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1491 BC (search for this): chapter 5
. （Printing.) A size of type between Great Primer and Pica. Great Primer, 51 ems to a foot. English, 64 ems to a foot. Pica, 71 ems to a foot. En-graving. Engraving is very ancient. The oldest records are cut in stone, some in relief, some in intaglio. The hieroglyphics of Egypt are cut in the granite monoliths, and on the walls of the tombs and chambers. In Exodus XXVIII. we read that two onyx stones were to be engraved like a signet with the names of the tribes, 1491 B. C. The two kinds of stones of the high-priest's breastplate were engraved with the names of the tribes of Israel. Seals and signet-rings with the cartouches of the Pharaohs are in many museums; those of London, Berlin, Paris, and the New York Historical Society, for instance. The graving with an iron pen and lead, referred to by Job (chap. XIX.), consisted probably of an etching or scratching process, that of a sharp stylus upon a piece of sheet-lead; Hesiod's poems were thus preserved.
1689 BC (search for this): chapter 5
ns, myrrh, cassia, and other aromatic substances. In some cases oil of cedar was injected into the cavity of the body, which was then steeped in a solution of natron for 70 days, when the viscera came away, leaving little but skin and bone remaining. Among the upper classes, the bodies, after being prepared, were swathed in linen bandages saturated with gum, the total length of which amounted in some instances to more than 1,000 yards. The physicians embalmed Israel (Gen. 1. 2) B. C. 1689, and the bodies of the Hebrew kings were embalmed with spices. Within and about the bodies of different mummies have been found sulphate of soda, saltpeter, common salt, soda, oil of cedar, turpentine, asphalt, myrrh, cinnamon, and other substances. The opinion has been advanced that an essential part of the process was the application of heat to the bodies, which were filled with some bituminous substance, by which means creosote was generated. As all mummy bandages were smeared with
33 BC (search for this): chapter 5
ize, collodion, water, varnish, etc.; afterwards polished by an agate or between calendering or burnishing cylinders. En-caustic. A mode of painting in which the colors are laid on or fixed by heat. The ancient Greek encaustics were executed in wax-colors, which were burned in by a hot iron, and covered with a wax or encaustic varnish. Pictures in this style were common in Greece and Rome. (See Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. ) The credit to Gausias, of Sicyon, 33 B. C., as the inventor, is rather to be taken as an indication that he was an improver. Sir Joshua Reynolds, in his attempts to fix his colors durably, mixed wax with them as a vehicle. On one occasion he placed his painting before a fire to mellow the tints by warming the wax. On returning, he found the lady's face had slipped down over her bosom. The term encaustic at the present day is mostly confined to colors burnt in on vitreous or ceramic ware. By the ancient method, according t
1113 AD (search for this): chapter 5
prices ranged from the neighborhood of $300 to $1,500. The principal materials used by the ancients (the Egyptians excepted) in embalming were honey, brine, wax, and vinegar. Pharnaces put the body of his father, Mithridates, in brine, in order to preserve it during its transportation to Pompey. Several curious monsters and an ape were pickled and sent to Rome; Pliny and St. Jerome mention them. The body of St. Guibert was pickled to make it keep during a long journey in summer, A. D. 1113. The bodies of several Grecian kings were preserved in honey. Agesipolis, who died in Macedonia, was thus sent home to Sparta. Alexander is said to have been sent to Egypt in honey; by others, to have been embalmed in Egyptian style. Perhaps he went to Alexandria in honey, and was then embalmed in regular order. The Emperor Julian II. was placed in honey mixed with spices. Wax and waxen cerecloth were used for centuries in England. The body of one of the Edwards, interred 1307
1200 AD (search for this): chapter 5
d of the line are adjusted to traverse their respective carriages in equal or nearly equal times. The paper intended for receiving permanent printing is prepared by being saturated in a solution of nitrate of manganese, which, under the action of the current, leaves a light brown mark. Fugitive printing, as for the press, is done on paper prepared with iodide of potassium, which affords at first an iodine color, but is liable to fade. It is said that a speed of 300 in permanent, and of 1200 words in fugitive, printing per minute is attainable by this apparatus. See electro-magnetic telegraph ; autographic telegraph. E-lec′tro-chron′o-graph. An instrument used for recording time and occurrences in the instant and order of their time, as in noting transits in observatories. A paper marked for seconds is placed on the surface of a revolving drum, over which is a stylus operated by electro-magnetic action when the circuit is closed by the telegraph key in the hand of the op
1285 AD (search for this): chapter 5
giveing him a crowne for it; and so, well satisfied, he went away. — Ibid., Oct. 5, 1664. Aquatint engraving invented by St. Non of France, 1662. Engraving in steel introduced into England by Perkins of Philadelphia, 1819. The earliest application of the wood-engraver's art in Europe was in cutting blocks for playingcards. The French writers ascribe it to the time of Charles V., but the Germans show cards of the date 1300. The Italians again claim that it originated in Ravenna, about 1285. An Italian pamphlet of the year 1299 speaks of cards as a gambling game, but these may have been drawn by the pen and colored by hand. In the year 1441 the Venetian government forbade the importation of stamped playing-cards as being injurious to their handicraft manufacture. Ugo di Carpi introduced the method of printing in colors or tints by separate successive blocks. Engraving on wood assumed the character of an art about 1440; the first impression, 1423. Improved by Durer, 1471 – 1
1299 AD (search for this): chapter 5
ll satisfied, he went away. — Ibid., Oct. 5, 1664. Aquatint engraving invented by St. Non of France, 1662. Engraving in steel introduced into England by Perkins of Philadelphia, 1819. The earliest application of the wood-engraver's art in Europe was in cutting blocks for playingcards. The French writers ascribe it to the time of Charles V., but the Germans show cards of the date 1300. The Italians again claim that it originated in Ravenna, about 1285. An Italian pamphlet of the year 1299 speaks of cards as a gambling game, but these may have been drawn by the pen and colored by hand. In the year 1441 the Venetian government forbade the importation of stamped playing-cards as being injurious to their handicraft manufacture. Ugo di Carpi introduced the method of printing in colors or tints by separate successive blocks. Engraving on wood assumed the character of an art about 1440; the first impression, 1423. Improved by Durer, 1471 – 1528; by Bewick, 1789. Engraving on s
1300 AD (search for this): chapter 5
ingness of it at pleasure, by an oyled paper. This I bought of him, giveing him a crowne for it; and so, well satisfied, he went away. — Ibid., Oct. 5, 1664. Aquatint engraving invented by St. Non of France, 1662. Engraving in steel introduced into England by Perkins of Philadelphia, 1819. The earliest application of the wood-engraver's art in Europe was in cutting blocks for playingcards. The French writers ascribe it to the time of Charles V., but the Germans show cards of the date 1300. The Italians again claim that it originated in Ravenna, about 1285. An Italian pamphlet of the year 1299 speaks of cards as a gambling game, but these may have been drawn by the pen and colored by hand. In the year 1441 the Venetian government forbade the importation of stamped playing-cards as being injurious to their handicraft manufacture. Ugo di Carpi introduced the method of printing in colors or tints by separate successive blocks. Engraving on wood assumed the character of an art
1307 AD (search for this): chapter 5
erhaps he went to Alexandria in honey, and was then embalmed in regular order. The Emperor Julian II. was placed in honey mixed with spices. Wax and waxen cerecloth were used for centuries in England. The body of one of the Edwards, interred 1307 and exhumed 1774, was preserved in natural shape, but fragile. The body of Lord Nelson was sent to England in a puncheon of rum. The sailors ran foul of the cask, and, getting drunk, playfully called it tapping the admiral. The poor man was neians, and Persians used wax. The body of Agesilaus was covered with wax, but the practice soon became general of wrapping in waxed cloths. We read of these cerements in the preparation for burial of Philip of Burgundy, 1404; Edward I. of England, 1307; and George II. The cerecloth and aromatics for the latter cost pound152. John Hunter (died 1793) embalmed several bodies by injection into the arteries and veins. The bodies are preserved in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, London.
1404 AD (search for this): chapter 5
d in natural shape, but fragile. The body of Lord Nelson was sent to England in a puncheon of rum. The sailors ran foul of the cask, and, getting drunk, playfully called it tapping the admiral. The poor man was nearly dry by the time he reached home. The Scythians, Assyrians, and Persians used wax. The body of Agesilaus was covered with wax, but the practice soon became general of wrapping in waxed cloths. We read of these cerements in the preparation for burial of Philip of Burgundy, 1404; Edward I. of England, 1307; and George II. The cerecloth and aromatics for the latter cost pound152. John Hunter (died 1793) embalmed several bodies by injection into the arteries and veins. The bodies are preserved in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, London. The Khasias, a people of the Himalayas, preserve the bodies of their dead in honey till the cessation of the periodical rains permits their being burned. The quantity of rain which falls in that region is remarkable. See
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