, etc. The dagger seems to have been a favorite instrument as an accessory to the soldier's equipment for close combat. The Highlander, Western desperado, and Chilian, all seem to approve of the mode of carrying it recorded of Ehud 1336 B. C.: Ehud made him a dagger which had two edges, of a cubit length, and he did gird it upon his right thigh (Judges III. 16). The modern plan seems to be in the garter or the boot, unless it be worn in the belt, bosom, or down the back; mirabile dictu, such was known on the Mississippi and by Arkansaw travelers. Some ingenuity has been expended on this weapon in the mode of attaching it to the handle and providing the latter with a pistol. 2. (Printing.) A character (†) to call attenti
1355 BC (search for this): chapter 4
as been rifled. Draw—boy. （Weaving.) Formerly the boy who pulled the cords of the harness in figure-weaving. A term sometimes applied to the mechanical device which forms a substitute for the boy. See Jacquard. Draw′—bridge. A form of bridge in which the span is removable from the opening to allow masted vessels to pass, or to prevent crossing. The earliest mention of these is in the Egyptian monuments, where Rameses II. celebrated his victories over fortified cities, 1355 B. C. He is supposed to be the Sesostris of Herodotus and Diodorus. The sepulchral and palatial paintings represent the bridges as crossing the moats around castles and fortified towns. Drawbridges are used in crossing canals, rivers, and dock entrances, which are occasionally traversed by masted vessels. They are also used in crossing the ditches, fosses, and moats of fortifications. They are of four kinds:— 1. The lifting. 2. The swing. 3. The bascule. 4. The rolling.
1490 BC (search for this): chapter 4
mordants. The mordant is first applied, and causes the dye which follows to adhere to the fiber, often singularly affecting its tint. Thus: cotton dipped in a solution of copperas (mordant) and then in a solution of logwood (dye) becomes black. If a solution of tin (mordant) be substituted for the salt of iron, the tint imparted by the logwood will be violet. Mordants were used in China and India from very distant periods, and are described by Pliny. See calico-printing. Moses (1490 B. C.) speaks of stuff dyed blue, purple, and scarlet ; rams'-skins dyed red. Joseph (1729 B. C.) had a coat of many colors; probably a product of Damascus. Dyeing is attributed to the Phoenicians. Solomon (1000 B. C.) sent to Hiram of Tyre for a man cunning to work in . . . purple and crimson and blue. Ezekiel speaks, in his burden of Tyre, of the blue and purple from the isles of Elisha, which may mean the Peloponnesus and adjacent islands. The most celebrated dye of antiquity was
150 BC (search for this): chapter 4
was visited by an august procession of philosophers during the seven centuries which separated Aristarchus from Hypatia. On the instrument, which had a plane parallel to the equator and a gnomon parallel to the earth's polar axis, Hipparchus, 150 B. C., learned the length of the year, that the four quarters of the year are not of equal length, and also observed the precession of the equinoxes. See armillary sphere. Before the time of the erection of a sun-dial in the Quirinus by L. Pap Doub′le-cyl′in-der pump. One having two cylinders in which the pistons act alternately. They may be single-acting or double-acting, that is, the cylinder may receive and deliver water at and from each end. The pumps of Hero of Alexandria, 150 B. C., were all single-acting, but one of them at least had a double cylinder. Dou′ble-cyl′in-der steam-en′gine. A form of engine having two communicating cylinders of varying capacities; there are many modifications in the arrangements and
1500 BC (search for this): chapter 4
virginal jacks. Dice. Cubes with marked sides, thrown from a box and used in gaming or determining by chance. The dice of Thebes were cubical, and numbered like the modern, as may be seen by the figure which represents ancient dice in European museums. Ancient Egyptian dice. Dice are referred to in several places in the Rigveda, the most ancient of the Sanscrit religious books:— Let man fear Him who holds the four dice, before He throws them down. — Rig-Veda, I. 41, 9 (B. C. 1500). Rhampsinitus is said by Herodotus to have played with the goddess Ceres, and Mercury is fabled to have played dice with the moon, winning from her the five odd days of the year. The game of checkers also was played by Rameses, with two sets of men or dogs (latrunculi), or counters (calculi), of different colors. See checkers. While the statement of Herodotus possesses a certain historic interest, we cannot credit that dice, knuckle-bones, and ball were invented by the Lydians to
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