The History Of England After the Conquest, An Electronic Edition
Henry Ellis, Ed.

Herewith also, all the Frenchmen in London were arrested, committed to prison, The Frenchmen in Lōdon are all arested and put to their fines. Polydor. and put to their fines: but they were more courteouslie vsed than the Englishmen were in France. For after they had béene in durance ten daies, they were set at libertie, vpon finding suerties to appeare before the maior, or else before the councell at a certeine daie, and to paie the fine vpon them assessed, which fine the king pardoned to diuerse of the poorest sort. But in comparison of the Scotish nation, you would haue said, the Frenchmen were in small displeasure for not onelie those that All the Scots in England apprehended and fined. were borne in Scotland, but also diuers northernmen borne, within English ground, for enuious spite called Scots, were apprehended, imprisoned, and grieuouslie fined although some of them by streict inquirie tried to be Englishmen, escaped without paieng the fine.

There were sent to the sea, vnder conduct of sir William Fitz Williams viceadmerall, The nauie setteth foorth. twentie & eight goodlie ships well manned and trimmed for the warres, & seuent other ships were sent toward Scotland, which entered the Forth, and proffered to enter the Scotish ships that laie in the hauens: but the Scots ran their ships aland, and the Englishmen followed with boats, landed, and set the ships on fire, & at Leith tooke certeine prisoners, which they brought into England; and still the kings great nauie kept the narrow seas: for then was neither peace betwixt England and France, nor open warres. The king vnderstanding that the emperor would come to Calis, so to passe into England, as he went towards Spaine, appointed the lord marquesse Dorset to go to Calis, there to receiue him, and likewise the lord cardinall was appointed to receiue him at Douer.

The cardinall taking his iournie forward on the twentith of Maie, rode through Cardinall Woolsie his pompe when he recepiéd the emperour at Douer. London, accompanied with two earles, six and thirtie knights, and an hundred genthemen, eight bishops, ten abbats, thirtie chapleins, all in veluet and sattin, and yeomen seuen hundred. The marquesse Dorset was gone ouer before vnto Calis: and the fiue and twentith of Maie being sundaie, the said marquesse, with the bishop of The marques Dorset receiueth the emperour at Graueling. Chichester, the lord de la Ware, and diuerse other at the water of Graueling, receiued the emperour in the name of the king of England, and with all honour brought him to Calis, where he was receiued with procession, by the lord Bernes lieutenant of the towne, with the maior and merchants of the Staple, in the best maner that might be deuised.

On the mondaie he tooke ship at Calis, and landed at Douer, where the cardinall The emperor landeth at Douer. with thrée hundred lords, knights, and gentlemen of England was readie to receiue him, and with all honour that might be, brought him to the castell, where he was lodged. On wednesdaie, being the Ascension éeuen, the king came to Douer, and there with great ioy and gladnesse, the emperour and he met. On the fridaie in the after noone they departed from Douer, & came that night to Canturburie, so from thence by easie iournies to Gréenwich, where the quéene receiued hir nephue with all the ioy that might he. Here the emperour taried certeine daies in great solace and pleasure; and the more to honor his presence, roiall iustes and tourneies were appointed, Iustes and tournies at Greenwich. the which were furnished in most triumphant maner: the king, and the earle of Deuonshire, and ten aids with them, kéeping the place against the duke of Suffolke, the marques Dorset, and other ten aids vpon their part.

On fridaie being the sixt of lune, the king and the emperour with all their companies, marched toward London, where the citie was prepared for their entrie, after the maner as is vsed at a coronation, so that nothing was forgotten that might set foorth the citie. For the rich citizens well apparelled stood within railes set on the left side Edw. Hall in H. S. fol. xcvllj. of the stréetes, and the cleargie on the right side in rich copes, which censed the princes as they passed, and all the stréetes were richlie hanged with clothes of gold, siluer, veluet, and arras, and in euerie house almost ninstrelsie: and in euerie stréet were these two verses written in letters of gold, both Latine and English:

Carolus, Henricus, viuant; defensor vtérq,
Henricus tidei, Carolus ecclesiæ.

Sundrie pageants were deuised, and stages verie faire and excellent to behold, with such melodie of instruments, and other tokens of ioy and gladnesse, that woonder it Sée Ed. Hall in H. 8. fol. xcvj. & deinceps. was to consider the manner thereof. The emperour was lodged at the Blacke friers, and all his nobles in the new palace of Bridewell. On Whitsundaie being the eight of Iune, the emperour and the king rode to the cathedrall church of saint Paule, and Note the pride of cardinall Woolsie. there heard masse, which was soong by the cardinall that had his trauerse, and cupboord. Before masse, two barons gaue him water, and after the gospell two earles; and at the last lauatorie, two dukes: which pride the Spaniards sore disdained. The emperour thus remained with the king certeine daies and fode to diuerse places with him, being still feasted & banketted, and had all the pleasure shewed to him that might be imagined. At Windsor they taried a whole weeke and more, where on Corpus Christi daie, the emperour ware his mantell of the garter, and sate in his owne stall. On the same daie both the princes receiued the The emperor and the king of England sweare cach to other to obserue the league made betwixt them. sacrament, and after that seruice was ended, they tooke their corporall othes to kéepe and obserue the league, which was concluded betwixt them. On the morrow after, they departed from Windsor, and by soft and easie iournies they came to Winchester, on the two & twentith of Iune.

Now before the emperour was thus come to Winchester, the earle of Surrie being Erle of Surrie high admerall of England. high admerall of England, was come to Hampton with all the kings nauie, and with him the lord Fitz Walter, the baron Curson, sir Nicholas Carew, sir Richard Wingfield, sir Richard Ierningham, Francis Brian, sir William Barentine, sir Adrian Foskew, sir Edward Donne, sir Edward Chamberleine, sir Richard Cornwall, sir Anthonie Poines, sir Henrie Shirborne, and the viceadmerall sir William Fitz Williams, sir Edmund Braie, sir Giles Capell, sir William Pirton, Iohn Cornwallis, sir Iohn Wallop, sir Edward Echingham, sir William Sidneie, Anthonie Browne, Giles Husie, Thomas Moore, Iohn Russel, Edward Bray, Henrie Owen, George Cobham, Thomas Oldhall, Thomas Louell, Robert Ierningham, Anthonie Kneuet, sir Iohn Tremaile, and sir William Skeuington the maister of the kings' ordinance, & Iohn Fabian sergeant at armes, by whom this enterprice was chieflie mooued, with diuerseothers, which in the end of Iune departed fiom Hampton, noising that they should onelie scowre the seas for safegard of the emperour and his nauie.

On the first of Iulie, the emperours nauie came before Hampton, conteining an The emperor departeth out of England towards Spaine. hundred and fourescore goodlie ships. Then the emperour tooke leaue of the king, of whome he had manie great gifts, and notable summes of monie by waie of loane; & so the sixt of Iulie he tooke his ship, and made saile to Spaine, where he arriued in safetie the tenth daie after. The king borrowed of the citie of London twentie thousand The king borroweth 20000 pounds of the citie. pounds, and deliuered priuie seales for warrant of the repaiment. None wer.e charged but men of good wealth. The like lone was practised through all the realme, not without grudge of manie persons that were called vpon for the same. The earle of Surrie hauing wafted the emperour ouer to the coast of Biscaie, vpon his returnefinding the wind fauourable, according to his instructions, made to the coast of Britaine, and landing with his people in number seuen thousand, about fiue miles from Morleis, marched thither, and assaulting the towne, wan it.

For the maister gunner Christopher Morreis hauing there certeine falcons, with the The maner of the winning of Morlels in Britaine by the carle of Surrie. shot of one of them, stroke the locke of the wicket in the gate, so that it flew open: and then the same Christopher another gentlemen, with their souldiers, in the smoke of the gunnes pressed to the gates, and finding the wicket open, entered, and so finallie was the towne of Morleis woone, and put to sacke. The souldiers gained much by the pillage, for the towne was excéeding rich, and speciallie of linnen cloth. When they had rifled the towne throughlie, and taken their pleasure of all things therein, the earle caused them by sound of trumpet to resort to their standards, and after they had set fire in the towne, and burned a great part thereof, the earle retreated with hisarmie towards his ships, burning the villages by the waie, and all that night lay on land. On the morrow after they tooke their ships, and when they were bestowed on boord, the earle commanded sixtéene or seuenteene ships small and great, lieng there in the hauen, to be burnt.

When the lord admerall had thus woone the towne of Morleis, he called to him Diuerse gentlemen kinghted by the erle of Surrie vpō the winning of Morles. certeine esquiers, and made them knights, as sir Francis Brian, sir Anthonie Browne, sir Richard Cornewall, sir Thomas Moore, sir Giles Huseie, sir Iohn Russeli, sir Iohn Reinsford, sir George Cobham, sir Iohn Cornewallis, sir Edward Rigleie, and diuerse other. After this they continued a while on the coast of Britaine, and disquieted the Britains by entering their hauens, and sometimes landing and dooing diuerse displeasures to the inhabitants about the coast. After that the earle had lienu a while thus on the coast of Britaine, hée was countermanded by the kings letters, who therevpon brought backe his whole fleet vnto a place called the Cow, vnder the Ile of Wight, and then went on land himselfe, discharging the more part of his people, and leauing the residue with certeine ships vnder the gouernance of the viceadmerall Polydor. sir William Fitz Williams, to keepe the seas against the French.

In this meane while, diuerse exploits were atchiued betwixt them of the garrisons in the marches of Calis, & the Frenchmen of Bullongne and Bullongnois: but still the losse ran for the most part on the French side. For the English fiontiers were well and stronglie furnished with good numbers of men of warre, and gouerned by right sage and valiant capteins, which dailie made inuasions vpon the French confines, and namelie sir William Sands treasuror of the towne of Calis, and sir Edward Gilford Sir William Sands and sir Edward Gilford two whips to the Frenchmen. marshall, were two that did the Frenchmen most displeasure. On the third of Iulie, three hundred French horssemen comming neere to the castell of Guisnes, kept themselues in couert, appointing eight or ten of their companie to shew themselues in sight to the Englishmen within. Wherevpon there went foorth eight archers, and fell in skirmish with those horssemen, till there came thrée other to the rescue of the Frenchmen, and skirmished with the archers on foot.

Herewith issued out of Guisnes twelue demilances all Welshmen, in rescue of the footmen, and then all the troope of the French horssemen brake foorth and set on the Welshmen. The footmen, so long as they had anie arrowes to bestow, shot lustilie, and in the end were driuen to defend themselues with their swords. The Welshmen keeping togither, entered into the band of the Frenchmen, brake their speares, and after fought and laid about them with their swords, so that they made a waic, and escaped from those thrée hundred French horssemen. Of the French side were slaine The valiancis of the Welshmen against the French. thrée men and fiue horsses, the English archers on foot selling their lines dearlie, were all slaine, for the Frenchmen would not take any of them prisoners, they were so angrie for losse of their fellowes.

On the fiue and twentith of lulie, the treasuror and marshall of Calis, with fourtéene hundred footmen, entered the French pale: and finding not monsieur de Foiat for whome they sought, they went to Whitsand baie, set the towne on fire, and assaulting the church, into the which people were withdrawne, wan it, and afterwards set fire on the steeple, bicause that diuerse, hauing shut vp themselues therein, through counsell of a priest that was with them, refused to yéeld, till the fire caused them to leape downe and so manie of them perished, and the rest were taken prisoners, and led to Calis. About two daies before this, to wit, the thrée and twentith daie of Iulie, one Thwaits a capteine of an English ship, with six score men, archers and others, tooke land beside Bullongne, and passing vp into the countrie thrée miles to a towne called Newcastell, forraied all the parts as he went, and in his returne set fire on that towne, and burnt a great part thereof, and came againe to his ship in safetie, notwithstanding fourscore hagbutters, and thrée hundred other men of warre of the countrie came foorth, and pursued the Englishmen verie tiercelie: but the Englishmen putting them backe, got to their ship, and lost not a man.

Moreouer, whilest the warres were thus followed in France, the lord Rosse, and the The lords Rosse & Dacres of the north muade Scotland and spoile the countrie. lord Dacres of the north, which were appointed to keepe the borders against Scotland, burnt the towne of Kelsie, and fourescore villages, & ouerthrew eighteene towere of stone, with all their barnekines. Also the king appointed the earle of Shrewesburie to be his lieutenant generall of the north parts, against the inuasion which was intended by the duke of Albanie, which earle directed his letters to all the shires lieng from Trent northward, that all men should be in a readinesse. Order was taken by the cardinall, that the true value of all mens substance might be knowne, and he would haue had cuerie man sworne to haue vttered the true valuation of that they were woorth, and required a tenth part thereof to bée granted towards the kings The cardinall will haue euerie man sworn to tell what he is wooth. charges now in his warres, in like case as the spiritualtie had granted a fourth part, and were content to liue on the other three parts.

This demand was thought gréeuous to them of the citie of London, where the cardinall first mooued it; so that manie reasons were alleaged by them why they iutdged themselues sore dealt with. In the end they brought in their billes, which were receiued vpon their honesties. The king in this mean time, being now entered The earle of Surrie sent with an armie to innade France. into wars with France, thought not to suffer his enimies to rest in quiet: and therefore leauied an annie which he sent ouer to Calis, appointing the earle of Surrie to be generall of the same. When the earle was come to Calis, and had taken order in his businesse for that iournie, he set forward with his armie, being diuided into thrée bats tels or wards, of the which, the first was led by sir Robert Ratcliffe, lord Fitz Water, the middle ward or battell the earle himselfe guided, and with him his brother the lord Edmund Howard. The rereward was gouerned by sir William Sands, and sir Richard Wingfield, both being knights of the garter. Capteine of the horssemen was sir Edward Guilford.

They entered into the French ground the second of September, being tuesdaie, and The Burgognians ioine with the English host. tooke their iounie toward Heding. By the way there came to them a great power of Burgognians from the ladie Margaret, as then regent of Flanders, according to the articles of the league. All the townes, villages, and castels in the countrie thorough the which they marched, were burned, wasted, and destroied on euerie side of their waie: as the towne and castell of Sellois, the townes of Drume bridge, Senekerke, Botingham, & Manstier, the towne and castell of Nerbins, the towne of Dauerie, the castets of Columberge, and Rew, the towne and church fortified of Boards, saint Marie de Bois, the towne of Vaus, the towne and castell of Fringes. On the sixtéenth daie of September, the earle of Surrie with his armie of Englishmen and Burgognians, came before the castell of Heding, and planted his siege before it. The The castell of Heding besieged by the Englishmen. towne was entered, and part thereof burned by the Burgognians.

Within the castell was capteine monsieur de Biez, hauing prouided for defense of the place all things necessarie; so that the earle of Surrie, and other the capteins of the hoast, perceiuing they could not within anie short time win it, after they had bin before it eleuen daies, they raised their siege, chéeflie bicause they had no great battering peeces to ouerthrow the walles. For the weather was such, and the waies waxed so deepe towards the latter end of that summer, that they could not conueie with them anie great ordinance. From Heding they passed forward, and comming to Dorlens, burned the towne, and rased the castell. From thense they came vnto the towne of Darrier, which they burnt also and spoiled. Thus they burned and The earle of Surrle returneth with his armie to Calis. spoiled all the waie as they passed. But the weather still waxed woorse and woorse, so that manie fell sicke through intemperance thereof, and the Burgognians and Spaniards which were in the armie returned into Flanders.

Then the earle of Surrie, perceiuing that he could no longer keepe the field in that season of the yeare, turned backe towards Calis in good order of battell, and came thither the sixteenth of October. He would gladlie in déed (before the departure of the Burgognians and Spaniards) haue passed the water of Somme: but other capteins considering the time of the yeare to be past, and that the whole armie conteined not aboue eighteene thousand men, iudged it more wisedome to returne, and so in the end their opinions were followed. After that the English armie was returned to Calis, the earle of Surrie sent foorth sir William Sands, sir Maurice Berkeleie, sir William Fitz Williams, and with them three thousand men, which burned Marguison, the towne of saint Iehans rode, and also Temple towne, with manie villages.

They also brought a maruellous great bootie of goods out of the countrie, which A great bootie woone by the Englishmen. they got at this rode, as fouretéene thousand sh epe, a thousand foure hundred oxen and kine, and other great cattell, a thousand three hundred hogs, and eight hundred mares and horsses, besides prisoners. When the earle of Surrie had set things in order, The earle of Surrie returneth with his armie into England. and appointed foorth such as be would haue remaine in the garrisons, on that side the sea; he returned, and all the residue of the armie (sauing those that were commanded to tarie) came ouer also with the nauie, and arriued in the Thames; and so euerie man into his countrie at his pleasure. There remained also behind a companie of men of warre called aduenturers, which serued without wages, liuing onelie on that which Aduenturers. they could catch & win of the enimies. There were foure hundred of them that went with the armie now this last time into France, and did much hurt vnto the Frenchmen: for they were by practise become expert and skilfull in the points of warre, and dailie exploited one enterprise or other, to their owne aduantage, and hinderance of the enimie.

The duke of Albanie being in this meane while established gouernour of Scotland, The duke of Albame leuieth an armic of Scots to inuade England. Polydor. raised an armie of fourescore thousand men and aboue, with the which he approched to the English borders: but made no inuasion. The mistrust that he had in the Scots caused him to staie, and therefore he sent to the French king for six thousand Almans, the which he dailie looking for (& that in vaine) droue off time till the end of summer was now at hand, and then requiring a truce for certeine moneths, obteined it at the kings hand. The earle of Shrewesburie had in a readinesse eight and twentie Truce betwixt England & Scotland. Edw. Hall. thousand men to haue resisted him, if he had entered vpon the English confines. After that an abstinence of warre was taken betwixt England and Scotland, then in October following there came into England three personages of small behauiour (as A meane ambassage out of Scotland. it séemed) ambassadors out of Scotland: they were smallie regarded, and shortlic departed.

Their commission was onelie to vnderstand, whether the king had assented to the truce or not. Wherevpon it was thought that they were sent for a countenance onelie of fulfilling the promise made by the duke of Albanie at that present, when the truce was granted, than for anie true meaning to accomplish that which was promised; that is to saie, to agrée vnto some vnfeined and perfect conclusion of peace. The king héerevpon doubting their old pranks, ordeined the earle of Northumblerland The earle of Northumberland warden of the whole marches. 1523 Henrie Persie the fift of that name, warden of the whole marches, who thankefullie receiued the honor thereof, and so he departed. But whatsoeuer matter it was that mooued him, shortlie after he began to make sute to the king, and ceassed not, till he was of that office discharged: and then the earle of Surrie lord admerall of England was made generall warden, and the lord Marquesse Dorset was made warden of the east and middle marches, and the lord Dacres of the west marches.

The earle of Northumberland was for this refusall of exercising the office of lord warden, greatlie blamed of his owne tenants, and accounted of all men to be void of the loue and desire that noblemen ought to haue to honor and chiualrie. The lord The Marquesse Dorset entereth into Scotland and burneth diuerse townes there. Marquesse Dorset accompanied with sir William Bulmer, and sir Arthur Darcie, with manie other of the nobilitie, the second of Aprill then being thursdaie before Easter, entered into Tiuidale, and so passing forward ten miles into Gallowaie, burnt on euerie side the townes and villages. All the night he tarried within the Scotish ground, and on the morrow being goodfridaie, he withdrew backe into England with foure thousand neat, hauing burned Grimsleie, Mowhouse, Doufford, Miles, Ackfoorth, Crowling, Nowes manour, Midder, Crowling, Marbottell, Lowbog, Seforth manor, Middell right, Primsted, Broket, Shawes, Harwell, Wide open Haugh, with others.

On the fiftéenth daie of Aprill began the parlement, which was holden as then at A parlement holden at the Blackefiers in London. Edw. Hall in H. 8. fol. cvj. the Blackefriers, and that daie the masse of the Holie-ghost was soong, all the lords being present in their parlement robes. ¶ Now when masse was finished, the K. came to the parlement chamber, and there sat downe in the seat roiall or throne, and at his féet on the right side sat the cardinall of Yorke and the archbishop of Canturburie, and at the raile behind stood doctor Tunstall bishop of London, which made to the whole parlement an eloquent oration, declaring to the people the office of a king. First he must be a man of iudgement, according to the saieng of the prophet Dauid, Deus iudicium tuum regi da, &c. Also he must be a man of great learning, according to the saieng of the prophet, Erudimini qui iudicatis terram. According to which The oration of doctor Tunstall bishop of London. saiengs he said, that God had sent vs a prince of great iudgement, of great learning, and great experience: which according to his princelie dutie, forgat not to studie to set forward all things which might be profitable to his people and realme, least might be laid to his charge the saieng of Seneca; Es rex & non habes tempus esse rex? Art thou a king and hast no time to be a king? Which is as much to saie, as; Art thou a king, and dooest nothing profitable to thy people? Art thou a king, and s6est the people haue an insufficient law? Art thou a king, and wilt not prouide remedie for the mischéefe of thy people?

These things haue mooued the kings most excellent maiestie to call this his high court of parlement, both for the remedie of mischéefs which be in the common law, as recoueries, forren vouchers & corrupt trials, and for making and ordering of new statutes, which maie be to the high aduancement of the common-wealth. Wherefore he willeth his commons to repaire to the common house, and there to elect them a speaker, or their common mouth, and to certifie the lord chancellor of the same, who should thereof make report to the kings most noble grace, and should declare his pleasure when he would haue him presented to his person. This was the cause of the parlement, as he said. But suerlie of these things no word was spoken in the whole parlement, and in effect no good act made, except the grant of a great subsidie were one. But according to this instruction the commons departed to the common house, & chose for their speaker sir Thomas More knight, & presented him on the saturday after The oration of sir Thomas More speaker for commons. in the parlement chamber, where he (according to the old vsage) disabled himselfe both in wit, learning, & discretion, to speake before the king, and brought in for his purpose how one Phormio desired Haniball to come to his reading, which thereto assented, and when Haniball was come he began to read De re militari, that is, of cheualrie. When Haniball perceiued him, he called him arrogant foole: bicause he would presume to teach him which was maister of cheualrie, in the feats of warre. So the speaker said, if he should speake before the king, of learning and ordering of a common-wealth and such other like, the king so well learned and of such prudence and experience might saie to him as Haniball said to Phormio. Wherefore he desired his grace that the commons might choose an other speaker.

The cardinall answered, that the king knew his wit, learning, and discretion by long experience in his seruice: wherefore he thought that the commons had chosen him as the most méetest of all; and so he did admit him. Then sir Thomas Moore gaue to the king his most humble thanks, and desired of him two petitions: the one, if he should be sent from the commons to the king on message and mistake their intent, that he might with the kings pleasure resort againe vnto the commons for the knowledge of their true meaning. The other was, if in communication and reasoning, any man in the common house should speake more largelie than of dutie he ought to doo, that all such offenses should be pardoned, and that to be entered of record. Which two petitions were granted; and so thus began the parlement and continued as you shall heare.]

This yeare was the citie and the whole Ile of the Rhodes conquered by the Turke, and all the christians displaced: whereof Guicciardin hath discoursed as followeth. ¶ The end of this yeare (saith he) was made no lesse wretched and vnhappie, than Abr. Fl. ex Guic. pag. 840. Rhodes taken by Soliman Ottoman. slanderous to all christian princes for the losse of the lie of Rhodes: which Soliman Ottoman tooke by violence, notwithstanding it was defended by the knights of Rhodes, called in other times more ancient the knights of saint Iohn of Ierusalem. And abiding in that place since they were chased out of Ierusalem, notwithstanding they laie betweene two so mightie princes as the Turke & the Soldan; yet their valour had preserued it of long time, and to the right woorthie glorie of their order, they had remained as an assured rampier of christian religion in those seas: & yet they were not without their imputations & notes of infamie, for that hauing a continuall custome for the better defending of those shoares, to spoile the vessels of the infidels, they were thought sometimes to make pillage of christian ships.

The Turke sent into the Iland a woonderfull great armie, which remaining there manie moneths with no lesse horrour to good men for their cruelties, than terrour to all men for their huge numbers, at last he came thither in person. And drawing to his desire of conquest and glorie, the respect of profit and riches which the victorie would yéeld, he lost not one minute of time to vex them. Wherein his industrie was The Turkes great industrie equiualent to his valour. nothing inferiour to his valour, for sometimes he cast monstrous mines and trenches,unclear> sometimes he raised platformes of earth and wood, whose height ouertopped the wals of the towne, and sometimes he afflicted them with most furious and bloudie assaults: insomuch that as these works and engines were not performed without a woonderfull butcherie & slaughter of his souldiors; so also the defense of them was so dangerous to the liues of them within, that manie numbers were diminished, manic bodies maimed and made vnseruiceable, & the residue sore terrified by the calamitie of their companions and fréends, to whom they could giue no other propertie of compassion, than to mourne with them in their common miserie.

Their aduersitie was so much the more intollerable, by how much their trauels were without fruit, their words without comfort, and their valour disfauoured of fortune, & lastlie their store of gunpowder was consumed, which is not the least necessitie for the defense of a place. They saw before their eies huge breaches made into their The manifold calamities & mines inforced by this warre. walles with the artilleries of their enimies, they discerned seuerall mines wrought into manie parts of the towne, and they found by lamentable experience, that the lesse good they did, the more painfullie they laboured, for that their fortune had reduced them to these termes of extremitie, that in abandoning one place to relieue another, they put both in danger, not hauing numbers sufficient to furnish the seruice, and lesse expectation of rescue amid perils so raging and desperate: so that, what for that their necessities were greater than their hopes, & their defense lesse able by the continuall diminution of their numbers, & lastlie holding it no breach of honour to preserue by wisdome and composition, that they could no longer defend by their valour and prowes, they gaue place to their destinie, and capitulated with the Turke as followeth. That the great maister of their order should leaue the towne to him: that as well he as all his knights should depart in safetie, with libertie to carie with them as much of their goods as they could. And for assurance of this capitulation, the Turke should withdraw out of those seas, his fléet or nauie, and retire his armie by land fiue miles from Rhodes. By vertue of which capitulation Rhodes remained to the Turkes, and the christians passed into Sicilie, and so into Italie, kéeping their Rhodes rendered. vp to the Turkes. faith and profession vnuiolated. They found in Sicilie an armie by sea compounded of a certeine number of vessels, with great releefe of vittels and munitions, and readie to hoise saile at the next wind to reuittle Rhodes. The slownesse of this rescue was laid to the popes fault.

After they were departed, Soliman for a more contempt of christian religion, made Solimans contempt of christian religion. his entrie into the citie vpon the daie of the birth of the sonne of God: which daie being celebrated in the churches of christians with noise of musike & holie inuocations, he conuerted all the churches of Rhodes dedicated to the seruice of lesus Christ, into Mosqueis (so they call their temples) which after all the christian rites and ceremonies were abolished, they made dedicatorie to Mahomet. Good cause had the christians herevpon with heauie hearts to make their complaint to God by the president of the psalmist, lamenting the libertie of the enimies exercising the vehemencie of his rage against Gods people; & full well with swolie eies testifieng the sorrow of their sules might (sadlie sounding the dumps of their threnomina) saie:

—perde funditùs:
Hostes proteruos, qui tuum sacrarium
Manu nefanda polluunt,
Clangunt sonora buccina, non quæ tuas
Laudes canat, ludibrio
Sed festa acerbo quæ profanet; in tuis
Vexilla figunt turribus, &c.

To vnderstand more of this historie touching the taking of Rhodes, what mooued the Turke to couet the same, his letter comminatorie to Philip de Villiers who tooke part against him, with other accidents and circumstances belonging to this martiall action; read the report of Edward Hall, which is verie copious and plentifull in this Ed. Hall in H. 8. fol. cvij, cviij, & deinceps. behalfe. And now will we returne to our owne affaires here in England.] About this time the bishop of Durham departed this life, & the king gaue that bishoprike to the cardinall, who resigned the bishoprike of Bath to doctor Iohn Clerke maister of the Cardinall Woolsie made bishop of Durham. rolles, and sir Henrie Marneie that was vicechamberleine, was made lord priuie seale, and shortlie after was created lord Marneie. In the end of this yeare, doctor Blith bishop of Chester was attached for treason, but he acquited himselfe. About this time the cardinall exercised his authoritie (which he pretended by his power legantine, verie largelie, not onelie in proouing of testaments in his court, calling the executors and administrators before him, of what diocesse soeuer they were, but also by prouisions Polydor. The cardinall exerciseth his authoritie verie largolis. he gaue all benifices belonging to spirituall persons, and ran thereby within danger of the premunire, as afterward was laid to his charge.

But after that he perceiued his owne follie and rash dooing herein, contrarie to the lawes, which would not pernit that anie such things as were mooued within the prouince of Canturburie, might be concluded without the authoritie of the archbishop, he sent them againe to Poules, and sate himselfe at Westminster with his cleargie of the prouince of Yorke. And euen as there was much adoo amongst them of the common house about their agréement to the subsidie, so was there as hard hold for a while amongst them of the clergie in the conuocation house. Namelie Richard bishop of Winchester, & Iohn bishop of Rochester held sore against it, but most of all sir Rowland Philips vicar of Croidon, and one of the canons of Poules, béeing reputed a notable preacher in those daies, spake most against that paiment.

But the cardinall taking him aside, so handled the matter with him, that he came no more into the house, willinglie absenting himselfe to his great infamie, and losse of that estimation which men had of his innocencie. Thus tlhe belwedder giuing The cleargie grant halfe of all their spirituall reuenues for one yeare. ouer his hold, the other yéelded, and so was granted the halfe of all their spirituall reuenues for one yeare, to bee paid in fiue yeres following, that the burthen might the more easilie be borne. The parlement being begun (as ye haue heard) the cardinall