2.
Sicily is triangular in shape; and for this reason it was at first called "
Trinacria," though later the name was changed to the more euphonious "Thrinacis." Its shape is defined by three capes: Pelorias, which with Caenys and Columna Rheginorum forms the strait, and Pachynus, which lies out towards the east and is washed by the Sicilian Sea, thus facing towards the
Peloponnesus and the sea-passage to
Crete, and, third,
Lilybaeum, the cape that is next to
Libya, thus facing at the same time towards
Libya and the winter sunset.
1 As for the sides which are marked off by the three capes, two of them are moderately concave, whereas the third, the one that reaches from
Lilybaeum to Pelorias, is convex; and this last is the longest, being one thousand seven hundred stadia in length, as Poseidonius states, though he adds twenty stadia more. Of the other two sides, the one from
Lilybaeum to Pachynus is longer than the other, and the one next to the strait and
Italy, from Pelorias to Pachynus, is shortest, being about one thousand one hundred and thirty stadia long. And the distance round the island by sea, as declared by Poseidonius, is four thousand stadia. But in the Chorography the distances given are longer, marked off in sections and given in miles: from Pelorias to
Mylae, twenty-five miles; the same from
Mylae to
Tyndaris; then to Agathyrnum thirty, and the same to
Alaesa, and again the same to
Cephaloedium, these being small towns; and eighteen to the River Himera,
2 which flows through the middle of
Sicily; then to
Panormus thirty-five, and thirty-two to the Emporium of the Aegestes,
3 and the rest of the way, to
Lilybaeum, thirty-eight. Thence, on doubling
Lilybaeum, to the adjacent side, to the Heracleium seventy-five miles, and to the Emporium of the Acragantini
4 twenty, and another twenty
5 to Camarina; and then to Pachynus fifty. Thence again along the third side: to
Syracuse thirty-six, and to
Catana sixty; then to
Tauromenium thirty-three; and then to
Messene thirty.
6 On foot, however, the distance from Pachynus to Pelorias is one hundred and sixty-eight miles, and from
Messene to
Lilybaeum by the Valerian Way two hundred and thirty-five. But some writers have spoken in a more general way, as, for example, Ephorus: "At any rate, the voyage round the island takes five days and nights." Further, Poseidonius, in marking off the boundaries of the island by means of the "climata,"
7 puts Pelorias towards the north,
Lilybaeum towards the south, and Pachynus towards the east. But since the "climata" are each divided off into parallelograms, necessarily the triangles that are inscribed (particularly those which are scalene and of which no side fits on any one of the sides of the parallelogram) cannot, because of their slant, be fitted to the "climata."
8 However this may be, one might fairly say, in the case of the "climata" of
Sicily, which is situated south of
Italy, that Pelorias is the most northerly of the three corners; and therefore the side that joins Pelorias to Pachynus will lie out
9 towards the east, thus facing towards the north, and also will form the side that is on the strait. But this side must take a slight turn toward the winter sunrise,
10 for the shore bends aside in this direction as one proceeds from
Catana to
Syracuse and Pachynus. Now the distance from Pachynus across to the mouth of the Alpheius
11 is four thousand stadia; but when Artemidorus says that it is four thousand six hundred stadia from Pachynus to Taenarum
12 and one thousand one hundred and thirty from the Alpheius to the Pamisus, he seems to me to afford us reason for suspecting that his statement is not in agreement with that of the man who says that the distance to the Alpheius from Pachynus is four thousand stadia. Again, the side that extends from Pachynus to
Lilybaeum, which is considerably farther west than Pelorias, should itself also be made to slant considerably from its southernmost point
13 towards the west, and should face at the same time towards the east and towards the south,
14 one part being washed by the Sicilian Sea and the other by the Libyan Sea that reaches from Carthaginia to the Syrtes. The shortest passage from
Lilybaeum across to
Libya in neighborhood of
Carthage is one thousand five hundred stadia;
15 and on this passage, it is said, some man of sharp vision, from a look-out, used to report to the men in
Lilybaeum the number of ships that were putting to sea from
Carthage.
16 Again, the side that extends from
Lilybaeum to Pelorias necessarily slants towards the east, and faces towards the region that is between the west and the north,
17 having
Italy on the north and on the west the
Tyrrhenian Sea and the Islands of Aeolus.
[
2]
The cities along the side that forms the Strait are, first,
Messene, and then
Tauromenium,
Catana, and
Syracuse; but those that were between
Catana and
Syracuse have disappeared—Naxus
18 and
Megara;
19 and on this coast are the outlets of the Symaethus and all rivers that flow down from
Aetna and have good harbors at their mouths; and here too is the promontory of Xiphonia. According to Ephorus these were the earliest Greek cities to be founded in
Sicily, that is, in the tenth generation after the Trojan war; for before that time men were so afraid of the bands of Tyrrhenian pirates and the savagery of the barbarians in this region that they would not so much as sail thither for trafficking; but though Theocles, the Athenian, borne out of his course by the winds to
Sicily, clearly perceived both the weakness of the peoples and the excellence of the soil, yet, when he went back, he could not persuade the Athenians, and hence took as partners a considerable number of Euboean Chalcidians and some Ionians and also some Dorians (most of whom were Megarians) and made the voyage; so the Chalcidians founded Naxus, whereas the Dorians founded
Megara, which in earlier times had been called Hybla. The cities no longer exist, it is true, but the name of Hybla still endures, because of the excellence of the Hyblaean honey.
[
3]
As for the cities that still endure along the aforementioned side:
Messene is situated in a gulf of Pelorias, which bends considerably towards the east and forms an armpit, so to speak; but though the distance across to
Messene from
Rhegium is only sixty stadia, it is much less from Columna.
Messene was founded by the Messenians of the Peloponnesus, who named it after themselves, changing its name; for formerly it was called
Zancle, on account of the crookedness of the coast (anything crooked was called "zanclion"),
20 having been founded formerly by the Naxians who lived near
Catana. But the Mamertini, a tribe of the Campani, joined the colony later on. Now the Romans used it as a base of operations for their Sicilian war against the Carthaginians; and afterwards Pompeius Sextus,when at war with Augustus Caesar, kept his fleet together there, and when ejected from the island also made his escape thence. And in the ship-channel, only a short distance off the city, is to be seem Charybdis,
21 a monstrous deep, into which the ships are easily drawn by the refluent currents of the strait and plunged prow-foremost along with a mighty eddying of the whirlpool; and when the ships are gulped down and broken to pieces, the wreckage is swept along to the Tauromenian shore, which, from this occurrence, is called Copria.
22 The Mamertini prevailed to such an extent among the Messenii that they got control of the city; and the people are by all called mamertini rather than Messenii; and further, since the country is exceedingly productive of wine, the wine is called, not Messenian, but Mamertine, and it rivals the best of the Italian wines. The city is fairly populous, though
Catana is still more so, and in fact has received Romans as inhabitants; but
Tauromenium is less populous than either.
Catana, moreover, was founded by the same Naxians, whereas
Tauromenium was founded by the Zanclaeans of Hybla; but
Catana lost its original inhabitants when Hiero, tyrant of
Syracuse, established a different set of colonists there and called it
Aetna instead of
Catana.
23 And Pindar too calls him the founder of
Aetna when he say: "Attend to what I say to thee, O Father, whose name is that of the holy sacrifices,
24 founder of
Aetna." But at the death of Hiero
25 the Catanaeans came back, ejected the inhabitants, and demolished the tomb of the tyrant.
26 And the Aetnaeans, on withdrawing, took up their abode in a hilly district of
Aetna called Innesa, and called the place, which is eighty stadia from
Catana,
Aetna, and declared Hiero its founder. Now the city of
Aetna is situated in the interior about over
Catana, and shares most in the devastation caused by the action of the craters;
27 in fact the streams of lava rush down very nearly as far as the territory of
Catana; and here is the scene of the act of filial piety, so often recounted, of Amphinomus and Anapias, who lifted their parents on their shoulders and saved them from the doom that was rushing upon them. According to Poseidonius, when the mountain is in action, the fields of the Catanaeans are covered with ash-dust to a great depth. Now although the ash is an affliction at the time, it benefits the country in later times, for it renders it fertile and suited to the vine, the rest of the country not being equally productive of good wine; further, the roots produced by the fields that have been covered with ash-dust make the sheep so fat, it is said, that they choke; and this is why blood is drawn from their ears every four or five days
28—a thing of which I have spoken before
29 as occurring near Erytheia. But when the lava changes to a solid, it turns the surface of the earth into stone to a considerable depth, so that quarrying is necessary on the part of any who wish to uncover the original surface; for when the mass of rock in the craters melts and then is thrown up, the liquid that is poured out over the top is black mud and flows down the mountain, and then, solidifying, becomes millstone, keeping the same color it had when in a liquid state. And ash is also produced when the stones are burnt, as from wood; therefore, just as wood-ashes nourish rue, so the ashes of
Aetna, it is reasonable to suppose, have some quality that is peculiarly suited to the vine.
[
4]
Syracuse was founded by Archias, who sailed from
Corinth about the same time that Naxus and
Megara were colonized. It is said that Archias went to
Delphi at the same time as Myscellus, and when they were consulting the oracle, the god asked them whether they chose wealth or health; now Archias chose wealth, and Myscellus
30 health; accordingly, the god granted to the former to found
Syracuse, and to the latter
Croton. And it actually came to pass that the Crotoniates took up their abode in a city that was exceedingly healthful, as I have related,
31 and that
Syracuse fell into such exceptional wealth that the name of the Syracusans was spread abroad in a proverb applied to the excessively extravagant—"the tithe of the Syracusans would not be sufficient for them." And when Archias, the story continues, was on his voyage to
Sicily, he left Chersicrates, of the race of the Heracleidae, with a part of the expedition to help colonize what is now called
Corcyra, but was formerly called
Scheria; Chersicrates, however, ejected the Liburnians, who held possession of the island, and colonized it with new settlers, whereas Archias landed at
Zephyrium,
32 found that some Dorians who had quit the company of the founders of
Megara and were on their way back home had arrived there from
Sicily, took them up and in common with them founded
Syracuse. And the city grew, both on account of the fertility of the soil and on account of the natural excellence of its harbors. Furthermore, the men of
Syracuse proved to have the gift of leadership, with the result that when the Syracusans were ruled by tyrants they lorded it over the rest, and when set free themselves they set free those who were oppressed by the barbarians. As for these barbarians, some were native inhabitants, whereas others came over from the mainland. The Greeks would permit none of them to lay hold of the seaboard, but were not strong enough to keep them altogether away from the interior; indeed, to this day the Siceli, the Sicani, the Morgetes, and certain others have continued to live in the island, among whom there used to be Iberians, who, according to Ephorus, were said to be the first barbarian settlers of
Sicily. Morgantium, it is reasonable to suppose, was settled by the Morgetes; it used to be a city, but now it does not exist. When the Carthaginians came over they did not cease to abuse both these people and the Greeks, but the Syracusans nevertheless held out. But the Romans later on ejected the Carthaginians and took
Syracuse by siege. And in our own time, because Pompeius abused, not only the other cities, but
Syracuse in particular, Augustus Caesar sent a colony and restored a considerable part of the old settlement; for in olden times it was a city of five towns,
33 with a wall of one hundred and eighty stadia. Now it was not at all necessary to fill out the whole of this circuit, but it was necessary, he thought, to build up in a better way only the part that was settled—the part adjacent to the Island of Ortygia which had a sufficient circuit to make a notable city. Ortygia is connected with the mainland, near which it lies, by a bridge, and has the fountain of Arethusa, which sends forth a river that empties immediately into the sea.
People tell the mythical story that the river Arethusa is the Alpheius, which latter, they say, rises in the
Peloponnesus, flows underground through the sea as far as Arethusa, and then empties thence once more into the sea. And the kind of evidence they adduce is as follows: a certain cup, they think, was thrown out into the river at
Olympia and was discharged into the fountain; and again, the fountain was discolored as the result of the sacrifices of oxen at
Olympia. Pindar follows these reports when he says: "O resting-place
34 august of Alpheius, Ortygia,
35 scion of famous
Syracuse." And in agreement with Pindar Timaeus the historian also declares the same thing. Now if the Alpheius fell into a pit before joining the sea, there would be some plausibility in the view that the stream extends underground from
Olympia as far as
Sicily, thereby preserving its potable water unmixed with the sea; but since the mouth of the river empties into the sea in full view, and since near this mouth, on the transit, there is no mouth
36 visible that swallows up the stream of the river (though even so the water could not remain fresh; yet it might, the greater part of it at least, if it sank into the underground channel),
37 the thing is absolutely impossible. For the water of Arethusa bears testimony against it, since it is potable; and that the stream of the river should hold together through so long a transit without being diffused with the seawater, that is, until it falls into the fancied underground passage, is utterly mythical. Indeed, we can scarcely believe this in the case of the Rhodanus, although its stream does hold together when it passes through a lake,
38 keeping its course visible; in this case, however, the distance is short and the lake does not rise in waves, whereas in case of the sea in question, where there are prodigious storms and surging waves, the tale is foreign to all plausibility. And the citing of the story of the cup only magnifies the falsehood, for a cup does not of itself readily follow the current of any stream, to say nothing of a stream that flows so great a distance and through such passages.
Now there are many rivers in many parts of the world that flow underground, but not for such a distance; and even if this is possible, the stories aforesaid, at least, are impossible, and those concerning the river Inachus are like a myth: "For it flows from the heights of Pindus," says Sophocles, "and from Lacmus,
39 from the land of the Perrhaebians, into the lands of the Amphilochians and Acarnanians, and mingles with the waters of Acheloüs," and, a little below, he adds, "whence it cleaves the waves to
Argos and comes to the people of Lyrceium." Marvellous tales of this sort are stretched still further by those who make the Inopus cross over from the
Nile to
Delos. And Zoïlus
40 the rhetorician says in his
Eulogy of the Tenedians that the Alpheius rises in Tenedos—the man who finds fault with Homer as a writer of myths! And Ibycus says that the Asopus in
Sicyon rises in
Phrygia. But the statement of Hecataeus is better, when he says that the lnachus among the Amphilochians, which flows from Lacmus, as does also the Aeas, is different from the river of
Argos, and that it was named by Amphilochus, the man who called the city Argos Amphilochicum.
41 Now Hecataeus says that this river does empty into the Acheloüs, but that the Aeas
42 flows towards the west into
Apollonia.
On either side of the island of Ortygia is a large harbor; the larger of the two is eighty stadia in circuit. Caesar restored this city and also
Catana; and so, in the same way, Centoripa, because it contributed much to the overthrow of Pompeius. Centoripa lies above
Catana, bordering on the Aetnaean mountains, and on the Symaethus River, which flows into the territory of
Catana.
[
5]
Of the remaining sides of
Sicily, that which extends from Pachynus to
Lilybaeum has been utterly deserted, although it preserves traces of the old settlements, among which was Camarina, a colony of the Syracusans;
Acragas, however, which belongs to the Geloans, and its seaport, and also
Lilybaeum still endure. For since this region was most exposed to attack on the part of Carthaginia, most of it was ruined by the long wars that arose one after another. The last and longest side is not populous either, but still it is fairly well peopled; in fact,
Alaesa,
Tyndaris, the Emporium of the Aegestes, and Cephaloedis
43 are all cities, and
Panormus has also a Roman settlement. Aegestaea was founded, it is said, by those who crossed over with Philoctetes to the territory of
Croton, as I have stated in my account of
Italy;
44 they were sent to
Sicily by him along with Aegestes the Trojan.
[
6]
In the interior is
Enna, where is the temple of Demeter, with only a few inhabitants; it is situated on a hill, and is wholly surrounded by broad plateaus that are tillable. It suffered most at the hands of Eunus
45 and his runaway slaves, who were besieged there and only with difficulty were dislodged by the Romans. The inhabitants of
Catana and
Tauromenium and also several other peoples suffered this same fate.
Eryx, a lofty hill,
46 is also inhabited. It has a temple of Aphrodite that is held in exceptional honor, and in early times was full of female temple-slaves, who had been dedicated in fulfillment of vows not only by the people of
Sicily but also by many people from abroad; but at the present time, just as the settlement itself,
47 so the temple is in want of men, and the multitude of temple-slaves has disappeared. In
Rome, also, there is a reproduction of this goddess, I mean the temple before the Colline Gate
48 which is called that of Venus Erycina and is remarkable for its shrine and surrounding colonnade.
But the rest of the settlements
49 as well as most of the interior have come into the possession of shepherds; for I do not know of any settled population still living in either Himera, or
Gela, or
Callipolis or
Selinus or
Euboea or several other places. Of these cities Himera was founded by the Zanclaeans of
Mylae,
Callipolis by the Naxians,
Selinus by the Megarians of the Sicilian Megara, and
Euboea by the Leontines.
50 Many of the barbarian cities, also, have been wiped out; for example
Camici,
51 the royal residence of Cocalus,
52 at which Minos is said to have been murdered by treachery. The Romans, therefore, taking notice that the country was deserted, took possession of the mountains and most of the plains and then gave them over to horseherds, cowherds, and shepherds; and by these herdsmen the island was many times put in great danger, because, although at first they only turned to brigandage in a sporadic way, later they both assembled in great numbers and plundered the settlements, as, for example, when Eunus and his men took possession of
Enna. And recently, in my own time, a certain Selurus, called the "son of
Aetna," was sent up to
Rome because he had put himself at the head of an army and for a long time had overrun the regions round about
Aetna with frequent raids; I saw him torn to pieces by wild beasts at an appointed combat of gladiators in the Forum; for he was placed on a lofty scaffold, as though on
Aetna, and the scaffold was made suddenly to break up and collapse, and he himself was carried down with it into cages of wildbeasts—fragile cages that had been prepared beneath the scaffold for that purpose.
[
7]
As for the fertility of the country, why should I speak of it, since it is on the lips of all men, who declare that it is no whit inferior to that of
Italy? And in the matter of grain, honey, saffron, and certain other products, one might call it even superior. There is, furthermore, its propinquity; for the island is a part of
Italy, as it were, and readily and without great labor supplies
Rome with everything it has, as though from the fields of
Italy. And in fact it is called the storehouse of
Rome, for everything it produces is brought hither except a few things that are consumed at home, and not the fruits only, but also cattle, hides, wool, and the like. Poseidonius says that
Syracuse and
Eryx are each situated like an acropolis by the sea, whereas
Enna lies midway between the two above the encircling plains.
The whole of the territory of Leontini, also, which likewise belonged to the Naxians of
Sicily, has been devastated; for although they always shared with the Syracusans in their misfortunes, it was not always so with their good fortunes.
53
[
8]
Near Centoripa is the town of
Aetna, which was mentioned a little above, whose people entertain and conduct those who ascend the mountain; for the mountain-summit begins here. The upper districts are bare and ash-like and full of snow during the winter, whereas the lower are divided up by forests and plantations of every sort. The topmost parts of the mountain appear to undergo many changes because of the way the fire distributes itself, for at one time the fire concentrates in one crater, but at another time divides, while at one time the mountain sends forth lava, at another, flames and fiery smoke, and at still other times it also emits red-hot masses; and the inevitable result of these disturbances is that not only the underground passages, but also the orifices, sometimes rather numerous, which appear on the surface of the mountain all round, undergo changes at the same time. Be this as it may, those who recently made the ascent gave me the following account: They found at the top a level plain, about twenty stadia in circuit, enclosed by a rim of ashes the height of a house-wall, so that any who wished to proceed into the plain had to leap down from the wall; they saw in the center of the plain a mound
54 of the color of ashes, in this respect being like the surface of the plain as seen from above, and above the mound a perpendicular cloud rising straight up to a height of about two hundred feet, motionless (for it was a windless day) and resembling smoke; and two of the men had the hardihood to proceed into the plain, but because the sand they were walking on got hotter and deeper, they turned back, and so were unable to tell those who were observing from a distance anything more than what was already apparent. But they believed, from such a view as they had, that many of the current stories are mythical, and particularly those which some tell about Empedocles, that he leaped down into the crater and left behind, as a trace of the fate he suffered, one of the brazen sandals which he wore; for it was found, they say, a short distance outside the rim of the crater, as though it had been thrown up by the force of the fire. Indeed, the place is neither to be approached nor to be seen, according to my informants; and further, they surmised that nothing could be thrown down into it either, owing to the contrary blasts of the winds arising from the depths, and also owing to the heat, which, it is reasonable to suppose, meets one long before one comes near the mouth of the crater; but even if something should be thrown down into it, it would be destroyed before it could be thrown up in anything like the shape it had when first received; and although it is not unreasonable to assume that at times the blasts of the fire die down when at times the fuel is deficient, yet surely this would not last long enough to make possible the approach of man against so great a force.
Aetna dominates more especially the seaboard in the region of the Strait and the territory of
Catana, but also that in the region of the
Tyrrhenian Sea and the Liparaean Islands. Now although by night a brilliant light shines from the summit, by day it is covered with smoke and haze.
[
9]
Over against
Aetna rise the Nebrodes Mountains,
55 which, though lower than
Aetna, exceed it considerably in breadth. The whole island is hollow down beneath the ground, and full of streams and of fire, as is the case with the
Tyrrhenian Sea, as far as the Cumaean country, as I have said before.
56 At all events, the island has at many places springs of hot waters which spout up, of which those of
Selinus and those of Himera are brackish, whereas those of Aegesta are potable. Near
Acragas are lakes which, though they have the taste of seawater, are different in nature; for even people who cannot swim do not sink, but float on the surface like wood. The territory of the Palici has craters
57 that spout up water in a dome-like jet and receive it back again into the same recess. The cavern near Mataurus
58 contains an immense gallery through which a river flows invisible for a considerable distance, and then emerges to the surface, as is the case with the Orontes in
Syria,
59 which sinks into the chasm (called Charybdis) between
Apameia and Antiocheia and rises again forty stadia away. Similar, too, are the cases both of the
Tigris60 in
Mesopotamia and of the
Nile in
Libya, only a short distance from their sources. And the water in the territory of Stymphalus
61 first flows underground for two hundred stadia and then issues forth in Argeia as the Erasinus River; and again, the water near the Arcadian Asea is first forced below the surface and then, much later, emerges as both the Eurotas and the Alpheius; and hence the belief in a certain fabulous utterance, that if two wreaths be dedicated separately to each of the two rivers and thrown into the common stream, each will reappear, in accordance with the dedication, in the appropriate river. And I have already mentioned what is told about the Timavus River.
62
[
10]
Phenomena akin both to these and to those in
Sicily are to be seen about the Liparaean Islands and
Lipara itself. The islands are seven in number, but the largest is
Lipara (a colony of the Cnidians), which, Thermessa excepted, lies nearest to
Sicily. It was formerly called Meligunis; and it not only commanded a fleet, but for a long time resisted the incursions of the Tyrrheni, for it held in obedience all the Liparaean Islands, as they are now called, though by some they are called the Islands of Aeolus. Furthermore, it often adorned the temple of Apollo at
Delphi with dedications from the first fruits of victory. It has also a fruitful soil, and a mine of styptic earth
63 that brings in revenues,
64 and hot springs, and fire blasts. Between
Lipara and
Sicily is Thermessa, which is now called Hiera of Hephaestus;
65 the whole island is rocky, desert, and fiery, and it has three fire blasts, rising from three openings which one might call craters. From the largest the flames carry up also red-hot masses, which have already choked up a considerable part of the Strait. From observation it has been believed that the flames, both here and on
Aetna, are stimulated along with the winds and that when the winds cease the flames cease too. And this is not unreasonable, for the winds are begotten by the evaporations of the sea and after they have taken their beginning are fed thereby; and therefore it is not permissible for any who have any sort of insight into such matters to marvel if the fire too is kindled by a cognate fuel or disturbance. According to Polybius, one of the three craters has partially fallen in, whereas the others remain whole; and the largest has a circular rim five stadia in circuit, but it gradually contracts to a diameter of fifty feet; and the altitude of this crater above the level of the sea is a stadium, so that the crater is visible on windless days.
66 But if all this is to be believed, perhaps one should also believe the mythical story about Empedocles.
67 Now if the south wind is about to blow, Polybius continues, a cloud-like mist pours down all round the island, so that not even
Sicily is visible in the distance; and when the north wind is about to blow, pure flames rise aloft from the aforesaid crater and louder rumblings are sent forth; but the west wind holds a middle position, so to speak, between the two; but though the two other craters are like the first in kind, they fall short in the violence of their spoutings; accordingly, both the difference in the rumblings, and the place whence the spoutings and the flames and the fiery smoke begin, signify beforehand the wind that is going to blow again three days afterward;
68 at all events, certain of the men in Liparae, when the weather made sailing impossible, predicted, he says, the wind that was to blow, and they were not mistaken; from this fact, then, it is clear that that saying of the Poet which is regarded as most mythical of all was not idly spoken, but that he hinted at the truth when he called Aeolus "steward of the winds."
69 However, I have already discussed these matters sufficiently.
70 It is the close attention of the Poet to vivid description, one might call it, . . . for both
71 are equally present in rhetorical composition and vivid description; at any rate, pleasure is common to both. But I shall return to the topic which follows that at which I digressed.
[
11]
Of
Lipara, then, and Thermessa I have already spoken. As for Strongyle,
72 it is so called from its shape, and it too is fiery; it falls short in the violence of its flame, but excels in the brightness of its light; and this is where Aeolus lived, it is said. The fourth island is Didyme,
73 and it too is named after its shape. Of the remaining islands, Ericussa
74 and Phoenicussa
75 have been so called from their plants, and are given over to pasturage of flocks. The seventh is Euonymus,
76 which is farthest out in the high sea and is desert; it is so named because it is more to the left than the others, to those who sail from
Lipara to
Sicily.
77 Again, many times flames have been observed running over the surface of the sea round about the islands when some passage had been opened up from the cavities down in the depths of the earth and the fire had forced its way to the outside. Poseidonius says that within his own recollection,
78 one morning at daybreak about the time of the summer solstice, the sea between Hiera and Euonymus was seen raised to an enormous height, and by a sustained blast remained puffed up for a considerable time, and then subsided; and when those who had the hardihood to sail up to it saw dead fish driven by the current, and some of the men were stricken ill because of the heat and stench, they took flight; one of the boats, however, approaching more closely, lost some of its occupants and barely escaped to
Lipara with the rest, who would at times become senseless like epileptics, and then afterwards would recur to their proper reasoning faculties; and many days later mud was seen forming on the surface of the sea, and in many places flames, smoke, and murky fire broke forth, but later the scum hardened and became as hard as mill-stone; and the governor of
Sicily, Titus Flaminius,
79 reported the event to the Senate, and the Senate sent a deputation to offer propitiatory sacrifices, both in the islet
80 and in Liparae, to the gods both of the underworld and of the Sea. Now, according to the Chorographer,
81 the distance from Ericodes to Phoenicodes
82 is ten miles, and thence to Didyme thirty, and thence to the northern part of
Lipara twenty-nine, and thence to
Sicily nineteen, but from Strongyle sixteen. Off Pachynus lie
Melita,
83 whence come the little dogs called Melitaean, and Gaudos, both eighty-eight miles distant from the Cape. Cossura
84 lies off
Lilybaeum, and off Aspis,
85 a Carthaginian city whose Latin name is Clupea; it lies midway between the two, and is the aforesaid distance
86 from either. Aegimurus,
87 also, and other small islands lie off
Sicily and
Libya. So much for the islands.