CHAP. 76.—THE SIZE OF TREES: THE NATURE OF WOOD: THE
SAPPINUS.
From the larch, and still more the fir, after it has been
cut, a liquid
1 flows for a considerable period: these are the
loftiest and straightest of all the trees. The fir is preferred for making the masts and sailyards of ships, on account
of its comparative lightness. It is a common feature with
these trees, in common with the pine, to have four rows of
veins running along the wood, or else two, or sometimes only
one. The heart
2 of these trees is peculiarly well adapted for
joiners' work, and the best wood of all is that which has four
layers of veins, it being softer than the rest: men of experience in these matters can instantly form a judgment of the
quality from the bark. That part in the fir which is nearest
to the ground is free from knots: when soaked in river water
in the way we have already mentioned,
3 and then barked, the
wood of this part is known
4 as sappinus; while that of the
upper part, which is harder and knotty, goes by the name of
"fusterna." In trees, the side which looks towards the northeast is the most robust, and it is universally the case, that
those which grow in moist and damp localities are of inferior
quality, while in those which grow in warm and sunny spots,
the wood is more compact and durable; hence it is, that at
Rome the fir is preferred that grows on the shores of the
Tyrrhenian Sea to that of the shores of the Adriatic.
There are also considerable differences in the qualities of
these trees according to the country of their growth: the most
esteemed are those of the Alps and the Apennines; in Gaul,
those of Jura
5 and Mount Vogesus; those also of Corsica,
Bithynia, Pontus, and Macedonia; while the firs of Ænea
6 and
Arcadia are of inferior quality. Those, however, of Parnassus
and Eubœa are the worst of all, the trees being branchy and
knotted, and the wood very apt to rot. As for the cedar, those
of Crete, Africa, and Syria are the most esteemed. Wood, if
well rubbed with oil of cedar, is proof against wood-worm and
decay. The juniper, too, has the same
7 virtues as the cedar;
in Spain it grows to a very considerable size, in the territory
of the Vacæi
8 more particularly: the heart of this tree, too,
is universally more firm and solid than cedar even. A general
fault in all wood is that known as cross-grain, which is formed
by contortions of the knots and veins.
9 In the wood of some
trees there are to be found knurs,
10 like those in marble; these
knurs are remarkably hard, and offer a resistance like that of
a nail, to the great injury of the saw: in some cases, also, they
are formed accidentally, from either a stone, or the branch of
another tree lodging there, and being absorbed in the body of
the tree.
In the Forum at Megara there long stood a wild olive upon
which warriors who had distinguished themselves by their
martial powers had been in the habit of suspending their arms.
In the lapse of time the bark of this tree had closed, and
quite concealed these arms from view. Upon it, however, depended the fate of the city; for it had been announced by an
oracle, that when a tree there should bring forth arms, the fall
of the city would be close at hand: and such, in fact, was the
result, when the tree was cut down and greaves and helmets
were found within the wood.
11 It is said that stones found
under these circumstances have the property of preventing
abortion.
(40.) It is generally thought that the largest
12 tree that has
ever been seen, was the one that was exhibited at Rome, by
Tiberius Cæsar, as an object of curiosity, upon the bridge of
the Naumachia previously mentioned.
13 It had been brought
thither along with other timber, and was preserved till the construction of the amphitheatre of the Emperor Nero:
14 it was a
log of larch, one hundred and twenty feet long, and of an uniform
thickness of a couple of feet. From this fact we can form an
estimate of the original height of the tree; indeed, measured
from top to bottom it must have been originally of a length
that is almost incredible. In our own time, too, in the porticos
of the Septa,
15 there was a log which had been left there by M.
Agrippa, as being equally an object of curiosity, having been
found too large to be used in the building of the vote office
16
there: it was twenty feet shorter than the one previously mentioned, and a foot-and-a-half in thickness. There was a fir,
too, that was particularly admired, when it formed the mast
of the ship, which brought from Egypt, by order of the Emperor Caius,
17 the obelisk
18 that was erected in the Vaticanian
Circus, with the four blocks of stone intended for its base. It
is beyond all doubt that there has been seen nothing on the sea
more wonderful than this ship: one hundred and twenty thousand modii of lentils formed its ballast; and the length of it
took up the greater part of the left side of the harbour at Ostia.
It was sunk at that spot by order of the Emperor Claudius,
three moles, each as high as a tower, being built upon it;
they were constructed with cement
19 which the same vessel
had conveyed from Puteoli. It took the arms of four men to
span the girth of this tree, and we not unfrequently hear of
the price of masts for such purposes, as being eighty thousand
sesterces or more: rafts, too, of this wood are sometimes put
together, the value of which is forty thousand. In Egypt and
Syria, it is said, the kings, for want of fir, used to employ
cedar
20 for building their ships: the largest cedar that we find
mentioned is said to have come from Cyprus, where it was cut
to form the mast of a galley of eleven tiers of oars that belonged to Demetrius: it was one hundred and thirty feet in
length, and took three men to span its girth. The pirates of
Germany navigate their seas in vessels formed of a single tree
hollowed
21 out: some of these will hold as many as thirty
men.
Of all woods, the most compact, and consequently the hea-
viest, are the ebony and the box, both of them of a slender
make. Neither of these woods will float in water, nor, indeed,
will that of the cork tree, if the bark is removed; the same is
the case, too, with the wood of the larch. Of the other woods,
the driest is that of the tree known at Rome as the lotus,
22
and next, that of the robur, when the white sap has been removed. The wood of the robur is dark, and that of the cytisus
23 still more so, approaching, in fact, the nearest of all to
the colour of ebony; though there are not wanting writers who
assert that the wood of the Syrian terebinth is darker.
24 An
artist of the name of Thericles is highly spoken of for his skill
in turning goblets from the wood of the terebinth: and, indeed,
that fact is a proof of the goodness of the wood. Terebinth is
the only wood that requires to be rubbed with oil, and is im-
proved thereby. Its colour is imitated remarkably well with
the walnut and the wild pear, which have its peculiar tint
imparted to them by being boiled in colouring liquid. The
wood of all the trees of which we have here made mention is
firm and compact. Next after them comes the cornel, although
it can hardly be looked upon as timber, in consequence of its
remarkable slimness; the wood of it, in fact, is used for hardly
any other purpose than the spokes of wheels, or else for making wedges for splitting wood, and pins or bolts, which have
all the hardness of those of iron. Besides these, there are
the holm-oak, the wild and the cultivated olive, the chesnut,
the yoke-elm, and the poplar. This last is mottled similarly to the maple, and would be used for joiners' work if wood
could be good for anything when the branches are so often
lopped: that acting upon the tree as a sort of castration, and
depriving it of its strength. In addition to these facts, most of
these trees, but the robur more particularly, are so extremely
hard, that it is quite impossible to bore the wood till it has
been soaked in water; and even then, a nail once driven home
cannot be drawn out again. On the other hand, a nail has no
25
hold in cedar. The wood of the lime is the softest of all, and,
as it would appear, the hottest by nature; a proof of this, they
say, is the fact that it will turn the edge of the adze sooner
than any other wood.
26 In the number, also, of the trees that
are hot by nature, are the mulberry, the laurel, the ivy, and
all those woods from which fire is kindled by attrition.