Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges
J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, A. A. Howard, Benj. L. D'Ooge, Ed.

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[*] 234. Examples of primary stem-suffixes are:—

I. Vowel suffixes:—

1. o- (M., N.), ā- (F.), found in nouns and adjectives of the first two declensions: as, sonus , lūdus , vagus , toga (root TEG).
2. i-, as in ovis , avis; in Latin frequently changed, as in rūpēs, or lost, as inscobs ( scobis , root SCAB).
3. u-, disguised in most adjectives by an additional i, as insuā-vis (for †suādvis, instead of †suā-dus, cf. ἡδύς), ten-uis (root TEN in tendō ), and remaining alone only in nouns of the fourth declension, as acus (root AK, sharp, in ācer, aciēs , ὠκύς), pecū , genū .

II. Suffixes with a consonant:—

1. to- (M., N.), tā- (F.), in the regular perfect passive participle, as tēctus , tēctum; sometimes with an active sense, as in pōtus , prānsus; and found in a few words not recognized as participles, as pūtus (cf. pūrus ), altus ( alō ).
2. ti- in abstracts and rarely in nouns of agency, as messis , vestis , pars , mēns. But in many thei is lost.
3. tu- in abstracts (including supines), sometimes becoming concretes, as āctus , lūctus .
4. no- (M., N.), nā- (F.), forming perfect participles in other languages, and in Latin making adjectives of like participial meaning, which often become nouns, as māgnus , plēnus , rēgnum .
5. ni-, in nouns of agency and adjectives, as īgnis , sēgnis .
6. nu-, rare, as in manus , pīnus, cornū .
7. mo- (mā-), with various meanings, as inanimus, almus , fīrmus , forma .
8. vo- (vā-) (commonly uo-, uā-), with an active or passive meaning, as in equus ( equos ), arvum , cōnspicuus , exiguus , vacīvus ( vacuus ).
9. ro- (rā-), as in ager (stem ( ag-ro- ), integer (cf. intāctus ), sacer , plērī-que (cf. plēnus, plētus).
10. lo- (lā-), as in caelum (for † caed-lum ), chisel, exemplum , sella (for † sedla ).
11. yo- (yā-), forming gerundives in other languages, and in Latin making adjectives and abstracts, including many of the first and fifth declensions, as eximius , audācia , Flōrentia , perniciēs .
12. ko- (kā-), sometimes primary, as in paucī (cf. παῦρος), locus (for stlocus ). In many cases the vowel of this termination is lost, leaving a consonant stem: as,apex, cortex, loquāx .
13. en- (on-, ēn-, ōn-), in nouns of agency and abstracts: as, aspergō , compāgē (-ĭnis), gerō (-ōnis).
14. men-, expressing means, often passing into the action itself: as, agmen flūmen , fulmen .
15. ter- (tor-, tēr-, tōr-, tr-), forming nouns of agency: as, pater (i.e. protector), frāter (i.e. supporter), ōrātor.
16. tro-, forming nouns of means: as, claustrum (CLAUD), mūlctrum (MULG).
17. es- (os-), forming names of actions, passing into concretes: as, genus ( generis ), tempus (see § 15. 4). The infinitive in -ere (as in reg-ere ) is a locative of this stem ((--er-e for †-es-i).
18. nt- (ont-, ent-), forming present active participles: as, legēns , with some adjectives from roots unknown: as, frequēns , recēns .

The above, with some suffixes given below, belong to the Indo-European parent speech, and most of them were not felt as living formations in the Latin.

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Significant Endings