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1233b]
[1]
For instance if a rich man spending money on
the wedding of a favorite thinks it fitting for him to have the sort
of arrangements that would be fitting when entertaining
abstainers,
1 he is shabby, while one who entertains
guests of that sort after the manner of a wedding feast, if he does
not do it for the sake of reputation or to gain an office, resembles
the swaggerer; but he that entertains suitably and as reason directs
is magnificent, for the fitting is the suitable, as nothing is fitting
that is unsuitable. But
it must be fitting in each particular, that is, in suitability to the
agent and to the recipient and to the occasion—for example,
what is fitting at the wedding of a servant is not what is fitting at
that of a favorite; and it is fitting for the agent himself, if it is
of an amount or quality suitable to him—for example people
thought that the mission that Themistocles conducted to
Olympia was not fitting for
him, because of his former low station, but would have been for
Cimon.
2 But
he who is casual in regard to the question of suitability is not in
any of these classes.
Similarly in
regard to liberality: a man may be neither liberal nor
illiberal.
Generally speaking the other praiseworthy
and blameworthy states of character also are excesses or deficiencies
or middle states, but in respect of an emotion: for instance, the
envious man and the malicious. For—to take the states of
character after which they are named—
[20]
Envy means being pained at people who are
deservedly prosperous, while the emotion of the malicious man is
itself nameless, but the possessor of it is shown by his feeling joy
at undeserved adversities; and midway between them is the righteously indignant man, and what
the ancients called Righteous Indignation—feeling pain at
undeserved adversities and prosperities and pleasure at those that are
deserved; hence the idea that Nemesis is a deity.
Modesty is a middle state between Shamelessness and Bashfulness: the
man who pays regard to nobody's opinion is shameless, he who regards
everybody's is bashful, he who regards the opinion of those who appear
good is modest.
Friendliness is a middle state between
Animosity and Flattery; the man who accommodates himself readily to
his associates' desires in everything is a flatterer, he who runs
counter to them all shows animosity, he who neither falls in with nor
resists every pleasure, but falls in with what seems to be the best,
is friendly.
Dignity is a middle state between Self-will
and Obsequiousness. A man who in his conduct pays no regard at all to
another but is contemptuous is self-willed; he who regards another in
everything and is inferior to everybody is obsequious; he who regards
another in some things but not in others, and is regardful of persons
worthy of regard, is dignified.
The truthful and sincere
man, called 'downright,'
3 is midway between the dissembler and the
charlatan. He that wittingly makes a false statement against himself
that is depreciatory is a dissembler,