ENDINGS OF THE VERB: PERSONAL ENDINGS
[*] 462. To make the complete verbal forms, to the tense-stems in the various moods are attached the personal endings in the finite moods and other endings in the infinitives, participles, and verbal adjectives. See
366. The personal endings of the four finite moods are given below. In many forms only the
μι-verbs preserve distinct endings. Some of the endings are due to analogy of others and many are still unexplained. The first person dual, when it is used, has the form of the first person plural.
[*] 462 D. Doric has
-τι for
-σι, -μες for
-μεν, -ντι in 3 pl., and
-τα_ν, -σθα_ν, -μα_ν for
-την, -σθην, -μην. -τα_ν, -σθα_ν, -μα_ν are also Aeolic.
The close agreement between Greek and Sanskrit may be illustrated by the inflection of Old Greek and Doric
φα_μί say, Skt. bhā´mi
shine,
ἔφερον, Skt. ábharam
bore.
[*] 463. PRIMARY ENDINGS OF THE ACTIVE (IND. AND SUBJ.)a. 1 Sing.—
-μι is found only in
μι-verbs. Verbs in
-ω have no ending and simply lengthen the thematic vowel (
λύ_ω, λείπω). The perfect has no personal ending,
-α taking the place of a thematic vowel.
[*] 463 a. D. The Hom. subj.
ἐθέλωμι, τύχωμι, ἀγάγωμι, are new formations. Aeolic has
φίλημι, δοκίμωμι (indic.).
b. 2 Sing.—(1)
-σι is found in Hom.
ἐσσί thou art from the
μι-verb
εἰμί I am; possibly also in
φῄς thou sayest. Attic
εἶ thou art is derived from
ἐ-σι. τίθη-ς is obscure.
λύ_εις is probably for
λυ_ε-σι, λυ_εϊ, λυ_ει, to which
ς has been added. Subj.
λύ_ῃ-ς follows the analogy of the indicative, but with long thematic vowel.
τιθῇς for
τιθέ-ῃς. In the perfect
-ς (
not for
-σι) has been added.
b. (1)
εἶς or
εἴς in Hom. and Hdt. is derived from
εἶ ¨ ς. For this form
ἐσς（
ί) may be read in Hom. Theocr. has
-ες for
-εις (
ἀμέλγες, etc.) and perf.
πεπόνθεις (
557. 2. D.).
(2)
-θα is a perfect ending, as in
οἶσθα knowest for
οἰδ ¨ θα (
83). From the perfect it spread to the imperfects
ἦσθα wast,
ἤεισθα wentst,
ἔφησθα saidst, and to
ᾔδησθα or
ᾔδεισθα knewest. The perfect has commonly
-α-ς. οἶσθας and
ἦσθας are late.
b. (2)
-σθα in Hom. indic.
φῆσθα, τίθησθα, ᾔδησθα; subj.
ἐθέλῃσθα also written
ἐθέλησθα; opt. (rarely)
κλαίοισθα, βάλοισθα. -σθα occurs also occasionally in Doric (
ποθορῆσθα) and Aeolic (
ἔχεισθα, φίλησθα).
c. 3 Sing.—
-τι is found in
μι-verbs:
ἐσ-τί, τίθησι for
τίθη-τι (Doric) by 115.
λύ_ει is obscure, but it cannot be derived from
λυ_ε-σι for
λυ_ε-τι. λύ_ῃ, τιθῇ (for
τιθέῃ) follow
λύ_ει, but with long thematic vowel. In the perfect,
-ε with no personal ending.
c. Aeolic has
τίθη, ποίη, στεφάνοι, but
ἦσι says. Subj.: Hom.
ἐθέλῃσι (also written
ἐθέλησι; cp. Arcad.
ἔχη),
φορέῃσι, θέῃσι.
d. 3 Pl.—Original
-ντι is retained in Doric
λύ_οντι, whence Attic
λύ_ουσι (115 a);
ἐντί, Attic
εἰσί. Subj.
λύ_ωσι from
λύ_ω-ντι, τιθῶσι from
τιθέω-ντι, ποιῶσι from
ποιῶντι (Dor.). Many
μι forms are derived from
-αντι, as
τιθέα_σι (
τιθέ-αντι),
διδόα_σι (
διδό-αντι),
ἑστᾶσι (
ἑστά-αντι),
ἱστᾶσι (from
ἱστά-αντι), the accent of which has been transferred to
τιθεῖσι (747 D. 1),
διδοῦσι from (Dor.)
τίθε-ντι, δίδο-ντι. -α^τι from
-ṇτι (35 b), properly the ending of the perfect after a consonant, appears as
-α^σι in Hom.
πεφύκα^σι; but it has been replaced by
-α_σι out of
-αντι, as in
τετράφ-α_σι.
d. Hom. has
-α_σι in
ἴα_σι they go,
ἔα_σι they are, and in
βεβάα_σι, γεγάα_σι. Aeolic has
λύ_οισι, φίλεισι, τί_μαισι.
[*] 464. SECONDARY ENDINGS OF THE ACTIVE (IND. AND OPT.)The optative usually has the endings of the secondary tenses of the indicative.
a. 1 Sing.—
-ν stands for
μ (133 c), cp.
ἔφερο-ν, Skt. ábhara-m. After a consonant
μ (sonant nasal, 20 b, 35 c) became
α:
ἔλυ_σα for
ἐλυ_ςṃ, Epic
ἦα was for
η᾽（
ς）
α from
ἠςṃ. In the pluperfect
-η is from
ε-α (
467).
-ν is found in the optative when the mood suffix is
-ιη-; elsewhere the optative has
-μι.
[*] 464 a. D.
-ν for
-μι is very rare (
τρέφοιν in Eur.,
ἁμάρτοιν in Cratinus).
b. 2 Sing.—On
-σθα see
463 b (2).
c. 3 Sing.—
-τ dropped (133 b) in
ἔλυ_ε, ἐτίθη, and in the opt.
λύ_οι, εἴη (cp. Old Lat.
sied).
ἔλυ_σε has its
-ε from the perfect (cp.
οἶδε) and shows no personal ending.
c. Doric
ἦς was for
ἠς（
τ).
d. Dual.—
-την is rarely found for
-τον in the 2 dual (
εὑρέτην in Plato). Hom. has
ἐτεύχετον as 3 dual.
e. 3 Pl.—
-ν for
-ντ by 133 b.
-σαν (taken from the 1 aorist) is used (1) in the imperf. and 2 aor. of
μι-verbs, as
ἐτίθε-σαν, ἔθε-σαν; (2) in the aor. pass.
ἐλύθη-σαν, ἐφάνη-σαν (here
-ν preceded by a short vowel occurs in poetry, 585 a. D.); (3) in the pluperf.
ἐλελύκε-σαν; (4) in the opt. when
-ιη- is the modal suffix (
460). In the opt.
-σαν is rare.
e. -ν is regular in Doric and common in Hom. and later poetry; as
ἔστα^-ν (
ἔστη-σαν),
ἔδιδο-ν (
ἐδίδο-σαν),
φίληθεν (
ἐφιλήθη-σαν),
τράφεν (
ἐτράφη-σαν). The short vowel before
ν（
τ) is explained by 40. Hom.
ἦε-ν were became
ἦν, used in Dor. as 3 pl.; in Attic it was used as 3 sing.
[*] 465. ENDINGS OF THE MIDDLE (INDIC., SUBJ., OPT.)a. 2 Sing.—Primary
-σαι retains its
ς in the perfect of all verbs (
λέλυ-σαι), and in the pres. of
μι-verbs (
τίθε-σαι). Elsewhere
ς drops between vowels, as in
λύ_ῃ or
λύ_ει from
λύ_ε-σαι, λυθήσῃ or
-ει, φανῇ from
φανέε-σαι, τι_μᾷ from
τι_μάε-σαι; subj.
λύ_ῃ from
λύη-σαι, φήνῃ from
φήνη-σαι, θῇ from
θήε-σαι, δῷ from
δώη-σαι, ᾗ from
ἕη-σαι, φιλῇ from
φιλέη-σαι, δηλοῖ from
δηλόῃ ῀ δηλόη-σαι.
N. 1.—The forms
-ῃ and
-ει are found in the present, future, and future perfect. See
628.
N. 2.—
δύνᾳ and
δύνῃ for
δύνασαι, ἐπίστᾳ and
ἐπίστῃ for
ἐπίστασαι, ἐφί_ει for
ἐφί_εσαι, are poetic and dialectic or late.
[*] 465 a. D. Hom. has
βούλεαι, perf.
μέμνηαι, but pres.
δύνασαι, παρίστασαι; ὄψει is unique (for
ὄψεαι); subj.
δύνηαι. Doric often contracts, as
οἴῃ for
οἴε-αι. Aeolic generally leaves
εαι open (
κείσε-αι). Hdt. has open
-εαι, -ηαι.
b. 2 Sing.—
-σο stays in all plups. and in the imperf. of
μι-verbs. Elsewhere it loses its
ς, as in
ἐλύ_ου from
ἐλύ_ε-σο, ἐλύ_σω from
ἐλύ_σα-σο, ἐφήνω from
ἐφήνα-σο, ἐλίπου from
ἐλίπε-σο, ἔθου from
ἔθε-σο, ἐπρίω from
ἐπρία-σο, ἐτι_μῶ from
ἐτι_μάε-σο, ἐφιλοῦ from
ἐφιλέε-σο. In the optative,
λύ_οιο, λίποιο, τιθεῖο, εἷο, λύ_σαιο, from
λύ_οι-σο, etc.;
τι_μῷο from
τι_μάοι-σο.
N. 1.—
ἐδύνω or
ἠδύνω and
ἠπίστω are commoner than
ἐδύνασο and
ἠπίστασο from
δύναμαι am able and
ἐπίσταμαι understand.
N. 2.—After a diphthong or a long vowel in the 2 aor. indic. mid.
-σο is retained, as
εἷσο (
ἵ_ημι send),
ὤνησο (
ὀνίνημι benefit).
b. Hom., Doric, and Aeolic have generally open forms, as Hom.
βάλλε-ο (rarely
βάλλευ),
ὠδύσα-ο. ἔρειο, σπεῖο are from
-εεο. Hom. has
ἐμάρναο for Attic
ἐμάρνασο, and may drop
ς even in the pluperfect (
ἔσσυο). When Doric contracts
αο we have
α_. In Hdt.
αο, εο are open, but the writing
ευ for
εο is found.
c. Dual.—The 1 pl. is used for the 1 dual except in the three poetic forms
περιδώμεθον, λελείμμεθον, ὁρμώμεθον. Hom. has
-σθον for
-σθην in
θωρήσσεσθον.
d. 1 Pl.—In epic and dramatic poetry
-μεσθα is often used for
-μεθα for metrical reasons (
βουλόμεσθα, ἐπιστάμεσθα).
e. 2 Pl.—On the loss of
ς in
σθε (
ἔσταλθε), see
103.
f. 3 Pl.—After vowel stems
-νται, -ντο are preserved. After stems ending in a consonant
-νται, -ντο became
-αται, -ατο by 35 b. These forms were retained in prose till about 400 B.C. (e.g.
τετάχαται, ἐτετάχατο).
f. -αται, -ατο occur in Hom. regularly in the perfect and pluperfect of consonant stems, as
τετράφαται, ἕαται for
ἑσ-νται, ἥατο for
ἡσ-ντο from
ἧμαι (
ἡσμαι); also in stems ending in
-ι, as
ἐφθίατο. -αται, -ατο were transferred to vocalic stems, as
βεβλήαται, βεβλήατο, Hdt.
δυνέαται. Hom. has
-δ-αται in
ἐληλάδαται from
ἐλαύνω drive. In the opt.
-ατο always (
γενοίατο for
γένοιντο). In Hdt.
η before
-αται, -ατο is shortened, as perf.
ἡγέαται for
ἡγή-αται ῀ ἥγηνται, ἐβεβλέατο for
-ηατο. For
κεῖνται, Hom.
κείαται and
κέαται, Hdt. has
κέαται. In the opt. Hdt. has
-ατο:
βουλοίατο, δεξαίατο. In Hdt.
-αται, -ατο occur even in the present system,
τιθέαται, δυνέαται, ἱ_στέατο.
[*] 466. ENDINGS OF THE IMPERATIVE1. Active.
a. 2 Sing.—
λῦε, λίπε, τίθει (for
τίθε-ε) have not lost
-θι. -θι is found in 2 aor. pass.
φάνη-θι; in
στῆ-θι and
ἕστα-θι; in some 2 aorists, like
γνῶ-θι, τλῆ-θι, πῖ-θι, which are
μι forms though they have presents of the
ω form (
687). Also in
ἴσ-θι be or
know,
ἴθι go,
φάθι or
φαθί say.
λύθητι is for
λυθηθι by 125 b.
[*] 466 a. D.
-θι is not rare in Hom., pres.
δίδωθι ῀ δίδου, ὄρνυθι, aor.
κλῦθι, perf.
τέτλαθι. Aeolic has
ἴστα_, φίλη. πίει, δέχοι, δίδοι (Pindar) are very rare.
b. -ς occurs in
θές, ἕς, δός, σχές (and in the rare
θίγες, πίεις). This
-ς is
not derived from
-θι.
c. λῦσ-ον aor. act. and
λῦσ-αι aor. mid. are obscure in origin.
2. Middle.
a. 2 Sing.—
-σο retains its
ς in the (rare) perf. of all verbs and in the pres. of
μι-verbs (
λέλυσο, τίθεσο, ἵστασο). Elsewhere
ς is dropped, as in
λύ_ου from
λύ_ε-σο, λιποῦ from
λιπέ-σο, θοῦ from
θέ-σο, οὗ from
ἕ-σο, πρίω from
πρία-σο, τι_μῶ from
τι_μάε-σο.
N.—
τίθου, ἵστω, δίδου are poetic or late.
3.
3 Pl.—For
-ντων and
-σθων we find
-τωσαν and
-σθωσαν in prose after Thucydides, in Euripides, and in inscriptions after 300 B.C. Thus,
λυ_έτωσαν, λυ_σάτωσαν, λυ_έσθωσαν, λυ_σάσθωσαν, λυθήτωσαν, λιπέτωσαν, λιπέσθωσαν, φηνάσθωσαν, φανήτωσαν, τι_μάσθωσαν, φιλείσθωσαν, γεγράφθωσαν, πεπείσθωσαν, τιθέτωσαν, διδότωσαν, θέτωσαν, τιθέσθωσαν, θέσθωσαν, -ἕτωσαν, -ἕσθωσαν.
N.—
ἔστων for
ὄντων is rare. Attic inscriptions have (very rarely)
-ντωσαν.
3. Doric has also
-ντω, as in
παρεχόντω; Aeolic
-ντον, as
φέροντον. Doric has
-σθω (pl.) and
-σθων.
ENDINGS OF THE PLUPERFECT, ENDINGS IN σθ
[*] 467.
Endings of the Pluperfect Active.—
-η, -ης, -ει（
ν) are derived from
-ε（
ς）
α, -ε（
ς）
ας, -ε（
ς）
ε. In later Greek the endings are
-ειν, -εις, -ει（
ν),
-ειτον, -ειτην, -ειμεν, -ειτε, and very late
-εισαν.
[*] 467 D. Hom. has
-εα, -ης, -ει or
ει-ν (
-εε only in
ᾔδεε),
-εσαν, and rarely
-ον, -ες, -ε; Hdt. has
-εα, -εας, -εε (
-ει?),
-εατε, -εσαν.
[*] 468.
The Endings -σθε, etc.—The
ς of the endings
-σθε, -σθω, -σθον, -σθων, -σθαι (
409 N.) has no exact parallel in cognate languages, and seems to have spread in Greek from forms like
τετέλεσ-θε, ἔζωσ-θε, etc., where a sigma-stem was followed by original
-θε.
ENDINGS OF THE INFINITIVE, PARTICIPLE, AND VERBAL ADJECTIVE
[*] 469.
Infinitive.—The following are the endings added to the tense-stem to make the infinitive.
a. -εν: in present and 2 aorist active of
ω-verbs, all futures active. Thus,
λύ_ειν, τι_μᾶν, λιπεῖν, λύ_σειν, φανεῖν from
λύ_ε-εν, τι_μάε-εν, λιπέ-εν, λύ_σε-εν, φανέε-εν.
b. -αι: in 1 aor. active, as
λῦσαι, παιδεῦσαι, δεῖξαι.
c. -ναι: (1) present, 2 perf. of
μι-verbs, the two passive aorists, as
τιθέ-ναι, ἑστάναι, λυθῆ-ναι, φανῆ-ναι; (2) perfect active,
λελυκέ-ναι, and
εἰδέ-ναι from
εἰδ-ε (
οἶδα).
N. 1.—The ending
εναι appears in the 2 aor. of
μι-verbs, as
δοῦναι from
δό-εναι, θεῖναι from
θέ-εναι.
d. -σθαι: in other cases.
N. 2.—The infinitives are old cases of substantives, those in
-αι being datives, the others locatives.
[*] 469 D.
-εν appears also in Hom.
ἰδέεν (miswritten
ἰδέειν). Hom. has no case of
-εναι (for
ἰέναι write
ἴμεναι). For
-εν or
-ναι Hom. often uses
-μεναι (also Aeolic) and
-μεν (which is also Doric); both endings show the accent on the preceding syllable, as
ζευγνύμεναι, ἔμμεναι ( =
εἶναι),
φιλήμεναι, στήμεναι, ἑστάμεναι, ἀξέμεναι, ὁμοιωθήμεναι, δαήμεναι; τιθέμεν, ἔμμεν, ἴμεν, θέμεν, ἐλθέμεν, ἀξέμεν. Doric has
-μεν in the aorist passive, as
αἰσχυνθῆμεν. -μεν is preceded by a short syllable and generally stands before a vowel.
-ναι always follows a long vowel. Doric has
-ην and
-εν in the present. Aeolic has
-ην in the present and 2 aorist.
[*] 470.
Participles.—The stem of the participle is formed by adding the following endings to the tense stem.
a. -ντ-: in all active tenses except the perfect, and in 1 and 2 aor. passive (
301).
b. -οτ-: in the perfect active (for
-ϝοτ-); masc.
-ώς, fem.
-υῖα, neut.
-ός (301 c).
c. -μενο-: in the middle, and in the passive except in the aorist.
[*] 471.
Verbal Adjectives.—Most of the verbals in
-τός and
-τέος are formed by adding these suffixes to the verbal stem of the aorist passive (first or second). Thus,
φιλητός, -τέος (
ἐ-φιλή-θην);
πειστός, -τέος (
ἐ-πείσ-θην);
τελεστός, -τέος (
ἐ-τελέσ-θην);
σταλτός, -τέος (
ἐ-στάλ-ην);
βλητός, -τέος (
ἐ-βλή-θην). On the accent of compound verbals, see 425 c.
a. Some are derived from other stem forms (pres. and fut.), as
φερ-τός, ί-τέον, δυνα-τός; μενετός (cp.
μενέ-ω ῀ μενῶ fut.).
[*] 472. Verbals in
-τός, -τή, -τόν either (1) have the meaning of a perfect passive participle, as
κρυπτός hidden,
παιδευτός educated, or (2) express
possibility, as
νοητός thinkable,
ὁρα_τός visible. Many have either signification, but some are passive only, as
ποιητός done. See 425 c. N.
a. Usually passive in meaning are verbals from deponent verbs, as
μι_μητός imitated.
b. Usually active in meaning are compounds derived from transitive active verbs; but some intransitive verbs make active verbals, as
ῥυτός flowing.
c. Many are active or passive, others only active:
μεμπτός blamed,
blamable,
blaming,
πιστός trusting in (rare),
trusted,
ἄπρα_κτος doing nothing, not done,
φθεγκτός sounding.
[*] 473. Verbals in
-τέος, -τέα_, -τέον express
necessity (cp. the Lat. gerundive in
-ndus), as
δοτέος that must be given,
παιδευτέος educandus.
