LUGUVALIUM
(Carlisle) Cumberland, England.
On the river Eden 85 km W of Newcastle and ca. 0.8
km S of Hadrian's Wall (NY 398560). A Roman town
developed on the site of a Roman fort, which was at the
point where the main road into Scotland W of the Pennines crossed the Eden and met the Stanegate from
Corstopitum.
The fort, under and to the N of the cathedral, was
occupied from the Flavian period to about the middle of
Hadrian's reign. Military occupation of the site was rendered unnecessary by the construction of a fort at Stanwix on Hadrian's Wall, just across the river, ca. A.D. 125.
Thereafter the site attracted increasing civilian settlement.
Finds under the modern city suggest that the town
reached a size of at least 28 ha, within stone walls which
still stood in the 7th c. It was the largest town N of York,
and it probably achieved city status and became the seat
of a bishop. Virtually nothing is visible of the town now,
but there is an important collection of material in the
Tullie House Museum.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
R. C. Shaw,
Trans. Cumberland and
Westmorland Ant. and Arch. Soc. 24 (1924) 95-109; E.
Birley,
Research on Hadrian's Wall (1961) 136-37; P.
Salway,
The Frontier People of Roman Britain (1965)
41-45. Spelling of name: K. Jackson,
JRS 38 (1948) 57.
J. C. MANN
