William Watson Goodwin, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb, chapter 416

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Table of Contents:

Use of the Moods.

Section I: The Potential Optative and Indicative.

I. Potential Optative.

II. Potential Indicative.

Imperative in Commands, etc.

First Person of Subjunctive as Imperative.

Imperative and Subjunctive in Prohibitions.

Independent Subjunctive with μή Implying Fear (Homeric).

Subjunctive with μή and μὴ οὐ in Cautious Assertions.

Indicative with μή and μὴ οὐ in Cautious Assertions.

ὅπως and ὅπως μή with the Independent Future Indicative, etc.

Section III: Subjunctive, like the Future Indicative, in Independent Sentences.—Interrogative Subjunctive.

Interrogative Subjunctive.

Section IV: οὐ μή with the Subjunctive and the Future Indicative.

Section V.: Final and Object Clauses after ἵνα, ὡς, ὅπως, ὄφρα , and μή .

Development of Clauses with ἵνα, ὡς, ὅπως, ὄφρα , and μή .

Pure Final Clauses.

ἄν , or κέ , in Final Clauses with Subjunctive.

ἄν , or κέ , in Final Clauses with Optative.

Elliptical Constructions.

Secondary Tenses of Indicative in Final Clauses.

Object Clauses with ὅπως and ὅπως μή after Verbs of Striving, etc.

Homeric and other Early Usages.

ὅπως ἄν , in Attic Greek and Herodotus.: ὡς , and ὡς ἄν , in Xenophon.

Negative Object Clauses.

ὅπως , after Verbs of Asking, Commanding, etc.

Object Infinitive and Indirect Questions.

Aorist Subjunctive in -σω and -σωμαι -- Dawes's Canon.

Clauses with μή after Verbs of Fearing, etc.

Section VI: Conditional Sentences.

Classification of Conditional Sentences.

I. Four Forms of Ordinary Conditions: (a) Present and Past Conditions.

(b) Future Conditions.

II. Present and Past General Suppositions.

Origin of the Greek Conditional Sentence.—Early Combinations of εἰ with κέ or ἄν .

I. Four Forms of Ordinary Conditional Sentences: (a) Present and Past Conditions.

2. With Supposition contrary to Fact.

Homeric Peculiarities.

Homeric Usages in Herodotus and in Attic Greek.

(b) Future Conditions: 1. Subjunctive or Future Indicative in Protasis with a future Apodosis.

Homeric Peculiarities.

2. Optative in Protasis and Apodosis.

Homeric Peculiarities.

II. Present and Past General Suppositions.

Homeric and Other Poetic Peculiarities.

Peculiar Forms of Conditional Sentences: Substitution and Ellipsis in Protasis.—Protasis without a Verb.

Substitution and Ellipsis in Apodosis.

Apodosis contained in the Protasis.

εἰ after Expressions of Wonder, Indignation, etc.

Mixed Constructions.

I. Optative in Protasis, with Future or Present Indicative or an equivalent form in Apodosis.

II. Indicative or Subjunctive in Protasis, with Potential Optative or Indicative in Apodosis.

III. Potential Optative or Indicative (with ἄν ) in the Protasis.

IV. Irregular Combinations.—Present or Past with Future in one Protasis.

V. Several Protases in one Sentence.

δέ, ἀλλά , and αὐτάρ in Apodosis.

Section VII: Relative and Temporal Sentences.

Relative with Definite Antecedent.

Relative with Indefinite Antecedent. —Conditional Relative.

I. Four Forms of Ordinary Conditional Relative Sentences.

(a) Present and Past Conditions.

(b) Future Conditions.

II. General Conditional Relative Sentences.

Homeric and other Poetic Peculiarities in Conditional Relative Sentences: Subjunctive without κέ or ἄν .

Relative with κέ or ἄν and the Optative in Conditions.

Homeric Similes with Ὡς etc.

ὅ τι μή and ὅσον μή without a Verb.

Special Forms of Antecedent Clause.

Mixed Conditional Constructions.

Assimilation in Conditional Relative Clauses.

δέ in the Antecedent Clause.

Final Relative Clauses Expressing Purpose.

Consecutive Relative Clauses Expressing Result. -- Causal Relative.

Consecutive Clauses with ὥστε or ὡς and with ἐφ᾽ ᾧ or ἐφ᾽ ᾧτε .

ὥστε with the Infinitive.

ὥστε with the Finite Moods.

ὥστε with the Participle.

ὡς used like ὥστε .

ἐφ᾽ ᾧ and ἐφ᾽ ᾧτε with the Infinitive and the Future Indicative.

Temporal Particles signifying Until and Before.: ἕως , ὄφρα, εἰς ὅ or εἰσόκε, ἔστε, ἄχρι, μέχρι , until.

πρίν , before, until: Meaning and General Use of πρίν .

Development of the Constructions with πρίν .

πρίν with the Infinitive.

πρίν with the Indicative.

πρίν with the Subjunctive and Optative: Subjunctive.

πρίν with Subjunctive in General Suppositions.

πρὶν ἤ, πρότερον ἤ , and πάρος , in the sense of πρίν .

πρίν (as Adverb), πάρος, πρότερον, πρόσθεν , etc., before πρίν , in the Leading Sentence.

Section VIII: Indirect Discourse or Oratio Obliqua, including Indirect Quotations and Questions.

General Principles of Indirect Discourse.

Simple Sentences in Indirect Discourse: Indicative and Optative after ὅτι and ὡς , and in Indirect Questions.

Subjunctive or Optative representing the Interrogative Subjunctive.

Indicative or Optative with ἄν .

Infinitive in Indirect Discourse.

Participle in Indirect Discourse.

Indirect Quotation of Complex Sentences.

Single Dependent Clauses in Indirect Discourse.

οἶδ᾽ ὅτι , without a Verb.

ὅπως, ὅ, οὕνεκα , and ὁθούνεκα , in Indirect Quotations.

ὅτι , before Direct Quotations.

Section IX: Causal Sentences.

Section X: Expression of a Wish.

Wishes Referring to the Future.

Wishes (Not Attained) in Present or Past Time.

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[*] 416. The following imperfects may take the infinitive in this sense: ἔδει, χρῆν or ἐχρῆν, εἰκὸς ἦν, προσῆκεν, ἐνῆν, ἐξῆν, ἦν (or ὑπῆρχεν¹), it was possible, one might, the impersonal ἦν with adjectives or nouns expressing obligation, propriety, possibility, and similar ideas, as δίκαιον ἦν, ἄξιον ἦν, καλὸν (κάλλιον,² κρεῖττον,³ κράτιστον⁴) ἦν, αἰσχρὸν ἦν, προσῆκον ἦν, οὐ θαυμαστὸν ἦν,⁵ ἀσφαλέστερον ἦν,⁶ ἴσον ἦν,⁷ εὔλογον ἦν,⁸ συγγνωστὸν ἦν, οἷός τ᾽ ἦν, ἔργον ἦν, ἦν with the verbal in -τέος,—also ἔπρεπεν, συνέφερεν,⁹ ἐλυσιτέλει,¹⁰ with other verbs of the same nature. To these must be added the expressions specially mentioned below in 424-431.

1 See ISOC. v. 34.

2 ISAE. ii. 15; ARISTOT. Eth. x. 9, Eth. 18 (p. 1181 a, Eth. 4).

3 DEM. xx. 23.

4 ISOC. xx. 14.

5 DEM. xviii. 248.

6 LYS. vii. 24.

7 ANT. v. 13.

8 ARISTOT. Eth. x. 9, Eth. 19 (p. 1181 a, Eth. 6).

9 LYS. xiii. 28.

10 DEM. lix. 112. The imperfects not included in these references will be found among the examples in 419-422. The above list could doubtless be greatly extended.

Macmillan. London, Melbourne, Toronto. 1889. reprint edition:. St. Martin's Press. New York. 1965.

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