Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary

I.adv. demonstr., of time [tum, and demonstr. suffix -ce], then, at that time; but in ante-class. and class. prose tunc is always emphatic, and generally refers to a point of time. In post-Aug. style tunc freq. occurs without emphasis, and is freely used of periods of time. Tunc = deinde occurs first in the class. per. and rarely in prose; but is very freq. after the Aug. per. Tunc in mere co-ordinative use is very rare and not ante-class. (v. I. C.). Tunc coupled with an emphatic or temporal particle is very rare in class. prose, but freq. in the postAug. period. Poets often use tunc instead of tum before vowels for the sake of the metre. In general, tunc is not freq. till after the Aug. period. Cic. has tum about thirty times as often as tunc; Cæs. has tunc only five times; Livy, in the first two books, has tunc five times, tum eighty-two times; but Val. Max. has tunc four times as often as tum. Sen. almost always has tunc; tum only in a few passages, mostly in co ordinative use. In Vitr., Suet., Plin., Just., and the jurists, tunc largely predominates; but Nep. has tunc once only, and Tac., who employs both words sparingly, has tum oftener than tunc. The Codd. very freq. vary between the words, and in many passages the reading is still doubtful. Undue weight has been given by some critics to opposition to nunc and connection with cum; cf. Kritz ad Sall. J. 5, 1; Zumpt ad Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 64, § 142; 2, 5, 10, § 27. Both tum and tunc are freq. opposed to nunc, and connected with cum.

I. Absol.

A. Referring an event to a time before mentioned.

1. To definite past time.

(α). To a period of time, = illis temporibus (only post-Aug.): “tunc melius tenuere fidem cum paupere cultu Stabat in exiguā ligneus aede deus,” Tib. 1, 10, 19: “nulli tunc subsessores alienorum matrimoniorum oculi metuebantur,” Val. Max. 2, 1, 5: “sed tunc clarissimus quisque juvenum pro amplificandā patriā plurimum periculi sustinebat,” id. 3, 2, 6: “nunc quo ventum est? A servis vix impetrari potest ne eam supellectilem fastidiant quā tunc consul non erubuit,” id. 4, 3, 7: “quo pacto inter amicos viguisse tunc justitiam credimus, cum inter accusatores quoque, etc.,” id. 6, 5, 6: “si vere aestimare Macedonas qui tunc erant volumus, fatebimur, etc.,” Curt. 4, 16, 33: “sed civitati nullae tunc leges erant,” Just. 2, 7, 3; 6, 9, 5.—

(β). Referring to a point of time spoken of: cives Romani tunc facti sunt Campani, Enn. ap. Censor. 14 (Ann. v. 174 Vahl.): tanto sublatae sunt Augmine tunc lapides, id. ap. Non. p. 211, 8 (Ann. v. 542 ib.): tunc ipsos adoriant, ne quis Spartam referat nuntium, Naev. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 801 P. (Trag. Rel. v. 16 Rib.): “(Sulla) statim ex iis rebus quas tunc vendebat jussit ei praemium tribui, etc.,” Cic. Arch. 10, 25: “neque ego tunc princeps ad salutem esse potuissem si, etc.,” id. Sull. 3, 9: “his tunc cognitis rebus amici regis his ... liberaliter responderunt,” Caes. B. C. 3, 104: “tunc duces Nerviorum ... colloqui sese velle dicunt,” at this time, id. B. G. 5, 41: “quod se facturos minabantur, aegreque tunc sunt retenti quin oppidum irrumperent,” id. B. C. 2, 13 fin.: “Romanus tunc exercitus in agro Larinati erat,” Liv. 22, 24, 1: “itaque cum in ipsum, et innocentiā tutum et magistratu in quo tunc erat, impetus fieri non posset, etc.,” id. 4, 44, 6; cf. id. 2, 2, 2; 4, 8, 6; 10, 37, 10; “44, 44, 3: nec, si rescindere posses (sc. jussa Jovis), Tunc aderas,” Ov. M. 2, 679: “tunc ego nec citharā poteram gaudere sonorā, nec, etc.,” Tib. 3, 4, 69: “tunc urbis custodiis praepositus C. Maecenas,” Vell. 2, 88, 2: “forte evenit ut tunc summae dignitatis ibi femina veneno consumere se destinarit,” Val. Max. 2, 6, 8: “qui tunc Libitinam exercebant,” id. 5, 2, 10: “Coriolanus ad Volscos, infestos tunc Romanis, confugit,” id. 5, 4, 1; cf. id. 2, 10, 3; 4, 8, 5; 5, 5, 3; 7, 6, 5 fin.; “8, 1 damn. 1: Carthaginiensium legati ad celebrandum sacrum anniversarium more patrio tunc venerant,” Curt. 4, 2, 10: “et tunc aestas erat, cujus calor, etc.,” id. 3, 5, 1: “perierat imperium, quod tunc in extremo stabat, si Fabius, etc.,” Sen. Troad. 1, 11, 5: “tunc,distractis Orientis viribus, casus Mithridati datus est occupandi Armeniam,” Tac. A. 11, 9; cf. id. ib. 2, 25: “quidam ex eis qui tunc egerant, decesserunt,” Plin. Ep. 4, 24, 3: “ardente tunc in Africā bello,” Suet. Caes. 70; cf. id. Calig. 48; id. Ner. 20; 21: “Asiam tunc tenebat imperio rex Darius,” Gell. 17, 9, 20: “hostes tunc populi Romani fuerant Fidenates,” id. 17, 21, 17; cf. id. 13, 5, 2 and 3; 14, 1, 8; Ael. Spart. Had. 11; 23; 24.—Repeated by anaphora: “tunc victus abiere feri, tunc consita pomus, tunc bibit inriguas fertilis hortus aquas, Aurea tunc pressos, etc.,” Tib. 2, 1, 43: “tunc Parmenio et Philotas, tunc Amyntas consobrinus, tunc noverca fratresque interfecti, tunc Attalus, Eurylochus ... occurrebant,” Just. 12, 6, 14; so id. 43, 3, 2; 43, 4, 2.—Attributively: “regem tunc Lacedaemoniorum,” Just. 6, 2, 4.—

(γ). Referring to a state no longer in existence: “silvae tunc circa viam erant, plerisque incultis,” Liv. 21, 25, 8: “urbs (Corinthus) erat tunc praeclara ante excidium,” id. 45, 28, 2: “hic (Curio) primo pro Pompei partibus, id est, ut tunc habebatur, pro republicā, mox ... pro Caesare stetit,” Vell. 2, 48, 3: “certissimum tunc proscriptorum perfugium penetravit,” Val. Max. 7, 3, 9: “docuit in atrio Catulinae domus, quae pars Palatii tunc erat,” Suet. Gram. 17: tunc (i. e. olim) in usu erat, eam hereditatem, etc., Gai Inst. 2, 254 erat autem tunc mos ut cum princeps causam cognosceret ... sententiam ex omnium deliberatione proferret, Ael. Spart. Had. 8.—

(δ). Expressly opposed to present time: tunc igitur pelles, nunc aurum et purpura exercent hominum vitam, Lucr 5, 1423; “eā lege quae tunc erat Sempronia, nunc est Cornelia,” Cic. Clu. 56, 154: “cum vero causam justam deus ipse dederit, ut tunc Socrati, nunc Catoni, etc.,” id. Tusc. 1, 30, 74, cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 45; 2, 3, 67, § 156; id. Arch. 3, 5; id. Pis. 13, 30; id. Rab. Post. 12, 34; id. Phil. 7, 5, 14: “cur privati non damus remiges, sicut tunc dedimus?” Liv. 34, 6, 18: “munitiones et locis opportunioribus tunc fuerunt et validiores impositae (i. e. quam nunc),” id. 36, 17, 4: “parva nunc res videri potest quae tunc patres ac plebem accendit,” id. 4, 25, 13; cf. id. 8, 31, 4; 21, 18, 5: “Macedones milites eā tunc erant famā quā nunc Romani feruntur,” Nep. Eum. 3, 4: nunc solvo poenas; “tunc tibi inferias dedi,” Sen. Phoen. 172: “nunc haberent socios quos tunc hostes habuerant,” Just. 6, 7, 5; cf. id. 8, 2, 9: “hoc tunc Veii fuere, nunc fuisse quis meminit?” Flor. 1, 12, 11.—And tunc and tum in co-ordinated sentences: qui ager nunc multo pluris est quam tunc fuit. Tum enim, etc., nunc, etc.; “tum erat ager incultus, nunc est cultissimus,” Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33: vos etiamsi tunc faciendum non fuerit, nunc utique faciendum putatis; “ego contra, etiamsi tum migrandum fuisset, nunc has ruipas relinquendas non censerem,” Liv. 5, 53, 3 (in such connections tum generally refers to a previous tunc, rarely vice versā).—（ε) Opposed to a previous or a later time: “quae ipsum Hannibalem, armis tunc invictum voluptate vicit (i. e. etsi non postea),” Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 95: “raro alias tribuni popularis oratio acceptior plebi quam tunc severissimi consulis fuit,” Liv. 3, 69, 1: “(Syphax) tunc accessio Punici belli fuerat, sicut Gentius Macedonici,” id. 45, 7, 2; 5, 37, 2; 45, 25, 10: “non ab Scipionibus aliisque veteribus Romanorum ducum quidquam ausum fortius quam tunc a Caesare,” Vell. 2, 80, 3: “et tunc Aeanti, ut deo, immolaverunt, et deinceps, etc.,” Val. Max. 1, 5, ext. 2: “praetor hic Alexandri fuerat, tunc transfuga,” Curt. 3, 11, 18; cf. id. 4, 13, 18: “Cilicum nationes saepe et alias commotae, tunc Troxoboro duce, montes asperos castris cepere,” Tac. A. 12, 55; cf. id. ib. 2, 62; id. H. 3, 58: “ob res et tunc in Africā, et olim in Germaniā gestas,” Suet. Galb. 8; cf. id. Tib. 10; 18; id. Oth. 4: “idem tunc Faesulae quod Carrhae nuper,” Flor. 1, 5, 8.—（ζ) In general statements, applied to the actual state of affairs: “mos est regibus quotiens in societatem coëant, pollices inter se vincire, etc. Sed tunc, qui ea vincula admovebat decidisse simulans, genua Mithridatis invadit,” Tac. A. 12, 47: “legebatur ergo ibi tunc in carmine Latino, etc.,” Gell. 2, 22, 2.— Pregn., as matters then stood: “aptissimum tempus fuerat, delinimentum animis Bolani agri divisionem obici: tunc haec ipsa indignitas angebat animos,” Liv. 4, 51, 6.— (η) Of coincidence in time: tunc = cum hoc fieret, on that occasion: “quodsi tu tunc, Crasse, dixisses, omnem eorum importunitatem evellisset oratio tua,” Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 230; id. Clu. 56, 153; id. Lig. 5, 16; id. Phil. 7, 5, 14: “tunc Lacedaemoniis accusantibus respondendum erat, nunc a vobis ipsis accusati sumus,” Liv. 39, 36, 7: “jam Horatius secundam pugnam petebat. Tunc ... clamore adjuvant militem suum,” while he was doing so, id. 1, 25, 9; 45, 23, 17: “sed neque ... nubes Tunc habuit, nec ... imbres,” Ov. M. 2, 310: “quid mihi tunc animi fuit?” id. ib. 7, 582: “quid mihi tunc animi credis, germane, fuisse?” id. H. 11, 87; 12, 31: “quid tunc homines timuerint, quae senatūs trepidatio ... neque mihi exprimere vacat, neque, etc.,” Vell. 2, 124, 1: “non Catoni tunc praetura, sed praeturae Cato negatus est,” Val. Max. 7, 5, 6; cf. id. 1, 8, 6; 4, 5, 3; 6, 1, 8; 6, 2, 3; 6, 2, 6; 6, 6, ext. 1; “9, 3, 1: tunc ego dicere debui,” Sen. Ep. 63, 15: “non possum dicere aliud tunc mihi quam deos adfuisse,” Plin. Ep. 1, 5, 5: “tunc domus priscorum ducum arserunt,” Suet. Ner. 38; Just. 18, 3, 14; Gell. 6 ($3), 3, 48; 12, 13, 21; 19, 1, 11.—Tunc and tum co-ordinate: sanguine tunc (Phaëthontis) credunt ... Tum facta'st Libya ... arida; “tum, etc.,” Ov. M. 2, 235 sqq.: tunc ... sorores Debuerant, etc.; “Tum potui Medea mori bene,” id. H. 12, 3 sqq.—And referring to a supposed action at a definite time: “nobis tunc repente trepidandum in acie instruenda erat,” if we had accepted the battle then, Liv. 44, 38, 11.—（θ) Redundant (post-class.): “id quale fuerit, neque ipse tunc prodidit, neque cuiquam facile succurrat,” Suet. Tit. 10; cf.: in ejusmodi temporibus tunc eae ambulationes aperiuntur, Vitr 5, 9, 9.—

2. = nunc, in oblique discourse (rare): “quod si consulatūs tanta dulcedo sit, jam tunc ita in animum inducant, consulatum captum a tribuniciā potestate esse,” Liv. 2, 54, 5: “ut cum multis saeculis murus urbi civium virtus fuerit, tunc cives salvos se fore non existimaverint nisi intra muros laterent,” Just. 14, 5, 7.—

3. Referring to indefinite time.

(α). Then, at such a time of the year, day, etc.; at such a season: “tunc (i. e. autumno) praecidi arbores oportere secundum terram,” Varr. R. R. 1, 27: “ab eo in fastis dies hordicalia nominantur, quod tunc hordae boves immolantur,” id. ib. 2, 5: “omnes (nubes sol) enim sub se tunc (= medio die),” Sen. Q. N. 1, 8, 7: “tunc enim maximae et integrae adhuc nives (= aestate primā),” id. ib. 4, 2, 21: “et tunc potest ventis concitari mare,” id. ib. 4, 2, 25; cf. id. ib. 4, 5, 2.—

(β). With the force of an indefinite temporal clause: “tunc ignes tenuissimi iter exile designant et caelo producunt, of shooting stars,” Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 6: nemo observat lunam nisi laborantem. Tunc urbes conclamant, tunc pro se quisque superstitione vanā trepidat, id. ib. 7, 1, 2: “adjuvari se tunc (i. e. cum faces vident) periclitantes existimant Pollucis et Castoris numine,” id. ib. 1, 1, 13; cf. id. ib. 1, 8, 3; 2, 55, 2; 5, 3, 1; 6, 12, 2; id. Ep. 42, 4; id. Brev. Vit. 11, 1: si ancilla ex cive Romand conceperit, deinde civis Romana facta sit, et tunc pariat, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 88; 1, 90; Dig. 1, 6, 8; 40, 12, 22, § 3.—

(γ). With the force of a conditional clause, in this instance: Tr. Erus peregre venit. Si. Tunc tibi actutum chorda tenditur, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 55 Lorenz (al. tum): “dominae mentem convertite ... Tunc ego crediderim vobis, et sidera et amnes Posse, etc.,” Prop. 1, 1, 23: “itaque tunc dividere optimum erit (= si plura sunt quae nocent),” Quint. 4, 2, 101; so id. 6, 1, 22: “cuperem tecum communicare tam subitam mutationem mei: tunc amicitiae nostrae certiorem fiduciam habere coepissem,” Sen. Ep. 6, 2: nemo est ex inprudentibus qui reliqui sibi debeat. Tunc mala consilia agitant, tunc aut aliis aut ipsis pericula struunt; “tunc cupiditates improbas ordinant, tunc ... tunc ... denique, etc.,” id. ib. 10, 2; “7, 2: tunc enim (i. e. si cottidie reputes) subit recordatio: Quot dies quam frigidis rebus absumpsi!” Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 3: “propter liberos retentio fit (dotis) si culpa mulieris divortium factum sit, tunc enim sextae retinentur ex dote,” Ulp. Fragm. 6, 10: veluti si a feminā manumissa sit: tunc enim e lege Atiliā petere debet tutorem, Gai Inst. 1, 195; 1, 76; 1, 40; 3, 181; Fragm. Vat. 52; Dig. 2, 4, 8; 5, 3, 13, § 12; 7, 3, 1; 19, 1, 11, § 15; 11, 1, 20; Just. Inst. 1, 12, § 6; in the jurists, saep.—

4. Referring to future time.

(α). In gen.: tunc illud vexillum ... coloniae Capuae inferetur; “tunc contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,” Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 86: “tunc, ut quaeque causa crit statuetis, nunc libertatem repeti satis est,” Liv. 3, 53, 10: “senatūs consultum adjectum est ut ... praetor qui tunc esset ... apud eorum quem qui manumitteretur ... jusjurandum daret, etc.,” id. 41, 9, 11: “nec taedebit avum parvo advigilare nepoti ... Tunc operata deo pubes discumbet in herbā, etc.,” Tib. 2, 5, 95: “tunc interea tempus exercitūs ex hoc loco educendi habebis,” Gell. 3, 7, 7.—

(β). With the force of a conditional clause: “tunc me biremis Tutum ... Aura feret geminusque Pollux (i. e. si mugiat malus procellis),” Hor. C. 3, 29, 62: “vectabor umeris tunc ego inimicis eques (i. e. si hoc feceris),” id. Epod. 17, 74: “tunc tua me infortunia laedent (i. e. si dolebis tibi),” id. A. P. 103: “tunc ego jurabo quaevis tibi numina ... Tunc ego ... Efficiam, etc.,” Ov. H. 15 (16), 319: “tunc piger ad nandum, tunc ego cautus ero,” id. ib. 17 (18), 210.—

B. Representing sequence or succession in events, = deinde.

1. Simple sequence in time.

(α). Time proper (rare till after the Aug. per.; “in Cic. perh. only in the foll. passages): Herodotus cum Romā reverteretur, offendit eum mensem qui sequitur mensem comitialem. Tunc Cephaloeditani decrerunt intercalarium XLV dies longum,” Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 130: “veni in eum sermonem ut docerem, etc. Tunc mihi ille dixit quod, etc.,” id. Fam. 3, 5, 3: “dixi ei, me ita facturum esse ut, etc. Tunc ille a me petivit, etc.,” id. ib. 3, 6, 2 is finis pugnae equestris fuit. Tunc adorti peditum aciem, nuntios ad consules rei gestae mittunt, Liv. 3, 70, 8: “tandem curiā excesserunt. Tunc sententiae interrogari coeptae,” id. 45, 25, 1: “equites, relictis equis, provolant ante signa ... Tunc inter priores duorum populorum res geritur,” id. 7, 8, 1: “iterum deinde interpellatus, in proposito persistit. Tunc Poppedius, abjecturum inde se ... minatus est,” Val. Max. 3, 1, 2; cf. id. 5, 4, 1; 7, 3, 2; 7, 3, 6: tunc intendit arcum, et ipsum cor adulescentis figit, Sen. de Ira, 3, 14, 2; so id. Ot. Sap. 1, 1; id. Q. N. 1, 12, 1: “Dareum XXX inde stadia abesse praemissi indicabant. Tunc consistere agmen jubet,” Curt. 3, 8, 24: “contionem discedere in manipulos jubet. Tunc a veneratione Augusti orsus flexit ad victorias,” Tac. A. 1, 34; cf. id. ib. 1, 67; 12, 31; 12, 33; 12, 69; id. H. 4, 72; Vitr. 1, 4, 12; 1, 6, 7; 2, 1, 2; 2, 1, 4; 5, 12, 5; 7, praef. 5; 7, 1, 3; 7, 2, 2; 8, 1, 1; Suet. Ner. 49; id. Vit. 15 fin.; id. Dom. 16; Front. Strat. 2, 5, 4; Gell. 1, 22, 6; 6 (7), 17, 6; 13, 31 (30), 6; 14, 2, 9; Flor. 2, 13 (4, 2), 71; Just. 11, 4, 1; 11, 10, 2; 12, 7, 7; 13, 3, 4; 18, 4, 10 et saep.; Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 26.—

(β). Before an abl. absol. (postclass.): “statuunt tempus quo foedissimum quemque invadant. Tunc, signo inter se dato, inrumpunt contubernia,” Tac. A. 1, 48: “tunc, Campaniae ora proximisque insulis circuitis, Caprearum secessui quadriduum impendit,” Suet. Aug. 98: “tunc, exercitu in Aetoliam promoto, pecunias civitatibus imperat,” Just. 14, 1, 6; 21, 5, 2; 22, 2, 7; 25, 2, 6.—

(γ). Implying a consequence, then, under these circumstances, hence, accordingly: “caedere januam saxis, instare ferro, ligna circumdare ignemque circumicere coeperunt. Tunc cives Romani, qui Lampsaci negotiabantur, concurrunt,” Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 27, § 69: huc tota Vari conversa acies suos fugere videbat. Tunc Rebilus; Perterritum, inquit, hostem vides; “quid dubitas, etc.,” Caes. B. C. 2, 34: “animadversum est, extra consuetudinem longius a vallo esse aciem Pompei progressum. Tunc Caesar apud suos Differendum est iter, inquit, etc.,” id. ib. 3, 85: “omnium spe celerius Saguntum oppugnari adlatum est. Tunc relata de integro res ad senatum,” Liv. 21, 6, 5; cf. id. 9, 30, 10: “Tisiphoneque Saevit et huc illuc impia turba fugit. Tunc niger in portā serpentum Cerberus ore Stridet,” Tib. 1, 3, 71: “apud patres disseruit, nec posse Orientem nisi Germanici sapientiā conponi, etc. Tunc decreto patrum permissae Germanico provinciae,” Tac. A. 2, 43; id. H. 4, 83; Vitr. 2, 8, 14; 2, 9, 16; Just. 39, 3, 11.—Emphatically, = tum vero: “donec ipse quoque longinquo morbo est implicitus. Tunc adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi feroces ut, etc.,” Liv. 1, 31, 6.—And = tum primum: “multitudo tandem perrumpit ordines hostium. Tunc vinci pertinacia coepta, et averti manipuli quidam,” Liv. 9, 39, 10. —

2. In enumerations with tum ... deinde ... postea, etc.

(α). In gen. (postclass.): ante omnia instituit ut e libertorum bonis dextans ... cogeretur; deinde ut ingratorum, etc.; “tunc ut lege majestatis facta omnia ... tenerentur,” Suet. Ner. 32 med.; so, “tunc ... deinde ... tunc, etc.,” Vitr. 1, 6, 12 and 13: “tunc ... tunc ... deinde ... tunc,” id. 3, 5, 5 and 6; cf. id. 5, 12, 4; cf. Suet. Oth. 6; Flor. 4, 2, 88.—With tum: terras primum situmque earum quaerit; deinde condicionem maris; “tunc quidquid inter caelum terrasque interjacet perspicit ... tum, peragratis humilioribus, ad summa prorumpit,” Sen. Cons. Helv. 17 fin.; so Gai Inst. 3, 6, 3.—

(β). Of successive speakers in dialogue (rare): “tu vero abi, inquit, etc. Tunc Mucius Quandoquidem, inquit, est apud te virtuti honos, etc.,” Liv. 2, 12, 15: “apud quem Valerius in hunc modum egit, etc. Tunc Collatinus Quaero inquit, etc.,” Val. Max. 2, 8, 2.—With tum: “tunc poëta ... inquit, etc. Tum Fronto ita respondit, etc.,” Gell. 19, 8, 10 and 11; 12, 13, 19; Val. Max. 7, 3, ext. 4.—

C. In co-ordination (very rare).

1. = praeterea, and then: “(Romulus) hoc consilio fultus ... locupletari civis non destitit. Tunc, id quod retinemus hodie magnā cum salute rei publicae, auspiciis plurimum obsecutus est Romulus,” Cic. Rep. 2, 9, 15 sq.: “praeter has, frugalitas et continentia ... splendorem illi suum adfunderent. Tunc providentiā cum elegantiā quantum decoris illi adderent!” Sen. Ep. 115, 3.—

2. In the connection cum ... tunc (v. tum, I. C. 3.): “vivendum recte est cum propter plurima, tunc est Idcirco, etc.,” Juv. 9, 118 (poet. for tum, on account of the foll. vowel).—

3. Vid. tunc etiam, III. B. 7. β.

II. As correlative of dependent clauses.

A. Of temporal clauses with cum.

1. Referring to definite past time.

a. Tunc as antecedent of the clause: “set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis quom hinc abit?” Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 108: “etiamne in arā tunc sedebant mulieres Quom ad me profectu's ire?” id. Rud. 3, 6, 8: “quo damnato tunc, cum judicia fiebant, HS. IV milibus lis aestimata est,” Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 22: “etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiscebatur,” id. ib. 2, 5, 43, § “111: atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat: vos tunc paruistis cum paruit nemo nisi qui voluit,” id. Lig. 7, 20: se ita pugnaturos ut Romae pugnaverint in repetendā patriā, ut postero die ad Gabios, tunc cum effecerint ne quis hostium, etc., Liv. 6, 28, 9: “et quod tunc fecimus cum hostem Hannibalem in Italiā haberemus, id nunc, pulso Hannibale, cunctamur facere?” id. 31, 7, 5: “infelix Dido, nunc te facta impia tangunt? Tunc decuit cum sceptra dabas,” Verg. A. 4, 597 (Rib. tum; v. Prisc. p. 8, 841 P.): “prudenter sensit tunc incrementum Romano imperio petendum fuisse cum intra septimum lapidem triumphi quaerebantur,” Val. Max. 4, 1, 10: “quorum nihil tunc cum diceretur parum aptum fuit,” Quint. 11, 1, 89; cf. Val. Max. 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 8, ext. 1.—

b. Introducing the apodosis.

(α). Of coincident actions: “cum jam adpropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubie esset ... tunc injecta trepidatio,” Liv. 44, 28, 10.—

(β). = deinde: “adversus singula quaeque cum respondere haud facile esset, et quereretur ... purgaretque se invicem, tunc Papirius, redintegratā irā, virgas et secures expediri jussit,” Liv. 8, 32, 10: “divus Caesar cum exercitum habuisset circa Alpes, imperavissetque, etc., tunc qui in eo castello fuerunt ... noluerunt imperio parere,” Vitr. 2, 9, 15: “cum nuntiatum esset Leonidae a XX milibus hostium summum cacumen teneri, tunc hortatur socios, recedant,” Just. 2, 11, 5.—

2. Of definite present time, tunc is not found; v. tum.—

3. Referring to indefinite time.

a. As antecedent: “arbitror, quo nos etiam tunc utimur cum ea dicimus jurati quae comperta habemus,” Cic. Font. 13, 29 (9, 19): “tunc obsequatur naturae cum senserit, etc.,” id. Fragm. Hort. Phil. 75 B. and K.; id. Tusc. 2, 6, 16; Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 55; 2, 5, 12, § 29: qui tunc vocat me, cum malum librum legi, only ... when, never ... unless (= τότε δή), Cat. 44, 21 Ellis (Müll. tum): “deum tunc adfuisse cum id evenisset, veteres oratores aiebant,” Quint. 10, 7, 14: “tunc est commovendum theatrum cum ventum est ad illud Plodite,” id. 6, 1, 52; cf. id. 4, 2, 8; 12, 11, 7; Vitr. 2, 9, 3: “voluptas tunc, cum maxime delectat, exstinguitur,” Sen. Vit. Beat. 7, 4; cf. id. Q. N. 1, prol. 3; 5, 3, 3; 6, 3, 1; id. Ep. 10, 5; 85, 38: “in tantam quantitatem tenetur quae tunc in peculio fuit cum sententiam dicebat,” Dig. 5, 1, 15: tunc cum certum esse coeperit neminem ex eo testamento fore heredem, Gai Inst. 3, 13; 4, 71; Dig. 28, 3, 6, § 6; 40, 12, 16, § 2; 40, 7, 34.—

b. Introducing the apodosis: “cum autem fundamenta ita distantia inter se fuerint constituta, tunc inter ea alia transversa ... collocentur,” Vitr. 1, 5, 7; 2, 1, 6; 2, 3, 2; 2, 5, 2; “3, 5, 13: cum folia pauca in acumine germinent, tunc maxime serendas ficus,” Plin. 18, 26, 65, § 245; Just. 41, 2, 9.—

4. Referring to future time: “ex ceteris autem generibus tunc pecunia expedietur cum legionibus victricibus erunt quae spopondimus persolvenda, Cic. Fragm. Ep. Caes. jun. 1, 8: tunc inter eas fore finem belli dixit cum alterutra urbs in habitum pulveris esset redacta,” Val. Max. 9, 3, ext. 3: “poterant videri tunc incohanda cum omnia quae ... peregissem,” Quint. 6, 4, 1; Col. praef. 33; v. infra, III. A. 2. β.—

B. With temporal clauses introduced by ubi (rare).

1. Of definite past time: “ad quod bellum ubi consules dilectum habere occipiunt, obstare tunc enixe tribuni,” Liv. 4, 55, 2: “haec ubi convenerunt, tunc vero Philomelus consuetudinem nocte egrediendi frequentiorem facere,” id. 25, 8, 9.—

2. Of indefinite time.

a. As antecedent: “tunc autem est consummata infelicitas, ubi turpia non solum delectant, sed etiam placent,” Sen. Ep. 39, 6; id. Ben. 2, 3, 3; 2, 17, 3; id. Ep. 89, 19.—

b. In apodosis: “stillicidia ubi plura coiere et turba vires dedit, tunc fluere et ire dicuntur,” Sen. Q. N. 5, 13, 4; 6, 17, 2; 6, 18, 2.—

C. With temporal clauses introduced by postquam (posteaquam); rare.

1. Of definite past time: “posteaquam ingenuae virgines et ephebi venerunt ad deprecandum, tunc est pollicitus his legibus ut, etc.,” Vitr. 10, 16, 7 (but in Sall. C. 51, 40 Dietsch reads tum).—

2. Of indefinite time: si vero posteaquam eam destinasses, tunc perierit, etc., Dig 17, 2, 58, § 1.—

D. With temporal clauses introduced by ut (very rare): “ut vero ... casus suorum miseris eluxit, tunc toto littore plangentium gemitus, tunc infelicium matrum ululatus ... audiebantur,” Just. 19, 2, 11.—

E. With temporal clauses introduced by quando (rare).

1. As antecedent: “tunc quando abiero,” Plaut. Pers. 4, 7, 19 (4, 8, 8): tunc inserentur (cerasi) quando his vel non est, vel desinit gummi effluere, Pall. Oct. 12.—

2. In apodosis: “quando quodque eorum siderum cursum decorum est adeptum ... tunc ex alterius naturae motione transversa ... vinci a tardioribus videbantur,” Cic. Univ. 9.—

F. With temporal clauses introduced by dum (very rare): “tunc tamen utrumque tolerabile est, dum illi vis sua est,” Sen. Ep. 83, 21.—

G. With conditional clauses.

1. In gen.

(α). As antecedent: “consilium istud tunc esset prudens si rationes ad Hispaniensem casum accommodaturi essemus,” Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2: “sin autem ventus interpellaverit et ... tunc habeat canalem longum pedes quinque, etc.,” Vitr. 8, 5, 2: “tunc fidem fallam, tunc inconstantiae crimen audiam si, cum omnia eadem sint quae erant promittente me, non praestitero promissum,” Sen. Ben. 4, 35, 2.—

(β). In apodosis: “si se simul cum gloria rei gestae exstinxisset, tunc victorem, quidquid licuerit in magistro equitum, in militibus ausurum,” Liv. 8, 31, 7: “quem si inclusit mare, tum ille exitu simul redituque praecluso, volutatur,” Sen. Q. N. 6, 15: “quod si non illum, sed me peccasse putabis, tunc ego te credam cordis habere nihil,” Mart. 2, 8, 6: si nullus sit suorum heredum, tunc hereditas pertinet ad adgnatos, Gai Inst. 3, 9: “si vero dissentiunt, tunc praetoris partes necessariae sunt,” Dig. 2, 14, 7, § 19; Sen. Q. N. 6, 9, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 205; Dig. 1, 3, 22.—

2. With a supposition contrary to fact: “audivi te cum alios consolareris: tunc conspexissem, si te ipse consolatus esses,” Sen. Prov. 4, 5.—

H. After abl. absol. (rare): “legatis auditis, tunc de bello referre sese Aemilius dixit,” Liv. 44, 21, 1: “his ita praeparatis, tunc in rotae modiolo tympanum includatur,” Vitr. 10, 9 (14), 2.

III. Particular connections.

A. With other particles of time.

1. Jam tunc (rare): “nisi jam tunc omnia negotia diligentissime confecissem,” Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 3: bellum jam tunc ab illis geri coeptum cum sibi Phrygiam ademerint, Trog. Pomp. ap. Just. 38, 53: “At. C. Marius L. Sullam jam tunc, ut praecaventibus fatis, copulatum sibi quaestorem habuit,” Vell. 2, 12, 1: “Archilochum Nepos Cornelius tradit, Tullo Hostilio Romae regnante, jam tunc fuisse poëmatis clarum et nobilem,” Gell. 17, 21, 8: “palam jam tunc multae civitates libertatem bello vindicandam fremebant,” Just. 13, 5, 5. —

2. With demum and denique, not until then, then only, then at last.

a. Tunc demum.

(α). Absol.: “tunc demum nuntius missus ad tertiam legionem revocandam,” Liv. 41, 3, 5: “tunc demum pectora plangi Contigit,” Ov. H. 11, 91: “tunc demum intrat tabernaculum,” Curt. 4, 13, 20: “tunc demum alia mala (exstiterunt),” Sen. Q. N. 1, 17, 6: “(aquilae) primo deponunt, expertaeque pondus, tunc demum abeunt,” Plin. 10, 3, 4, § 14: “tunc demum ... invidiam quae sibi fieret deprecati sunt,” Suet. Calig. 9: “tunc demum ad otium concessit,” id. Claud. 5.—

(β). With cum clause: “postero die cum circumsessi aquā arceremur, nec ulla ... erumpendi spes esset, tunc demum pacti sumus, etc.,” Liv. 21, 59, 6: “et serius cum redisset, tum demum, recepto sospite filio, victoriae tantae gaudium consul sensit,” id. 44, 44, 3: “cum ab his oritur, tunc demum ei ratio constat,” Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.: quos ordine suo tunc demum persequar cum praefaturus fuero, Col. praef. 33; Sen. Ep. 84, 6; id. Q. N. 7, 13, 1.—

b. Tunc denique (very rare): hi dicebantur in eo tempore μαθηματικοί. Exinde ad perspicienda principia naturae procedebant ac tunc denique nominabantur φυσικοί, Gell. 1, 9, 7.—

3. Tunc primum: “quia tunc primum superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est,” Sall. J. 5, 2: “tunc primum circo qui nunc maximus dicitur, designatus locus est,” Liv. 1, 35, 8: “eum dolorem ulta est (plebs) tunc primum plebeis quaestoribus creatis,” id. 4, 54, 2: “tunc primum equo merere equites coeperunt,” id. 5, 7, 13: “lectisternio tunc primum in urbe Romanā facto,” id. 5, 13, 6; Tac. A. 11, 38; Suet. Ner. 17; Just. 8, 5, 1; 11, 10, 2; Jul. Capitol. Anton. Phil. 5; 7.—

4. With deinde (cf.: tum deinde).

(α). Deinde tunc: “roga bonam mentem, bonam valetudinem animi, deinde tunc corporis,” Sen. Ep. 10, 4; 74, 23; 117, 1.—

(β). Tunc deinde: primum militiae vinculum est religio et signorum amor, et deserendi nefas; tunc deinde facile cetera exiguntur, Sen. Ep. 95, 35; 11, 4; Val. Fl. 8, 109; Cels. 4, 15.—So, tunc postea, Vitr. 1, 6, 7.—

5. Tunc tandem: “simul enim cessit possessione Dii, excitavit hostem, ut tunc tandem sciret recuperanda esse quae prius amissa forent,” Liv. 44, 8, 4.—

B. With emphatic particles.

1. Tunc vero (or enimvero): “in turbatos jam hostes equos inmittunt. Tunc vero Celtiberi omnes in fugam effunduntur,” Liv. 40, 40, 10: “cunctantem tamen ingens vis morbi adorta est. Tunc enim vero deorum ira admonuit,” id. 2, 36, 6: “tunc vero impotentis fortunae species conspici potuit,” Curt. 3, 11, 23: Tiberioque suspensa semper verba; “tunc vero nitenti, etc.,” Tac. A. 1, 11.—

2. Tunc quidem: et tunc quidem Perseus copias reduxit; “postero die, etc.,” Liv. 42, 57, 9: “tunc quidem sacrificio rite perpetrato, reliquum noctis rediit, etc.,” Curt. 4, 13, 16; cf. id. 3, 12, 21.—

3. Ne tunc quidem: “quia ne tunc quidem obsistebatur,” Front. Strat. 3, 17, 9: “ac ne tum quidem senatu aut populo appellato,” Suet. Ner. 41; cf. Just. 27, 3, 6.—

4. Tunc maxime (or tunc cum maxime).

(α). Chiefly at that time, especially then: “Theophrastus est auctor, in Ponto quosdam amnes crescere tempore aestivo ... aut quia tunc maxime in umorem mutabilis terra est, aut quia, etc.,” Sen. Q. N. 3, 26, 2.—

(β). Just then: “hospitem tunc cum maxime utilia suadentem abstrahi jussit ad capitale supplicium,” Curt. 3, 2, 17: “non incidunt causae quae iram lacessant? sed tunc maxime illi oppugnandae manus sunt, Sen. de Ira, 2, 14, 2: sapiens tunc maxime paupertatem meditatur cum in mediis divitiis constitit,” id. Vit. Beat. 26, 1.—

5. Tunc interea, Gell. 3, 7, 7; v. supra, I. A. 4. α.—

6. Etiam tunc.

(α). Even then: “experiri etiam tunc volens an ullae sibi reliquae vires essent, etc.,” Gell. 15, 16, 3.—

(β). Still: “quam defunctam praetextatus etiam tunc pro rostris laudavit,” Suet. Calig. 10.— And with cum, Plaut. Rud. 3, 6, 8; v. supra, II. A. 1. a.—

7. Tunc etiam.

(α). Etiam as connective, tum = eo tempore: “in civitate plena religionum, tunc etiam ob recentem cladem superstitiosis principibus, ut renovarentur auspicia, res ad interregnum redit,” Liv. 6, 5, 6.—

(β). Poet. for tum etiam, on account of the vowel: “ultima prona via est, et eget moderamine certo, Tunc etiam ... Tethys solet ipsa vereri,” Ov. M. 2, 68.—

8. Tunc quoque.

(α). Also then: “irae adversus Vejentes in insequentem annum dilatae sunt. Tunc quoque ne confestim bellum indiceretur religio obstitit,” Liv. 4, 30, 13; 44, 37, 12: saepe legit flores; “et tunc quoque forte legebat,” Ov. M. 4, 315: “quare et sereno tonat? quia tunc quoque per quassum et scissum aëra spiritus prosilit,” Sen. Q. N. 2, 18: “cum quidam histriones producti olim, tunc quoque producerentur,” Suet. Claud. 21: “tunc quoque in Hyrcaniam remittitur,” Just. 38, 9, 9.—

(β). Even then: “tunc quoque cum antiqui illi viri inclite viverent, cura comere capillum fuit,” Sen. Q. N. 1, 17, 7: “faba vero non antequam trium foliorum. Tunc quoque levi sarculo purgare melius quam fodere,” Plin. 18, 26, 65, § 241; Suet. Ner. 26; Flor. 1, 7, 12.—With tum demum: “tametsi ad audiendum pigre coitur. Plerique in stationibus sedent ... ac sibi nuntiari jubent an jam recitator intraverit ... an ex magnā parte evolverit librum: tum demum ac tunc quoque lente cunctanterque veniunt,” Plin. Ep. 1, 13, 2.—

(γ). = sic quoque, even as it was: “quin nisi firmata extrema agminis fuissent, ingens in eo saltu accipienda clades fuerit. Tunc quoque ad extremum periculi ventum est,” Liv. 21, 34, 8.—

C. Tunc temporis (postclass.; “v. tum, III. E.): ex gente obscura tunc temporis Persarum,” Just. 1, 4, 4: “parvae tunc temporis vires Atheniensibus erant,” id. 3, 6, 6: “ad abolendam invidiae famam quā insignis praeter ceteros tunc temporis habebatur,” id. 8, 3, 7: “erat namque tunc temporis urbs Appulis Brundisium,” id. 12, 2, 7.