Herbert Weir Smyth, A Greek Grammar for Colleges

---

---

---

THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE

[*] 2106. Verbs of Knowing and Showing.—After verbs signifying to know, be ignorant of, learn (not learn of), remember, forget, show, appear, prove, acknowledge, and announce, the participle represents a dependent statement, each tense having the same force as the corresponding tense of the indicative or optative with ὅτι or ὡς, the present including also the imperfect, the perfect including also the pluperfect.

Such verbs are: οἶδα, γιγνώσκω, ἐπίσταμαι, ἐννοῶ, μανθάνω (2136), (οὐκ) ἀγνοῶ, μέμνημαι, ἐπιλανθάνομαι (2134), δηλῶ, (ἐπι) δείκνυ_μι, φαίνω, ἀποφαίνω, φαίνομαι (2143), ἔοικα (2089 c, 2133), (ἐξ-) ἐλέγχω, ὁμολογῶ (rarely), ἀγγέλλω, ποιῶ represent (2115).

οὐ γὰρ ᾔδεσαν αὐτὸν τεθνηκότα (= τέθνηκε) for they did not know that he was dead X. A. 1.10.16, ἔγνω τὴν ἐσβολὴν ἐσομένην (= ἔσται) he knew that the invasion would take place T. 2.13, δν ὑ_μεῖς ἐπίστασθε ἡμᾶς προδόντα (= προὔδωκε) you know that he betrayed us X. A. 6.6.17, τίς οὕτως εὐήθης ἐστὶν ὑ_μῶν ὅστις ἀγνοεῖ τὸν ἐκεῖθεν πόλεμον δεῦρ᾽ ἥξοντα (= ἥξει); who of you is so simple-minded as not to know that the war will come hither from that quarter? D. 1.15, (Χερρόνησον) κατέμαθε πόλεις ἕνδεκα ἢ δώδεκα ἔχουσαν (= ἔχει) he learned that Chersonesus contained eleven or twelve cities X. H. 3.2.10, μέμνημαι ἀκούσα_ς (= ἤκουσα) I remember to have heard X. C. 1.6.6, μέμνημαι Κριτίᾳ τῷδε ξυνόντα σε (= ξυνῆσθα) I remember that you were in company with Critias here P. Charm. 156a, ἐπιλελήσμεσθ᾽ ἡδέως γέροντες ὄντες (= ἐσμέν) we have gladly forgotten that we are old E. Bacch. 188, δείξω (αὐτὸν) πολλῶν θανάτων ὄντ᾽ (= ἐστί) ““ἄξιον” I will show that he deserves to die many times” D. 21.21, δειχθήσεται τοῦτο πεποιηκώς (= πεποίηκε) he will be shown to have done this 21. 160, τοῦτο τὸ γράμμα δηλοῖ ψευδῆ τὴν διαθήκην οὖσαν (= ἐστί) this clause shows that the will was forged 45. 34, ἐὰ_ν ἀποφαίνωσι τοὺς φεύγοντας παλαὶ πονηροὺς ὄντας (= εἰσί) if they show that the exiles were inveterate rascals L. 30.1, ἡ ψυ_χὴ ἀθάνατος φαίνεται οὖσα (= ἐστί) it seems that the soul is immortal P. Ph. 107c, ἀδικοῦντα (= ἀδικεῖ) ““φίλιππον ἐξήλεγξα” I convicted Philip of acting unjustly” D. 18.136, ῥᾳδίως ἐλεγχθήσεται ψευδόμενος (= ψεύδεται) he will easily be convicted of lying 27. 19, ὁμολογούμεθα ἐλθόντες (= ἤλθομεν) I acknowledge that I came L. 4.7, αὐτῷ Κῦρον ἐπιστρατεύοντα (= ἐπιστρατεύει) ““πρῶτος ἤγγειλα” I was the first to announce that Cyrus was taking the field against him” X. A. 2.3.19.

a. Except with ἀγγέλλω announce (what is certain), verbs of saying or thinking rarely take the participle in prose, e.g. πᾶσι ταῦτα δεδογμένα ἡμῖν νόμιζε (= εὖ ἴσθι) think that this is our unanimous opinion P. R. 450a.

[*] 2107. The personal constructions δῆλός εἰμι, φανερός εἰμι I am plainly (impersonal δῆλόν and φανερόν ἐστιν ὅτι) are followed by a dependent statement in the participle. Thus, δῆλος ἦν οἰόμενος (= δῆλον ἦν ὅτι οἴοιτο) it was clear that he thought X. A. 2.5.27, θύ_ων φανερὸς ἦν πολλάκις (= φανερὸν ἦν ὅτι θύ_οι) it was evident that he often sacrificed X. M. 1.1.2, ἀνια_θεὶς δῆλος ἦν (= δῆλον ἦν ὅτι ἀνια_θείη) he showed his dissatisfaction X. C. 2.2.3.

[*] 2108. The participle with σύνοιδα or συγγιγνώσκω am conscious, accompanied by the dative of the reflexive pronoun, may stand either in the nominative agreeing with the subject, or in the dative agreeing with the reflexive. Thus, συνειδὼς αὐτὸς αὑτῷ ἔργον εἰργασμένος conscious (to himself) that he had done the deed Ant. 6.5, ““ἐμαυτῷ ξυνῄδη οὐδὲν ἐπισταμένῳ” I was conscious of knowing nothing” P. A. 22c.

a. When the subject is not the same as the object, the latter, with the participle, may stand in the dative, or (rarely) in the accusative. Thus, ξυνίσα_σι Μελήτῳ μὲν ψευδομένῳ, ἐμοὶ δὲ ἀληθεύοντι they know as well as Meletus that he is lying, and (as well as I do) that I am speaking the truth P. A. 34b, ““συνειδὼς τῶν ἀ_θλημάτων δούλους μετέχοντας” knowing that slaves participate in the contests” D. 61.23. (The force of σύν at times almost disappears.)

[*] 2109. The use of the participle to represent a dependent statement comes from its circumstantial use. Thus, in οὐ γὰρ ᾔδεσαν αὐτὸν τεθνηκότα (2106), τεθνηκότα agrees with the object of ᾔδεσαν; and from they did not know him as dead the thought passes into they did not know (the fact) that he was dead.

CONSTRUCTION OF VERBS OF PERCEIVING AND OF FINDING

[*] 2110. Verbs of Perception.—Verbs signifying to see, perceive, hear, learn (i.e. learn by inquiry, hear of), when they denote physical (actual) perception take the participle. When they denote intellectual perception they may take the participle or ὅτι or ὡς with a finite verb. (The Homeric usage is less strict.)

[*] 2111. Such verbs are, in Attic, ὁρῶ see, αἰσθάνομαι perceive, ἀκούω hear, πυνθάνομαι learn.

[*] 2112. The participle may stand either not in indirect discourse or in indirect discourse.

a. Not in Indirect Discourse.—Here verbs of perceiving denote physical perception—the act perceived or heard of. With ἀκούω and πυνθάνομαι the participle stands in the genitive; with αἰσθάνομαι it usually stands in the accusative (as with ὁρῶ), but sometimes in the genitive. (See 1361, 1367.)

““εἶδε Κλέαρχον διελαύνοντα” he saw Clearchus riding through” X. A. 1.5.12; ““αἰσθόμενος Λαμπροκλέα_ πρὸς τὴν μητέρα χαλεπαίνοντα” perceiving Lamprocles angry with his mother” X. M. 2.2.1, ᾔσθησαι πώποτέ μου ἢ ψευδομαρτυροῦντος ἢ συ_κοφαντοῦντος; have you ever noticed me either bearing false witness or playing the part of an informer? 4. 4. 11; ““ἤκουσαν αὐτοῦ φωνήσαντος” they heard him speaking” X. S. 3. 13; ““ὡς ἐπύθοντο τῆς Πύλου κατειλημμένης” when they learned of the capture of Pylos” T. 4.6.

N. Verbs of physical perception, ὁρῶ (especially) and ἀκούω, regularly take the present participle in Attic prose, which usually refuses to distinguish between I see a house burning and I see a house burn. The complexive aorist, summing up the action, does however occur, as ““ὡς εἶδεν ἐλαφον ἐκπηδήσα_σαν . . . ἐδίωκεν” when he saw a hind break cover he gave chase” X. C. 1.4.8. Cp. πεσόντα εἶδον Hdt. 9.22.

b. In Indirect Discourse.—Here verbs of perceiving denote intellectual perception—the fact that something is perceived or heard of. With ἀκούω and πυνθάνομαι the participle stands in the accusative (as with ὁρῶ, αἰσθάνομαι). Cp. 1363, 1365, 2144, 2145.

““ὁρῶμεν πάντα ἀληθῆ ὄντα ἃ λέγετε” we see that everything you say is true” X. A. 5.5.24, ““αἰσθάνομαι ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχοντα” I perceive that this is so” X. M. 3.5.5, ““ἤκουσε Κῦρον ἐν Κιλικίᾳ ὄντα” he heard that Cyrus was in Cilicia” X. A. 1.4.5, ““ὅταν κλύῃ τινὸς ἥξοντ᾽ Ὀρέστην” when she hears from any one that Orestes will return” S. El. 293, ““πυθόμενοι Ἀρταξέρξην τεθνηκότα” having learned that Artaxerxes was dead” T. 4.50.

[*] 2113. Verbs of Finding.—Verbs of finding and detecting (εὑρίσκω, (κατα）λαμβάνω; pass. ἁλίσκομαι) in their capacity as verbs of perceiving take the participle (a) not in indirect discourse, of the act or state in which a person or thing is found; or (b) in indirect discourse, of the fact that a person or thing is found in an act or state.

a. κῆρυξ ἀφικόμενος ηὗρε τοὺς ἄνδρας διεφθαρμένους the herald, on his arrival, found the men already put to death T. 2.6, ““εὕρηται πιστῶς πρά_ττων” he has been found to have dealt faithfully” D. 19.332, ““ἂ_ν ἄρ᾽ ἄλλον τινὰ λαμβάνῃ ψευδόμενον” if then he catch anybody else lying” P. R. 389d, ἢν ἐπιβουλεύων ἁλίσκηται if he be detected in plotting X. Ag. 8. 3.

b. ““διὰ τὴν Ἰ_λίου ἅλωσιν εὑρίσκουσι σφίσι ἐοῦσαν τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς ἔχθρης” they conclude that the beginning of their enmity was on account of the capture of Ilium” Hdt. 1.5.

[*] 2114. It is often difficult to distinguish the two constructions of 2113. Thus, καταλαμβάνουσι νεωστὶ στάσει τοὺς τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἐναντίους ἐκπεπτωκότας (T. 7.33) may mean they found that the anti-Athenian party had been recently expelled by a revolution (ind. disc.) or them recently expelled (not in ind. disc.). So ““καταλαμβάνουσι . . . τἆλλα ἀφεστηκότα” they found the other cities in a state of revolt” T. 1.59 (that they had revolted would be possible). In the meaning discover, find καταλαμβάνω does not take the aorist participle.

[*] 2115. ποιῶ meaning represent has the construction of the verbs of 2113. Thus, πλησιάζοντας τοὺς θεοὺς τοῖς ἀνθρώποις οἷόν τ᾽ αὐτοῖς ποιῆσαι it is possible for them (poets) to represent the gods as drawing nigh to men I. 9.9. Cp. 2142.