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1790 AD (search for this): chapter 7
ery long ago. Jethro Tull's first invention was a kind of plow, with drill attached, for sowing wheat and turnips in three rows at a time; it consisted of two seed-boxes with a colter attached to each, and following each other; behind them followed a harrow to cover in the seed. His object in having two separate deposits of seed, and at different depths, was that they might not sprout at the same time, and so perhaps escape the ravages of the fly; he also invented a turnip-drill. About 1790, Baldwin and Wells of Norfolk, England, contrived several ingenious improvements to the machine, the first of which was in making a sliding axletree, by which the carriage-wheel could be extended when necessary to the width of the stitches (lands), and so enable another box with cups and more colters to be used. A drill containing fourteen colters could be thus enlarged to contain eighteen, or even twenty. They also constructed self-regulating levers, to which the colters were attached; b
1800 AD (search for this): chapter 7
s of Clausthal, in the Hartz, is 11,377 yards, equal to 6 1/2 miles long, and passes 300 yards below the church of Clausthal. Its excavation occupied from 1777 to 1800, and cost about $330,000. See adit. Gallery-furnace. Gal′ler-y-fur′nace. A furnace used in the distillation of green vitriol, consisting of a long gallery a steel scalpel, exciting an electric current. He pursued the subject by specific experiments. Volta, of Como, repeated them, and originated the voltaic pile in 1800; also demonstrating that the influence was incident to the action of the metals, and did not abide in nerves; in fact that it was a current of electricity passing 1651. He remarked, very truly, that they have the effect of making the powder burn more slowly. The practice has been again and again introduced, in Brazil about 1800; by Thurnagel in Germany; Thomassin and Leblanc in France; Firzoo in Russia. Dr. Gale has shown that by the addition of sand in certain proportions the powder i
1799 AD (search for this): chapter 7
of the double plow seems to have been Lord Somerville, who devoted much attention to the practical details of agriculture (1799). His plow, which he called a double-furrow plow, consisted of a beam suitably bent for the attachment of two plows, onreet, in 1794, proposed to use the expansive power of heated gas instead of its explosive power. Lebon's French patent of 1799 described the distillation of carbureted hydrogen from coal, and its introduction into the cylinder beneath the piston andf copper, and moistened at the edges with emery and oil. Bodier's improvements (French) in glass-engraving were made in 1799. The engraver sits at a small lathe with a little rack before him, containing about a score of the copper disks, varying .630.1540.221.86 Navy (Austrian）6038.121.8 Birkholtz (U. States)60382.0 Copper.Aluminum.Zinc.Iron. Keirs (English, 1799）1007510 Lancaster's (English）9010 See alloy. The Rosthorn (Austrian) alloys are known as sterro-metal. One varie<
1802 AD (search for this): chapter 7
rdorcet. The name oxygen was given to it by Lavoisier. Black and Cavendish, in 1766, showed that carbonic acid (fixed air) and hydrogen gas (combustible air) are specifically distinct aeriform fluids. Gas was distilled from wood in Paris in 1802; from oil by Dr. Henry, in 1805; from refuse, oily, and fatty matter by Taylor, and patented in 1815. The operations of the Chinese being unknown to the outside barbarians, the streams of inflammable gas were for many centuries only objects of ted a gas-distilling apparatus and lighted his house and offices by gas distributed through service-pipes. In 1798, Murdoch lighted with gas the works of Boulton and Watt, Soho, near Birmingham. On the occasion of a public rejoicing for peace, 1802, he made an illumination of the Works; probably an outside exhibition of his pet, on the walls of the establishment. Trafalgar, Austerlitz, and Jena, within four years afterwards, is a curious commentary. In 1801, Le Bon, of Paris, lighted h
1801 AD (search for this): chapter 7
edruth, Cornwall, England, erected a gas-distilling apparatus and lighted his house and offices by gas distributed through service-pipes. In 1798, Murdoch lighted with gas the works of Boulton and Watt, Soho, near Birmingham. On the occasion of a public rejoicing for peace, 1802, he made an illumination of the Works; probably an outside exhibition of his pet, on the walls of the establishment. Trafalgar, Austerlitz, and Jena, within four years afterwards, is a curious commentary. In 1801, Le Bon, of Paris, lighted his house and garden, and proposed to light the city of Paris. The English periodicals of 1803 and thereabout refer to the proposition of Murdoch to use the gas obtained by the distillation of coal, and state that the use of the gas for light, heat, ammonia, or oil would be an infringement of the patent of the Earl of Dundonald; farther, that the amount of water produced by the combination of the hydrogen of the gas and the oxygen of the air would suffuse the cur
1798 AD (search for this): chapter 7
as. In 1750, Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, distilled coal, passed the gas through water, and conveyed it in pipes from one place to another. In 1786, Lord Dundonald erected ovens or retorts in which he distilled coal and tar, and burned the issuing gas. He seems to have considered it an amusing experiment, and no more. In 1792, Mr. Murdoch, of Redruth, Cornwall, England, erected a gas-distilling apparatus and lighted his house and offices by gas distributed through service-pipes. In 1798, Murdoch lighted with gas the works of Boulton and Watt, Soho, near Birmingham. On the occasion of a public rejoicing for peace, 1802, he made an illumination of the Works; probably an outside exhibition of his pet, on the walls of the establishment. Trafalgar, Austerlitz, and Jena, within four years afterwards, is a curious commentary. In 1801, Le Bon, of Paris, lighted his house and garden, and proposed to light the city of Paris. The English periodicals of 1803 and thereabout ref
1797 AD (search for this): chapter 7
the off-wheel is the larger, as it runs in the furrow while the near wheel runs on the land. Somerville's double-furrow plow. The originator of the double plow seems to have been Lord Somerville, who devoted much attention to the practical details of agriculture (1799). His plow, which he called a double-furrow plow, consisted of a beam suitably bent for the attachment of two plows, one placed laterally and to the rear of the other, as usual. Mr. Ducket of Esper, England, used, in 1797, a double plow, drawn by four horses, and turning two furrows. The plow was not commended in England, especially in those places where it took and yet takes two persons to manage one plow. The idea of making one man operate two plows was preposterous. Lord Somerville invented a movable-flap moldboard, by which the hinged rear portion might be set out or in, according to the width required for stubble or sod plowing. A set screw at the back secured the flap at the desired adjustment.
825 AD (search for this): chapter 7
titled The secrets of art and nature, wherein he states that from saltpeter and other ingredients we are able to make a fire that shall burn at what distance we please; and that sounds and coruscations resembling thunder and lightning might be formed in the air, much more to be dreaded than those that happen naturally, inasmuch as by its power armies and cities might be destroyed. Bacon did not claim the discovery, and had probably read the Liber Ignium of Marcus Graecus, written about A. D. 825, in which he describes the nature of the composition for making rockets. His formula is stated by one authority to have been, — sulphur, 1; charcoal, 2; saltpeter, 6. It is now difficult to sift the error from the truth, but it is said that in the recipe of Bacon the ingredients saltpeter and sulphur were given, and that the charcoal was stated anagrammatically, by the transposition of the letters of the words, curbonum pulvere; which he wrote Lura nope cum ubre. This looks as though he co
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