Herbert Weir Smyth, A Greek Grammar for Colleges

CLASSES OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

1. Substantival clauses: in which the subordinate clause plays the part of a substantive and is either the subject or the object: ““δῆλον ἦν ι ὅτι ἐγγύς που βασιλεὺς ἦν” it was plain that the king was somewhere hard by” X. A. 2.3.6, οὐκ ἴστε ι ὅ τι ποιεῖτε you do not know what you are doing 1. 5. 16.

2. Adjectival (attributive) clauses: in which the subordinate clause plays the part of an adjective, and contains a relative whose antecedent (expressed or implied) stands in the principal clause: ““λέγε δὴ τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ι ἣν ἔπεμψε Φίλιππος” come read the letter which Philip sent” D. 18.39 ( = τὴν ὑπὸ Φιλίππου πεμφθεῖσαν).

3. Adverbial clauses: in which the subordinate clause plays the part of an adverb or adverbial expression modifying the principal clause in like manner as an adverb modifies a verb.

““κραυγὴν πολλὴν ἐποίουν καλοῦντες ἀλλήλους, ὥστε καὶ τοὺς πολεμίους ἀκούειν” they made a loud noise by calling each other so that even the enemy heard them” X. A. 2.2.17 (here ὥστε . . . ἀκούειν may be regarded as having the force of an adverb: and in a manner audible even to the enemy); πῶς ἂν οὖν ὀρθῶς δικάσαιτε περὶ αὐτῶν; εἰ τούτους ἐά_σετε τὸν νομιζόμενον ὅρκον διομοσαμένους κατηγορῆσαι κτλ. how then would you judge correctly about them? if you permit (i.e. by permitting) them to make their accusations after having sworn the customary oath, etc. Ant. 5.90. Cp. 1095 end.

[*] 2190. Accordingly all complex sentences may be classified as Substantival sentences, Adjectival sentences, and Adverbial sentences. This division is, in general, the basis of the treatment of complex sentences in this book, except when, for convenience, closely connected constructions are treated together; as in the case of (adverbial) pure final clauses and (substantival) object clauses after verbs of effort and of fearing.

a. Some sentences may be classed both as substantival and adverbial, as clauses with ὥστε and ὅπως. An adverbial or adjectival clause may assume a substantival character (2247, 2488).

Complex sentences are considered in the following order: Adverbial, Adjectival, Substantival.