CLIVUS CAPITOLINUS
* the principal approach to the Arx and Capitolium.
This was originally a path, in effect a continuation of the Sacra via,
which led up by a steep ascent from the west corner of the forum to the
depression, Inter duos Lucos, where it divided. At the end of the regal
period the path to the depression, with the branch to the Capitolium, was
made into a road suitable for vehicles, and henceforth known as the
clivus Capitolinus (
Liv. iii. 18. 7, 19. 7; Serv.
Aen. ii. 116;
viii. 319;
Plin.
NH xix. 23;
Vell. ii. 3. 2). In 174 B.C. it was paved by the censors,
Q. Fulvius Flaccus and A. Postumius Albinus, and a porticus was built
on the right side of the road from the temple of Saturn to the Capitolium
(
Liv. xli. 27. 7; Tac.
Hist. iii. 71). It is probable, however, that this
porticus did not extend below the depression in later times. In 190 B.C.
Scipio erected a decorative arch at the top of the clivus (
Liv. xxxvii. 3).
This was the only means of access to the mons Capitolinus except
the flights of steps-Centum Gradus, Gradus Monetae (?)-and afforded
a convenient place for commanding the forum with troops (Cic. pro Sest.
28; post red. 12 ;
Phil. ii. 16, 19; ad Att. ii. I. 7). Along part of it,
probably Inter duos Lucos, there were private houses (Cic. pro Mil. 64:
domus in clivo Capitolino scutis referta).
The clivus begins near the arch of Tiberius at the corner of the basilica
Iulia. Here some arches of the time of Sulla are preserved, which
supported it and a street branching from it (they have by some been
wrongly explained as the
ROSTRA (q.v.; cf.
Mitt. 1902, 13-16; HC 71),
It then skirts the north front and the west side of the temple of Saturn.
making a sharp turn at the corner of the porticus deorum Consentium,
and ascends to the Asylum with an average gradient of 1: 8. Part of the
back wall of the porticus serves as a foundation for the clivus, but its
upper course has been changed by more recent structures. Portions
of the lava pavement of the clivus still exist at various points near the
bottom of the ascent, including a small piece attributable to 174 B.C.
and another attributable to Sulla; while that in front of the temple is
one of the best specimens of Augustan paving in Rome, having been
preserved by the erection upon it of the church of SS. Sergius and Bacchus
(see
SACRA VIA). Another piece of its pavement may be seen to the
south of the porticus Deorum Consentium (a good deal is hidden by the
modern road) and another to the south-west of the Tabularium (KH iv.).
No trace remains of the upper part of the clivus or of the branch that led
to the arx, which was at first the more important of the two. It is
probable that the clivus reached the substructures of the area Capitolina
on its north-east side, then turned at right angles, and with a rather
steep rise of perhaps 1: 15 passed around the south corner of the area,
and entered it on the south-east side. The
PORTA STERCORARIA (q.v.)
was probably not far above the temple of Saturn (
Jord. i. 2. 62, 78,
120-121;
Gilb. i. 313-315 ;
ii. 311-317, 445-448 ; Hermes, 1883, 104-128,
616-619;
1884, 322-324; Richter,
BRT i. 21-31: Capitolium und
Clivus Capitolinus; Pl. 294, 295;
RE iii. 1530-1531; Rodocanachi,
Capitole 16 et passim;
JRS 1922, 14-16;
1925, 121;
CR 1899, 464;
TF 54-58).
