Pliny the Elder, The Natural History
John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S., H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A., Ed.

("Agamemnon", "Hom. Od. 9.1", "denarius")

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BOOK I. BOOK II. AN ACCOUNT OF THE WORLD AND THE ELEMENTS. BOOK III. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED. BOOK IV. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED. BOOK V. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED. BOOK VI. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST, OR FORMERLY EXISTED. BOOK VII. MAN, HIS BIRTH, HIS ORGANIZATION, AND THE INVENTION OF THE ARTS. BOOK VIII. THE NATURE OF THE TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS. BOOK IX. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF FISHES. BOOK X. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS. BOOK XI. THE VARIOUS KINDS OF INSECTS. BOOK XII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF TREES BOOK XIII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF EXOTIC TREES, AND AN ACCOUNT OF UNGUENTS. BOOK XIV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT TREES. BOOK XV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT-TREES. BOOK XVI. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FOREST TREES. BOOK XVII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE CULTIVATED TREES. BOOK XVIII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF GRAIN. BOOK XIX. THE NATURE AND CULTIVATION OF FLAX, AND AN ACCOUNT OF VARIOUS GARDEN PLANTS. BOOK XX. REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE GARDEN PLANTS. BOOK XXI. AN ACCOUNT OF FLOWERS. AND THOSE USED FOR CHAPLETS MORE PARTICULARLY. BOOK XXII. THE PROPERTIES OF PLANTS AND FRUITS. BOOK XXIII. THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE CULTIVATED TREES. BOOK XXIV. THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE FOREST TREES. BOOK XXV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF WILD PLANT BOOK XXVI. A CONTINUATION OF THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM PLANTS, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PARTICULAR DISEASES. BOOK XXVII. A DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS, AND OF THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THEM. BOOK XXVIII. REMEDIES DERIVED FROM LIVING CREATURES. BOOK XXIX. REMEDIES DERIVED FROM LIVING CREATURES. BOOK XXX. REMEDIES DERIEVED FROM LIVING CREATURES. BOOK XXXI. REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE AQUATIC PRODUCTION BOOK XXXII. REMEDIES DERIVED FROM AQUATIC ANIMALS. BOOK XXXIII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF METALS. BOOK XXXIV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF METALS. BOOK XXXV. AN ACCOUNT OF PAINTINGS AND COLOURS. BOOK XXXVI. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STONES. BOOK XXXVII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PRECIOUS STONES.
chapter:
CHAP. 1. (1.)—METALS. CHAP. 2.—GOLD. CHAP. 3.—WHAT WAS THE FIRST RECOMMENDATION OF GOLD. CHAP. 4.—THE ORIGIN OF GOLD RINGS. CHAP. 5.—THE QUANTITY OF GOLD POSSESSED BY THE ANCIENTS. CHAP. 6.—THE RIGHT OF WEARING GOLD RINGS. CHAP. 7.—THE DECURIES OF THE JUDGES. CHAP. 8.—PARTICULARS CONNECTED WITH THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER. CHAP. 9.—HOWOFTEN THE NAME OF THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER HAS BEEN CHANGED. CHAP. 10.—GIFTS FOR MILITARY SERVICES, IN GOLD AND SILVER. CHAP. 11.—AT WHAT PERIOD THE FIRST CROWN OF GOLD WAS PRESENTED. CHAP. 12. (3.)—OTHER USES MADE OF GOLD, BY FEMALES. CHAP. 13.—COINS OF GOLD. AT WHAT PERIODS COPPER, GOLD, AND SILVER WERE FIRST IMPRESSED. HOW COPPER WAS USED BEFORE GOLD AND SILVER WERE COINED. WHAT WAS THE LARGEST SUM OF MONEY POSSESSED BY ANY ONE AT THE TIME OF OUR FIRST CENSUS. HOW OFTEN, AND AT WHAT PERIODS, THE VALUE OF COPPER AND OF COINED MONEY HAS BEEN CHANGED. CHAP. 14.—CONSIDERATIONS ON MAN'S CUPIDITY FOR GOLD. CHAP. 15.—THE PERSONS WHO HAVE POSSESSED THE GREATEST QUANTITY OF GOLD AND SILVER. CHAP. 16.—AT WHAT PERIOD SILVER FIRST MADE ITS APPEARANCE UPON THE ARENA AND UPON THE STAGE. CHAP. 17.—AT WHAT PERIODS THERE WAS THE GREATEST QUANTITY OF GOLD AND SILVER IN THE TREASURY OF THE ROMAN PEOPLE. CHAP. 18.—AT WHAT PERIOD CEILINGS WERE FIRST GILDED. CHAP. 19.—FOR WHAT REASONS THE HIGHEST VALUE IS SET UPON GOLD. CHAP. 20.—THE METHOD OF GILDING. CHAP. 21. (4.)—HOW GOLD IS FOUND. CHAP. 22.—ORPIMENT. CHAP. 23.—ELECTRUM. CHAP. 24.—THE FIRST STATUES OF GOLD. CHAP. 25.—EIGHT REMEDIES DERIVED FROM GOLD. CHAP. 26. (5.)—CHRYSOCOLLA. CHAP. 27.—THE USE MADE OF CHRYSOCOLLA IN PAINTING. CHAP. 28.—SEVEN REMEDIES DERIVED FROM CHRYSOCOLLA. CHAP. 29.—THE CHRYSOCOLLA OF THE GOLDSMITHS, KNOWN ALSO AS SANTERNA. CHAP. 30.—THE MARVELLOUS OPERATIONS OF NATURE IN SOLDERING METALLIC SUBSTANCES, AND BRINGING THEM TO A STATE OF PERFECTION. CHAP. 31. (6.)—SILVER. CHAP. 32.—QUICKSILVER. CHAP. 33.—STIMMI, STIBI, ALABASTRUM, LARBASIS, OR PLATYOPHTHALMON. CHAP. 34.—SEVEN REMEDIES DERIVED FROM STIMMI. CHAP. 35.—THE SCORIA OF SILVER. SIX REMEDIES DERIVED FROM IT. CHAP. 36. (7.)—MINIUM: FOR WHAT RELIGIOUS PURPOSES IT WAS USED BY THE ANCIENTS. CHAP. 37.—THE DISCOVERY AND ORIGIN OF MINIUM. CHAP. 38.—CINNABARIS. CHAP. 39.—THE EMPLOYMENT OF CINNABARIS IN PAINTING. CHAP. 40.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF MINIUM. THE USE MADE OF IT IN PAINTING. CHAP. 41. (8.)—HYDRARGYROS. REMEDIES DERIVED FROM MINIUM. CHAP. 42.—THE METHOD OF GILDING SILVER. CHAP. 43.—TOUCHSTONES FOR TESTING GOLD. CHAP. 44.—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF SILVER, AND THE MODES OF TESTING IT. CHAP. 45. (9.)—MIRRORS. CHAP. 46.—EGYPTIAN SILVER. CHAP. 47. (10.)—INSTANCES OF IMMENSE WEALTH. PERSONS WHO HAVE POSSESSED THE GREATEST SUMS OF MONEY. CHAP. 48.—AT WHAT PERIOD THE ROMAN PEOPLE FIRST MADE VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS. CHAP. 49. (11.)—INSTANCES OF LUXURY IN SILVER PLATE. CHAP. 50.—INSTANCES OF THE FRUGALITY OF THE ANCIENTS IN REFERENCE TO SILVER PLATE. CHAP. 51.—AT WHAT PERIOD SILVER WAS FIRST USED AS AN ORNAMENT FOR COUCHES. CHAP. 52.—AT WHAT PERIOD SILVER CHARGERS OF ENORMOUS SIZE WERE FIRST MADE. WHEN SILVER WAS FIRST USED AS A MATERIAL FOR SIDEBOARDS. WHEN THE SIDEBOARDS CALLED TYMPANA WERE FIRST INTRODUCED. CHAP. 53.—THE ENORMOUS PRICE OF SILVER PLATE. CHAP. 54. (12.)—STATUES OF SILVER. CHAP. 55.—THE MOST REMARKABLE WORKS IN SILVER, AND THE NAMES OF THE MOST FAMOUS ARTISTS IN SILVER. CHAP. 56.—SIL: THE PERSONS WHO FIRST USED IT IN PAINTING, AND THE METHOD THEY ADOPTED. CHAP. 57. (13.)—CÆRULEUM. CHAP. 58.—TWO REMEDIES DERIVED FROM CÆRULEUM.
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Table of Contents:
> BOOK I.
DEDICATION.
> BOOK II. AN ACCOUNT OF THE WORLD AND THE ELEMENTS.
CHAP. 1. (1.)—WHETHER THE WORLD BE FINITE, AND WHETHER THERE BE MORE THAN ONE WORLD.
CHAP. 2. (2.)—OF THE FORM OF THE WORLD .
CHAP. 3. (3.)—OF ITS NATURE; WHENCE THE NAME IS DERIVED.
CHAP. 4. (5.)—OF THE ELEMENTS AND THE PLANETS .
CHAP. 5. (7.)—OF GOD .
CHAP. 6. (8.)—OF THE NATURE OF THE STARS; OF THE MOTION OF THE PLANETS.
CHAP. 7.—OF THE ECLIPSES OF THE MOON AND THE SUN.
CHAP. 8. (11.)—OF THE MAGNITUDE OF THE STARS.
CHAP. 9. (12.)—AN ACCOUNT OF THE OBSERVATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN MADE ON THE HEAVENS BY DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALS.
CHAP. 10. (13.)—ON THE RECURRENCE OF THE ECLIPSES OF THE SUN AND THE MOON.
CHAP. 11. (14.)—OF THE MOTION OF THE MOON.
CHAP. 12. (15.)—OF THE MOTIONS OF THE PLANETS AND THE GENERAL LAWS OF THEIR ASPECTS .
CHAP. 13.—WHY THE SAME STARS APPEAR AT SOME TIMES MORE LOFTY AND AT OTHER TIMES MORE NEAR.
CHAP. 14. (17.)—WHY THE SAME STARS HAVE DIFFERENT MOTIONS.
CHAP. 15.—GENERAL LAWS OF THE PLANETS.
CHAP. 16. (18.)-THE REASON WHY THE STARS ARE OF DIFFERENT COLOURS.
CHAP. 17. (19.)—OF THE MOTION OF THE SUN AND THE CAUSE OF THE IRREGULARITY OF THE DAYS.
CHAP. 18. (20.)—WHY THUNDER IS ASCRIBED TO JUPITER.
CHAP. 19. (21.)-OF THE DISTANCES OR THE STARS.
CHAP. 20. (22.)—OF THE HARMONY OF THE STARS.
CHAP. 21. (23.)—OF THE DIMENSIONS OF THE WORLD.
CHAP. 22. (24.)—OR THE STARS WHICH APPEAR SUDDENLY, OR OF COMETS .
CHAP. 23.—THEIR NATURE, SITUATION, AND SPECIES.
CHAP. 24. (26.)—THE DOCTRINE OF HIPPARCHUS ABOUT THE STARS.
CHAP. 25.—EXAMPLES FROM HISTORY OF CELESTIAL PRODIGIES; FACES, LAMPADES, AND BOLIDES .
CHAP. 26.— TRABES CELESTES; CHASMA CŒLI.
CHAP. 27. (27.)—OF THE COLOURS OF THE SKY AND OF CELESTIAL FLAME.
CHAP. 28. (28.)—OF CELESTIAL CORONÆ.
CHAP. 29.—OF SUDDEN CIRCLES.
CHAP. 30.-OF UNUSUALLY LONG ECLIPSES OF THE SUN.
CHAP. 31. (31.)—MANY SUNS.
CHAP. 32, (32.)—MANY MOONS.
CHAP. 33. (33.)—DAYLIGHT IN THE NIGHT.
CHAP. 34. (34.)—BURNING SHIELDS .
CHAP. 35. (35.)—AN OMINOUS APPEARANCE IN THE HEAVENS, THAT WAS SEEN ONCE ONLY.
CHAP. 36. (36.)—OF STARS WHICH MOVE ABOUT IN VARIOUS DIRECTIONS.
CHAP. 37. (37.)—OR THE STARS WHICH ARE NAMED CASTOR AND POLLUX .
CHAP. 38. (38.)—OR THE AIR AND ON THE CAUSE OF THE SHOWERS OF STONES.
CHAP. 39. (39.)—OR THE STATED SEASONS.
CHAP. 40. (40.)—OF THE RISING OF THE DOG-STAR.
CHAP. 41. (41.)—OF THE REGULAR INFLUENCE OF THE DIFFERENT SEASONS.
CHAP. 42. (42.)—OR UNCERTAIN STATES OF THE WEATHER.
CHAP. 43. (43.)—OR THUNDER AND LIGHTNING.
CHAP. 44.—THE ORIGIN OF WINDS.
CHAP. 45.—VARIOUS OBSERVATIONS RESPECTING WINDS.
CHAP. 46. (47.)—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF WINDS .
CHAP. 47.—THE PERIODS OF THE WINDS .
CHAP. 48.—NATURE OF THE WINDS .
CHAP. 49. (48.)—ECNEPHIAS AND TYPHON.
CHAP. 50.—TORNADOES; BLASTING WINDS; WHIRLWINDS , AND OTHER WONDERFUL KINDS OF TEMPESTS.
CHAP. 51. (50.)—OF THUNDER ; IN WHAT COUNTRIES IT DOES NOT FALL, AND FOR WHAT REASON.
CHAP. 52. (51.)—OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF LIGHTNING AND THEIR WONDERFUL EFFECTS.
CHAP. 53. (52.)—THE ETRURIAN AND THE ROMAN OBSERVATIONS ON THESE POINTS.
CHAP. 54. (53.)—OF CONJURING UP THUNDER.
CHAP. 55. (54.)—GENERAL LAWS OF LIGHTNING.
CHAP. 56. (55.)—OBJECTS. WHICH ARE NEVER STRUCK.
CHAP. 57. (56.)—SHOWERS OF MILK, BLOOD, FLESH, IRON, WOOL, AND BAKED TILES .
CHAP. 58. (57.)—RATTLING OF ARMS AND THE SOUND OF TRUMPETS HEARD IN THE SKY.
CHAP. 59. (58.)—OR STONES THAT HAVE FALLEN FROM THE CLOUDS . THE OPINION OF ANAXAGORAS RESPECTING THEM.
CHAP. 60. (59.)—THE RAINBOW.
CHAP. 61.—THE NATURE OF HAIL, SNOW, HOAR, MIST, DEW; THE FORMS OF CLOUDS.
CHAP. 62. (62.)—THE PECULIARITIES OF THE WEATHER IN DIFFERENT PLACES.
CHAP. 63. (63.)—NATURE OF THE EARTH.
CHAP. 64. (64.)—OF THE FORM OF THE EARTH.
CHAP. 65. (65.)—WHETHER THERE BE ANTIPODES?
CHAP. 66.—How THE WATER IS CONNECTED WITH THE EARTH. OF THE NAVIGATION OF THE SEA AND THE RIVERS.
CHAP. 67. (67.)—WHETHER THE OCEAN SURROUNDS THE EARTH.
CHAP. 68. (68.)—WHAT PART OF THE EARTH IS INHABITED.
CHAP. 69. (69.)—THAT THE EARTH IS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE WORLD.
CHAP. 70. (70.)—OF THE OBLIQUITY OF THE ZONES .
CHAP. 71.—OF THE INEQUALITY OF CLIMATES.
CHAP. 72.—IN WHAT PLACES ECLIPSES ARE INVISIBLE, AND WHY THIS IS THE CASE.
CHAP. 73. (71.)—WHAT REGULATES THE DAYLIGHT ON THE EARTH.
CHAP. 74. (72.)—REMARKS ON DIALS, AS CONNECTED WITH THIS SUBJECT.
CHAP. 75. (73.)—WHEN AND WHERE THERE ARE NO SHADOWS.
CHAP. 76. (74.)—WHERE THIS TAKES PLACE TWICE IN THE YEAR AND WHERE THE SHADOWS FALL IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS.
CHAP. 77. (75.)—WHERE THE DAYS ARE THE LONGEST AND WHERE THE SHORTEST.
CHAP. 78. (76.)—OF THE FIRST DIAL.
CHAP. 79. (77.)—OF THE MODE IN WHICH THE DAYS ARE COMPUTED.
CHAP. 80. (78.)—OF THE DIFFERENCE OF NATIONS AS DEPENDING ON THE NATURE OF THE WORLD.
CHAP. 81. (79.)—OF EARTHQUAKES.
CHAP. 82. (80.)—OF CLEFTS OF THE EARTH.
CHAP. 83. (81.)—SIGNS OF AN APPROACHING EARTHQUAKE.
CHAP. 84. (82.)—PRESERVATIVES AGAINST FUTURE EARTHQUAKES.
CHAP. 85. (83.)—PRODIGIES OF THE EARTH WHICH HAVE OCCURRED ONCE ONLY.
CHAP. 86. (81.)—WONDERFUL CIRCUMSTANCES ATTENDING EARTHQUAKES.
CHAP. 87. (85.)—IN WHAT PLACES THE SEA HAS RECEDED.
CHAP. 88. (86.)—THE MODE IN WHICH ISLANDS RISE UP.
CHAP. 89. (87.)—WHAT ISLANDS HAVE BEEN FORMED, AND AT WHAT PERIODS.
CHAP. 90.—LANDS WHICH HAVE BEEN SEPARATED BY THE SEA.
CHAP. 91. (89.)—ISLANDS WHICH HAVE BEEN UNITED TO THE MAIN LAND.
CHAP. 92. (90.)—LANDS WHICH HAVE BEEN TOTALLY CHANGED INTO SEAS.
CHAP. 93. (91.)—LANDS WHICH HAVE BEEN SWALLOWED UP.
CHAP. 94. (92.)—CITIES WHICH HAVE BEEN ABSORBED BY THE SEA.
CHAP. 95. (93.)—OF VENTS IN THE EARTH.
CHAP. 96. (94.)—OF CERTAIN LANDS WHICH ARE ALWAYS SHAKING, AND OF FLOATING ISLANDS.
CHAP. 97. (96.)—PLACES IN WHICH IT NEVER RAINS.
CHAP. 98.—THE WONDERS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES COLLECTED TOGETHER.
CHAP. 99. (97)—CONCERNING THE CAUSE OF THE FLOWING AND EBBING OF THE SEA.
CHAP. 100.—WHERE THE TIDES RISE AND FALL IN AN UNUSUAL MANNER.
CHAP. 101. (9S.)—WONDERS OF THE SEA.
CHAP. 102. (99.)—THE POWER OF THE MOON OVER THE LAND AND THE SEA.
CHAP. 103. (100.)—THE POWER OF THE SUN.
CHAP. 104.—WHY THE SEA IS SALT.
CHAP. 105. (102.)—WHERE THE SEA IS THE DEEPEST.
CHAP. 106. (103.)—THE WONDERS OF FOUNTAINS AND RIVERS.
CHAP. 107.—THE WONDERS OF FIRE AND WATER UNITED.
CHAP. 108. (104.)—OF MALTHA.
CHAP. 109. (105.)—OF NAPHTHA.
CHAP. 110. (106.)—PLACES WHICH ARE ALWAYS BURNING.
CHAP. 111. (107.)—WONDERS OF FIRE ALONE.
CHAP. 112. (108.)—THE DIMENSIONS OF THE EARTH.
CHAP. 113.—THE HARMONICAL PROPORTION OF THE UNIVERSE.
> BOOK III. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE BOUNDARIES AND GULFS OF EUROPE FIRST SET FORTH IN A GENERAL WAY.
CHAP. 2.—OF SPAIN GENERALLY.
CHAP. 3.—OF BÆTICA.
CHAP. 4. (3.)—OF NEARER SPAIN.
CHAP. 5. (4.)—OF THE PROVINCE OF GALLIA NARBONENSIS.
CHAP. 6. (5.)—OF ITALY.
CHAP. 7.—OF THE NINTH REGION OF ITALY.
CHAP. 8.—THE SEVENTH REGION OF ITALY.
CHAP. 9.—THE FIRST REGION OF ITALY ; THE TIBER; ROME.
CHAP. 10.—THE THIRD REGION OF ITALY.
CHAP. 11.—SIXTY-FOUR ISLANDS, AMONG WHICH ARE THE BALEARES.
CHAP. 12. (6.)—CORSICA.
CHAP. 13.—SARDINIA.
CHAP. 14. (8.)—SICILY.
CHAP. 15. (10.)—MAGNA GRÆCIA, BEGINNING AT LOCRI.
CHAP. 16.—THE SECOND REGION OF ITALY.
CHAP. 17. (12.)—THE FOURTH REGION OF ITALY.
CHAP. 18. (13.)—THE FIFTH REGION OF ITALY.
CHAP. 19. (14.)—THE SIXTH REGION OF ITALY.
CHAP. 20. (15.)—THE EIGHTH REGION OF ITALY; THE PADUS.
CHAP. 21. (17.)—THE ELEVENTH REGION OF ITALY; ITALIA TRANSPAIDANA.
CHAP. 22. (18.)—THE TENTH REGION OF ITALY.
CHAP. 23. (19.)—ISTRIA, ITS PEOPLE AND LOCALITY.
CHAP. 24. (20.)—THE ALPS, AND THE ALPINE NATIONS.
CHAP. 25. (21.)—LIBURNIA AND ILLYRICUM.
CHAP. 26. (22.)—DALMATIA.
CHAP. 27. (24.)—THE NORICI.
CHAP. 28. (25.)—PANNONIA.
CHAP. 29. (26.)—MŒSIA.
CHAP. 30.—ISLANDS OF THE IONIAN SEA AND THE ADRIATIC.
> BOOK IV. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
CHAP. 1. (1.)—EPIRUS.
CHAP. 2.—ACARNANIA.
CHAP. 3. (2.)—ÆTOLIA.
CHAP. 4. (3.)—LOCRIS AND PHOCIS.
CHAP. 5. (4.)—THE PELOPONNESUS.
CHAP. 6. (5.)—ACHAIA.
CHAP. 7.—MESSENIA.
CHAP. 8.—LACONIA.
CHAP. 9.—ARGOLIS.
CHAP. 10. (6.)—ARCADIA.
CHAP. 11. (7.)—ATTICA.
CHAP. 12.—BŒOTIA.
CHAP. 13.—DORIS.
CHAP. 14.—PHTHIOTIS.
CHAP. 15. (8.)—THESSALY PROPER.
CHAP. 16. (9.)—MAGNESIA.
CHAP. 17. (10.)—MACEDONIA.
CHAP. 18. (11.)—THRACE; THE ÆGEAN SEA.
CHAP. 19. (12.)—THE ISLANDS WHICH LIE BEFORE THE LANDS ALREADY MENTIONED.
CHAP. 20.—CRETE.
CHAP. 21.—EUBŒA.
CHAP. 22.—THE CYCLADES.
CHAP. 23.—THE SPORADES.
CHAP. 24.—THE HELLESPONT.—THE LAKE MÆOTIS.
CHAP. 25.—DACIA, SARMATIA.
CHAP. 26.—SCYTHIA.
CHAP. 27.—THE ISLANDS OF THE EUXINE. THE ISLANDS OF THE NORTHERN OCEAN.
CHAP. 28.—GERMANY.
CHAP. 29. (15.)—NINETY-SIX ISLANDS OF THE GALLIC OCEAN.
CHAP. 30. (16.)—BRITANNIA.
CHAP. 31. (17.)—GALLIA BELGICA.
CHAP. 32. (18.)—GALLIA LUGDUNENSIS.
CHAP. 33. (19.)—GALLIA AQUITANICA.
CHAP. 34. (20.)—NEARER SPAIN, ITS COAST ALONG THE GALLIC OCEAN.
CHAP. 35. (21.)—LUSITANIA.
CHAP. 36.—THE ISLANDS IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN.
CHAP. 37. (23.)—THE GENERAL MEASUREMENT OF EUROPE.
> BOOK V. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
CHAP. 1.—THE TWO MAURITANIAS.
CHAP. 2. (3.)—NUMIDIA.
CHAP. 3. (4.)—AFRICA.
CHAP. 4.—THE SYRTES.
CHAP. 5. (5.)—CYRENAICA.
CHAP. 6. (6.)—LIBYA MAREOTIS.
CHAP. 7. (7.)—THE ISLANDS IN THE VICINITY OF AFRICA.
CHAP. 8. (8.)—COUNTRIES ON THE OTHER SIDE OF AFRICA.
CHAP. 9. (9.)—EGYPT AND THEBAIS.
CHAP. 10.—THE RIVER NILE.
CHAP. 11.—THE CITIES OF EGYPT.
CHAP. 12. (11.)—THE COASTS OF ARABIA, SITUATE ON THE EGYPTIAN SEA.
CHAP. 13. (12.)—SYRIA.
CHAP. 14.—IDUMÆA, PALÆSTINA, AND SAMARIA.
CHAP. 15. (14.)—JUDÆA.
CHAP. 16. (18.)—DECAPOLIS.
CHAP. 17. (19.)—PUŒNICE.
CHAP. 18.—SYRIA ANTIOCHIA.
CHAP. 19. (23.)—THE REMAINING PARTS OF SYRIA.
CHAP. 20. (24.)—THE EUPHRATES.
CHAP. 21—SYRIA UPON THE EUPHRATES.
CHAP. 22. (27.)—CILICIA AND THE ADJOINING NATIONS.
CHAP. 23.—ISAURIA AND THE HOMONADES.
CHAP. 24.—PISIDIA.
CHAP. 25—LYCAONIA.
CHAP. 26.—PAMPHYLIA.
CHAP. 27.—MOUNT TAURUS.
CHAP. 28.—LYCIA.
CHAP. 29—CARIA.
CHAP. 30.—LYDIA.
CHAP. 31.—IONIA.
CHAP. 32. (30.)—ÆOLIS.
CHAP. 33.—TROAS AND THE ADJOINING NATIONS.
CHAP. 34. (31.)—THE ISLANDS WHICH LIE IN FRONT OF ASIA.
CHAP. 35.—CYPRUS.
CHAP. 36—RHODES.
CHAP. 37.—SAMOS.
CHAP. 38.—CHIOS.
CHAP. 39.—LESBOS.
CHAP. 40. (32.)—THE HELLESPONT AND MYSIA
CHAP. 41.—PHRYGIA.
CHAP. 42.—GALATIA AND THE ADJOINING NATIONS.
CHAP. 43.—BITHYNIA.
CHAP. 44.—THE ISLANDS OF THE PROPONTIS.
> BOOK VI. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST, OR FORMERLY EXISTED.
CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE EUXINE AND THE MARYANDINI.
CHAP. 2. (2.)—PAPHLAGONIA.
CHAP. 3. (3.)—CAPPADOCIA.
CHAP. 4.—THE REGION OF THEMISCYRA, AND THE NATIONS THEREIN.
CHAP. 5. (5)—THE REGION OF COLICA, THE NATIONS OF THE ACHÆI, AND OTHER NATIONS IN THE SAME PARTS.
CHAP. 6.—THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS.
CHAP. 7.—LAKE MIEOTIS AND THE ADJOINING NATIONS.
CHAP. 8. (8.)—THE SITUATION OF CAPPADOCIA.
CHAP. 9. (9.)—THE LESSER AND THE GREATER ARMENIA.
CHAP. 10.—THE RIVERS CYRUS AND ARAXES.
CHAP. 11. (10.)—ALBANIA, IBERIA, AND THE ADJOINING NATIONS.
CHAP. 12. (11.)—THE PASSES OF THE CAUCASUS.
CHAP. 13. (12.)—THE ISLANDS OF THE EUXINE.
CHAP. 14. (13.)—NATIONS IN THE VICINITY OF THE SCYTHIAN OCEAN.
CHAP. 15.—THE CASPIAN AND HYRCANIAN SEA.
CHAP. 16.—ADIABENE.
CHAP. 17. (14.)—MEDIA AND THE CASPIAN GATES.
CHAP. 18. (16.)—NATIONS SITUATE AROUND THE HYRCANIAN SEA.
CHAP. 19. (17.)—THE NATIONS OF SCYTHIA AND THE COUNTRIES ON THE EASTERN OCEAN.
CHAP. 20.—THE SERES.
CHAP. 21.—THE NATIONS OF INDIA.
CHAP. 22. (18.)—THE GANGES.
CHAP. 23. (20.)—THE INDUS.
CHAP. 24. (22.)—TAPROBANE.
CHAP. 25.—THE ARIANI AND THE ADJOINING NATIONS.
CHAP. 26.—VOYAGES TO INDIA.
CHAP. 27.—CARMANIA.
CHAP. 28.—THE PERSIAN AND THE ARABIAN GULFS.
CHAP. 29.—THE PARTHIAN EMPIRE.
CHAP. 30.—MESOPOTAMIA.
CHAP. 31.—THE TIGRIS.
CHAP. 32. (28.)—ARABIA.
CHAP. 33.—THE GULFS OF THE RED SEA.
CHAP. 34.—TROGLODYTICE.
CHAP. 35.—ETHIOPIA.
CHAP. 36. (31.)—ISLANDS OF THE ÆTHIOPIAN SEA.
CHAP. 37. (32.)—THE FORTUNATE ISLANDS.
CHAP. 38.—THE COMPARATIVE DISTANCES OF PLACES ON THE FACE OF THE EARTH.
CHAP. 39.—DIVISION OF THE EARTH INTO PARALLELS AND SHADOWS OF EQUAL LENGTH.
> BOOK VII. MAN, HIS BIRTH, HIS ORGANIZATION, AND THE INVENTION OF THE ARTS.
CHAP. 1.—MAN.
CHAP. 2.—THE WONDERFUL FORMS OF DIFFERENT NATIONS.
CHAP. 3.—MARVELLOUS BIRTHS.
CHAP. 4. (5.)—THE GENERATION OF MAN; UNUSUAL DURATION OF PREGNANCY; INSTANCES OF IT FROM SEVEN TO TWELVE MONTHS.
CHAP. 5. (6.)—INDICATIONS OF THE SEX OF THE CHILD DURING THE PREGNANCY OF THE MOTHER.
CHAP. 6. (8.)—MONSTROUS BIRTHS.
CHAP. 7. (9.)—OF THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN CUT OUT OF THE WOMB.
CHAP. 8. (10.)—WHO WERE CALLED VOPISCI.
CHAP. 9. (11.)—THE CONCEPTION AND GENERATION OF MAN.
CHAP. 10.—STRIKING INSTANCES OF RESEMBLANCE.
CHAP. 11. (13.)—WHAT MEN ARE SUITED FOR GENERATION. INSTANCES OF VERY NUMEROUS OFFSPRING.
CHAP. 12. (14.)—AT WHAT AGE GENERATION CEASES.
CHAP. 13. (15.)—REMARKABLE CIRCUMSTANCES CONNECTED WITH THE MENSTRUAL DISCHARGE.
CHAP. 14.—THE THEORY OF GENERATION.
CHAP. 15.—SOME ACCOUNT OF THE TEETH, AND SOME FACTS CONCERNING INFANTS.
CHAP. 16.—EXAMPLES OF UNUSUAL SIZE.
CHAP. 7.—CHILDREN REMARKABLE FOR THEIR PRECOCITY.
CHAP. 18.—SOME REMARKABLE PROPERTIES OF THE BODY.
CHAP. 19. (20.)—INSTANCES OF EXTRAORDINARY STRENGTH.
CHAP. 20.—INSTANCES OF REMARKABLE AGILITY.
CHAP. 21. (21.)—INSTANCES OF ACUTENESS OF SIGHT.
CHAP. 22.(22.)—INSTANCES OF REMARKABLE ACUTENESS OF HEARING.
CHAP. 23. (23.)—INSTANCES OF ENDURANCE OF PAIN.
CHAP. 24. (24.)—MEMORY.
CHAP. 25. (25.)—VIGOUR OF MIND
CHAP. 26.—CLEMENCY AND GREATNESS OF MIND.
CHAP. 27. (26.)—HEROIC EXPLOITS.
CHAP. 28. (27.)—UNION IN THE SAME PERSON OF THREE OF THE HIGHEST QUALITIES WITH THE GREATEST PURITY.
CHAP. 29. (28.)—INSTANCES OF EXTREME COURAGE.
CHAP. 30. (29.)—MEN OF REMARKABLE GENIUS.
CHAP. 31. (30.)—MEN WHO HAVE BEEN REMARKABLE FOR WISDOM.
CHAP. 32. (32.)—PRECEPTS THE MOST USEFUL IN LIFE.
CHAP. 33. (33.)—DIVINATION.
CHAP. 34. (34.)—THE MAN WHO WAS PRONOUNCED TO BE THE MOST EXCELLENT.
CHAP. 35. (35.)—THE MOST CHASTE MATRONS.
CHAP. 36. (36.)—INSTANCES OF THE HIGHEST DEGREE OF AFFECTION.
CHAP. 37. (37.)—NAMES OF MEN WHO HAVE EXCELLED IN THE ARTS, ASTROLOGY, GRAMMAR, AND MEDICINE.
CHAP. 38.—GEOMETRY AND ARCHITECTURE.
CHAP. 39. (38.)—OF PAINTING; ENGRAVING ON BRONZE, MARBLE, AND IVORY; OF CARVING.
CHAP. 40. (39.)—SLAVES FOR WHICH A HIGH PRICE HAS BEEN GIVEN.
CHAP. 41. (40.)—SUPREME HAPPINESS.
CHAP. 42. (41.)—RARE INSTANCES OF GOOD FORTUNE CONTINUING IN THE SAME FAMILY.
CHAP. 43. (42.)—REMARKABLE EXAMPLE OF VICISSITUDES.
CHAP. 44.—REMARKABLE EXAMPLES OF HONOURS.
CHAP. 45.—TEN VERY FORTUNATE CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH HAVE HAPPENED TO THE SAME PERSON.
CHAP. 46.—THE MISFORTUNES OF AUGUSTUS.
CHAP. 47. (46.)—MEN WHOM THE GODS HAVE PRONOUNCED TO BE THE MOST HAPPY.
CHAP. 48. (47.)—THE MAN WHOM THE GODS ORDERED TO BE WORSHIPPED DURING HIS LIFE-TIME; A REMARKABLE FLASH OF LIGHTNING.
CHAP. 49. (48.)—THE GREATEST LENGTH OF LIFE.
CHAP. 50. (49.)—THE VARIETY OF DESTINIES AT THE BIRTH OF MAN.
CHAP. 51. (50.)—VARIOUS INSTANCES OF DISEASES.
CHAP. 52. (51.)—DEATH.
CHAP. 53. (52.)—PERSONS WHO HAVE COME TO LIFE AGAIN AFTER BEING LAID OUT FOR BURIAL.
CHAP. 54. (53.)—INSTANCES OF SUDDEN DEATH.
CHAP. 55. (54.)—BURIAL.
CHAP. 56. (55.)—THE MANES, OR DEPARTED SPIRITS OF THE SOUL.
CHAP. 57. (56.)—THE INVENTORS OF VARIOUS THINGS.
CHAP. 58. (57.)—THE THINGS ABOUT WHICH MANKIND FIRST OF ALL AGREED. THE ANCIENT LETTERS.
CHAP. 59. (59.)—WHEN BARBERS WERE FIRST EMPLOYED.
CHAP. 60.—WHEN THE FIRST TIME-PIECES WERE MADE.
> BOOK VIII. THE NATURE OF THE TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS.
CHAP. 1. (1.)—ELEPHANTS; THEIR CAPACITY.
CHAP. 2. (2.)—WHEN ELEPHANTS WERE FIRST PUT INTO HARNESS.
CHAP. 3. (3.)—THE DOCILITY OF THE ELEPHANT.
CHAP. 4.—WONDERFUL THINGS WHICH HAVE BEEN DONE BY THE ELEPHANT.
CHAP. 5. (4.)—THE INSTINCT OF WILD ANIMALS IN PERCEIVING DANGER.
CHAP. 6. (6.)—WHEN ELEPHANTS WERE FIRST SEEN IN ITALY.
CHAP. 7. (7.)—THE COMBATS OF ELEPHANTS.
CHAP. 8. (8.)—THE WAY IN WHICH ELEPHANTS ARE CAUGHT.
CHAP. 9. (9.)—THE METHOD BY WHICH THEY ARE TAMED.
CHAP. 10. (10.)—THE BIRTH OF THE ELEPHANT, AND OTHER PARTICULARS RESPECTING IT.
CHAP. 11. (11.)—IN WHAT COUNTRIES THE ELEPHANT IS FOUND; THE ANTIPATHY OF THE ELEPHANT AND THE DRAGON.
CHAP. 12. (12.)—THE SAGACITY OF THESE ANIMALS.
CHAP. 13. (13.)—DRAGONS.
CHAP. 14. (14.)—SERPENTS OF REMARKABLE SIZE.
CHAP. 15. (15.)—THE ANIMALS OF SCYTHIA; THE BISON.
CHAP. 16.—THE ANIMALS OF THE NORTH; THE ELK, THE ACHLIS, AND THE BONASUS.
CHAP. 17.—LIONS; HOW THEY ARE PRODUCED.
CHAP. 18.—THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF LIONS.
CHAP. 19.—THE PECULIAR CHARACTER OF THE LION.
CHAP. 20.—WHO IT WAS THAT FIRST INTRODUCED COMBATS OF LIONS AT ROME, AND WHO HAS BROUGHT TOGETHER THE GREATEST NUMBER OF LIONS FOR THAT PURPOSE.
CHAP. 21.—WONDERFUL FEATS PERFORMED BY LIONS.
CHAP. 22.—A MAN RECOGNIZED AND SAVED BY A DRAGON.
CHAP. 23.—PANTHERS.
CHAP. 24.—THE DECREE OF THE SENATE, AND LAWS RESPECTING AFRICAN ANIMALS; WHO FIRST BROUGHT THEM TO ROME, AND WHO BROUGHT THE GREATEST NUMBER OF THEM.
CHAP. 25.—TIGERS: WHEN FIRST SEEN AT ROME; THEIR NATURE.
CHAP. 26.—CAMELS: THE DIFFERENT KINDS.
CHAP. 27.—THE CAMELEOPARD; WHEN IT WAS FIRST SEEN AT ROME.
CHAP. 28. (19.)—THE CHAMA, AND THE CEPUS.
CHAP. 29. (20.)—THE RHINOCEROS.
CHAP. 30. (21.)—THE LYNX, THE SPHINX, THE CROCOTTA, AND THE MONKEY.
CHAP. 31.—THE TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS OF INDIA.
CHAP. 32.—THE ANIMALS OF ÆTHIOPIA; A WILD BEAST WHICH KILLS WITH ITS EYE.
CHAP. 33.—THE SERPENTS CALLED BASILISKS.
CHAP. 34. (22.)—WOLVES; THE ORIGIN OF THE STORY OF VERSIPELLIS.
CHAP. 35. (23.)—DIFFERENT KINDS OF SERPENTS.
CHAP. 36.—THE ICHNEUMON.
CHAP. 37. (25.)—THE CROCODILE.
CHAP. 38.—THE SCINCUS.
CHAP. 39.—THE HIPPOPOTAMUS.
CHAP. 40. (26.)—WHO FIRST EXHIBITED THE HIPPOPOTAMUS AND THE CROCODILE AT ROME.
CHAP. 41. (27.)—THE MEDICINAL REMEDIES WHICH HAVE BEEN BORROWED FROM ANIMALS.
CHAP. 42. (28.)—PROGNOSTICS OF DANGER DERIVED FROM ANIMALS.
CHAP. 43. (29.)—NATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN EXTERMINATED BY ANIMALS.
CHAP. 44. (30.)—THE HYÆNA.
CHAP. 45.—THE COROCOTTA; THE MANTICHORA.
CHAP. 46.—WILD ASSES.
CHAP. 47.—BEAVERS, AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS; OTHERS.
CHAP. 48. (31.)—BRAMBLE-FROGS.
CHAP. 49.—THE SEA-CALF; BEAVERS; LIZARDS.
CHAP. 50. (32.)—STAGS.
CHAP. 51.—THE CHAMELEON.
CHAP. 52.—OTHER ANIMALS WHICH CHANGE COLOUR; THE TARANDUS, THE LYCAON, AND THE THOS.
CHAP. 53. (35.)—THE PORCUPINE.
CHAP. 54. (36.)—BEARS AND THEIR CUBS.
CHAP. 55. (37.)—THE MICE OF PONTUS AND OF THE ALPS.
CHAP. 56.—HEDGEHOGS.
CHAP. 57. (38.)—THE LEONTOPHONUS, AND THE LYNX.
CHAP. 58.—BADGERS AND SQUIRRELS.
CHAP. 59. (39.)—VIPERS AND SNAILS.
CHAP. 60.—LIZARDS.
CHAP. 61. (40.)—THE QUALITIES OF THE DOG; EXAMPLES OF TS ATTACHMENT TO ITS MASTER; NATIONS WHICH HAVE KEPT DOGS FOR THE PURPOSES OF WAR.
CHAP. 62.—THE GENERATION OF THE DOG.
CHAP. 63.—REMEDIES AGAINST CANINE MADNESS.
CHAP. 64. (42.)—THE NATURE OF THE HORSE.
CHAP. 65.—THE DISPOSITION OF THE HORSE; REMARKABLE FACTS CONCERNING CHARIOT HORSES.
CHAP. 66.—THE GENERATION OF THE HORSE.
CHAP. 67.—MARES IMPREGNATED BY THE WIND.
CHAP. 68. (45.)—THE ASS, ITS GENERATION.
CHAP. 69. (44.)—THE NATURE OF MULES, AND OF OTHER BEASTS OF BURDEN.
CHAP. 70. (45.)—OXEN; THEIR GENERATION.
CHAP. 71. (46.)—THE EGYPTIAN APIS.
CHAP. 72. (47.)—SHEEP, AND THEIR PROPAGATION.
CHAP. 73. (43.)—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF WOOL, AND THEIR COLOURS.
CHAP. 74.—DIFFERENT KINDS OF CLOTHS.
CHAP. 75.—THE DIFFERENT SHAPES OF SHEEP; THE MUSMON.
CHAP. 76. (50.)—GOATS AND THEIR PROPAGATION.
CHAP. 77. (51.)—THE HOG.
CHAP. 78.—THE WILD BOAR; WHO WAS THE FIRST TO ESTABLISH PARKS FOR WILD ANIMALS.
CHAP. 79. (53.)—ANIMALS IN A HALF-WILD STATE.
CHAP. 80. (54.)—APES.
CHAP. 81. (55.)—THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF HARES.
CHAP. 82. (56.)—ANIMALS WHICH ARE TAMED IN PART ONLY.
CHAP. 83. (58.)—PLACES IN WHICH CERTAIN ANIMALS ARE NOT TO BE FOUND.
CHAP. 84. (59.)—ANIMALS WHICH INJURE STRANGERS ONLY, AS ALSO ANIMALS WHICH INJURE THE NATIVES OF THE COUNTRY ONLY, AND WHERE THEY ARE FOUND.
> BOOK IX. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF FISHES.
CHAP. 1. (1.)—WHY THE LARGEST ANIMALS ARE FOUND IN THE SEA.
CHAP. 2. (3.)—THE SEA MONSTERS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN.
CHAP. 3. (4.)—THE LARGEST ANIMALS THAT ARE FOUND IN EACH OCEAN.
CHAP. 4. (5.)—THE FORMS OF THE TRITONS AND NEREIDS. THE FORMS OF SEA ELEPHANTS.
CHAP. 5. (6.)—THE BALÆNA AND THE ORCA
CHAP. 6.—WHETHER FISHES RESPIRE, AND WHETHER THEY SLEEP.
CHAP. 7. (8.)—DOLPHINS.
CHAP. 8.—HUMAN BEINGS WHO HAVE BEEN BELOVED BY DOLPHINS.
CHAP. 9.—PLACES WHERE DOLPHINS HELP MEN TO FISH.
CHAP. 10.—OTHER WONDERFUL THINGS RELATING TO DOLPHINS.
CHAP. 11. (9.)—THE TURSIO.
CHAP. 12. (10.)—TURTLES. THE VARIOUS KINDS OF TURTLES, AND HOW THEY ARE CAUGHT.
CHAP. 13.—( 1.)—WHO FIRST INVENTED THE ART OF CUTTING TORTOISE-SHELL.
CHAP. 14. (12.)—DISTRIBUTION OF AQUATIC ANIMALS INTO VARIOUS SPECIES.
CHAP. 15. (13.)—THOSE WHICH ARE COVERED WITH HAIR, OR HAVE NONE, AND HOW THEY BRING FORTH. SEA-CALVES, OR PHOCÆ.
CHAP. 16.—HOW MANY KINDS OF FISH THERE ARE.
CHAP. 17. (15.)—WHICH OF THE FISHES ARE OF THE LARGEST SIZE.
CHAP. 18.—TUNNIES, CORDYLA, AND PELAMIDES, AND THE VARIOUS PARTS OF THEM THAT ARE SALTED. MELANDRYA, APOLECTI, AND CYBIA.
CHAP. 19.—THE AURIAS AND THE SCOMBER.
CHAP. 20.—FISHES WHICH ARE NEVER FOUND IN THE EUXINE; THOSE WHICH ENTER IT AND RETURN.
CHAP. 21.—WHY FISHES LEAP ABOVE THE SURFACE OF THE WATER.
CHAP. 22. (16.)—THAT AUGURIES ARE DERIVED FROM FISHES.
CHAP. 23.—WHAT KINDS OF FISHES HAVE NO MALES.
CHAP. 24.—FISHES WHICH HAVE A STONE IN THE HEAD; THOSE WHICH KEEP THEMSELVES CONCEALED DURING WINTER; AND THOSE WHICH ARE NOT TAKEN IN WINTER, EXCEPT UPON STATED DAYS.
CHAP. 25.—FISHES WHICH CONCEAL THEMSELVES DURING THE SUMMER; THOSE WHICH ARE INFLUENCED BY THE STARS.
CHAP. 26. (17.)—THE MULLET.
CHAP. 27.—THE ACIPENSER.
CHAP. 28.—THE LUPUS, ASELLUS.
CHAP. 29.—THE SCARUS, THE MUSTELA.
CHAP. 30.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF MULLETS, AND THE SARGUS THAT ATTENDS THEM.
CHAP. 31.—ENORMOUS PRICES OF SOME FISH.
CHAP. 32.—THAT THE SAME KINDS ARE NOT EVERYWHERE EQUALLY ESTEEMED.
CHAP. 33.—GILLS AND SCALES.
CHAP. 34. (19.)—FISHES WHICH HAVE A VOICE .— FISHES WITHOUT GILLS.
CHAP. 35.—FISHES WHICH COME ON LAND. THE PROPER TIME FOR CATCHING FISH.
CHAP. 36. (20.)—CLASSIFICATION OF FISHES, ACCORDING TO THE SHAPE OF THE BODY.
CHAP. 37.—THE FINS OF FISH, AND THEIR MODE OF SWIMMING.
CHAP. 38. (21)—EELS
CHAP. 39. (23.)—THE MURÆNA.
CHAP. 40. (24.)—VARIOUS KINDS OF FLAT FISH.
CHAP. 41. (25.)—THE ECHENEIS, AND ITS USES IN ENCHANTMENTS.
CHAP. 42. (26.)—FISHES WHICH CHANGE THEIR COLOUR.
CHAP. 43.—FISHES WHICH FLY ABOVE THE WATER. — THE SEA-SWALLOW. — THE FISH THAT SHINES IN THE NIGHT .— THE HORNED FISH. — THE SEA-DRAGON.
CHAP. 44. (28.)—FISHES WHICH HAVE NO BLOOD.—FISHES KNOWN AS SOFT FISH.
CHAP. 45. (29.)—THE SÆPIA, THE LOLIGO, THE SCALLOP.
CHAP. 46.—THE POLYPUS.
CHAP. 47.—THE NAUTILUS, OR SAILING POLYPUS.
CHAP. 48. (30.)—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF POLYPI; THEIR SHREWDNESS.
CHAP. 49.—THE SAILING NAUPLIUS.
CHAP. 50.—SEA-ANIMALS, WHICH ARE ENCLOSED WITH A CRUST; THE CRAY-FISH.
CHAP. 51.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF CRABS; THE PINNOTHERES, THE SEA URCHIN, COCKLES, AND SCALLOPS.
CHAP. 52.—VARIOUS KINDS OF SHELL-FISH.
CHAP. 53. (34.)—WHAT NUMEROUS APPLIANCES OF LUXURY ARE FOUND IN THE SEA.
CHAP. 54.—PEARLS; HOW THEY ARE PRODUCED, AND WHERE.
CHAP. 55.—HOW PEARLS ARE FOUND.
CHAP. 56.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF PEARLS.
CHAP. 57.—REMARKABLE FACTS CONNECTED WITH PEARLS — THEIR NATURE.
CHAP. 58.—INSTANCES OF THE USE OF PEARLS.
CHAP. 59.—HOW PEARLS FIRST CAME INTO USE AT ROME.
CHAP. 60.—THE NATURE OF THE MUREX AND THE PURPLE.
CHAP. 61.—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF PURPLES.
CHAP. 62. (38.)—HOW WOOLS ARE DYED WITH THE JUICES OF THE PURPLE.
CHAP. 63. (39.)—WHEN PURPLE WAS FIRST USED AT ROME: WHEN THE LATICLAVE VESTMENT AND THE PRÆTEXTA WERE FIRST WORN.
CHAP. 64.—FABRICS CALLED CONCHYLIATED.
CHAP. 65.—THE AMETHYST, THE TYRIAN, THE HYSGINIAN, AND THE CRIMSON TINTS.
CHAP. 66. (42.)—THE PINNA, AND THE PINNOTHERES.
CHAP. 67.—THE SENSITIVENESS OF WATER ANIMALS; THE TORPEDO, THE PASTINACA, THE SCOLOPENDRA, THE GLANIS, AND THE RAM-FISH.
CHAP. 68. (45.)—BODIES WHICH HAVE A THIRD NATURE, THAT OF THE ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE COMBINED-THE SEA-NETTLE.
CHAP. 69.—SPONGES; THE VARIOUS KINDS OF THEM, AND WHERE THEY ARE PRODUCED: PROOFS THAT THEY ARE GIFTED WITH LIFE BY NATURE.
CHAP. 70. (46.)—DOG-FISH.
CHAP. 71.—FISHES WHICH ARE ENCLOSED IN A STONY SHELL — SEA ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO SENSATION — OTHER ANIMALS WHICH LIVE IN THE MUD.
CHAP. 72. (48.)—VENOMOUS SEA-ANIMALS.
CHAP. 73. (49.)—THE MALADIES OF FISHES.
CHAP. 74. (50.)—THE GENERATION OF FISHES.
CHAP. 75.—FISHES WHICH ARE BOTH OVIPAROUS AND VIVIPAROUS.
CHAP. 76.—FISHES THE BELLY OF WHICH OPENS IN SPAWNING, AND THEN CLOSES AGAIN.
CHAP. 77. (52.)—FISHES WHICH HAVE A WOMB; THOSE WHICH IMPREGNATE THEMSELVES.
CHAP. 78. (53.)—THE LONGEST LIVES KNOWN AMONGST FISHES.
CHAP. 79. (54.)—THE FIRST PERSON THAT FORMED ARTIFICIAL OYSTER—BEDS.
CHAP. 80.—WHO WAS THE FIRST INVENTOR OF PRESERVES FOR OTHER FISH.
CHAP. 81. (55.)—WHO INVENTED PRESERVES FOR MURENÆ.
CHAP. 82. (56.)—WHO INVENTED PRESERVES FOR SEA-SNAILS.
CHAP. 83. (57.)—LAND FISHES.
CHAP. 84. (58.)—THE MICE OF THE NILE.
CHAP. 85. (59.)—HOW THE FISH CALLED THE ANTHIAS IS TAKEN.
CHAP. 86. (60.)—SEA-STARS.
CHAP. 87. (61.)—THE MARVELLOUS PROPERTIES OF THE DACTYLUS.
CHAP. 88. (62.)—THE ANTIPATHIES AND SYMPATHIES THAT EXIST BETWEEN AQUATIC ANIMALS.
> BOOK X. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS.
CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE OSTRICH.
CHAP. 2. (2.)—THE PHŒNIX.
CHAP. 3. (3.)—THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF EAGLES.
CHAP. 4.—THE NATURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EAGLE.
CHAP. 5. (4.)—WHEN THE EAGLE WAS FIRST USED AS THE STANDARD OF THE ROMAN LEGIONS.
CHAP. 6. (5.)—AN EAGLE WHICH PRECIPITATED ITSELF ON THE FUNERAL PILE OF A GIRL.
CHAP. 7. (6.)—THE VULTURE.
CHAP. 8. (7.)—THE BIRDS CALLED SANGUALIS AND IMMUSULUS.
CHAP. 9. (8.)—HAWKS. THE BUTEO.
CHAP. 10.—IN WHAT PLACES HAWKS AND MEN PURSUE THE CHASE IN COMPANY WITH EACH OTHER.
CHAP. 11. (9.)—THE ONLY BIRD THAT IS KILLED BY THOSE OF ITS OWN KIND.—A BIRD THAT LAYS ONLY ONE EGG.
CHAP. 12. (10.)—THE KITE.
CHAP. 13. (11.)—THE CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS.
CHAP. 14. (12.)—CROWS. BIRDS OF ILL OMEN. AT WHAT SEASONS THEY ARE NOT INAUSPICIOUS.
CHAP. 15.—THE RAVEN.
CHAP. 16.—THE HORNED OWL.
CHAP. 17. (13.)—BIRDS, THE RACE OF WHICH IS EXTINCT, OR OF WHICH ALL KNOWLEDGE HAS BEEN LOST.
CHAP. 18. (16.)—BIRDS WHICH ARE BORN WITH THE TAIL FIRST.
CHAP. 19. (17.)—THE OWLET.
CHAP. 20. (18.)—THE WOOD-PECKER OF MARS.
CHAP. 21. (19.)—BIRDS WHICH HAVE HOOKED TALONS.
CHAP. 22. (20.)—THE PEACOCK.
CHAP. 23.—WHO WAS THE FIRST TO KILL THE PEACOCK FOR FOOD.—WHO FIRST TAUGHT THE ART OF CRAMMING THEM.
CHAP. 24. (21.)—THE DUNGHILL COCK.
CHAP. 25.—HOW COCKS ARE CASTRATED. A COCK THAT ONCE SPOKE.
CHAP. 26. (22.)—THE GOOSE.
CHAP. 27.—WHO FIRST TAUGHT US TO USE THE LIVER OF TEE GOOSE FOR FOOD.
CHAP. 28.—OF THE COMMAGENIAN MEDICAMENT.
CHAP. 29.—THE CHENALOPEX, THE CHENEROS, THE TETRAO, AND THE OTIS.
CHAP. 30. (23.)—CRANES.
CHAP. 31.—STORKS.
CHAP. 32.—SWANS.
CHAP. 33.—FOREIGN BIRDS WHICH VISIT US; THE QUAIL, THE GLOTTIS, THE CYCHRAMUS, AND THE OTUS.
CHAP. 34. (24.)—SWALLOWS.
CHAP. 35.—BIRDS WHICH TAKE THEIR DEPARTURE FROM US, AND WHITHER THEY GO; THE THRUSH, THE BLACKBIRD, AND THE STARLING—BIRDS WHICH LOSE THEIR FEATHERS DURING THEIR
CHAP. 36. (25.)—BIRDS WHICH REMAIN WITH US THROUGHOUT THE YEAR; BIRDS WHICH REMAIN WITH US ONLY SIX OR THREE MONTHS; WITWALLS AND HOOPOES.
CHAP. 37. (26.)—THE MEMNONIDES.
CHAP. 38.—THE MELEAGRIDES.
CHAP. 39. (27.)—THE SELEUCIDES.
CHAP. 40. (28.)—THE IBIS.
CHAP. 41. (29.)—PLACES IN WHICH CERTAIN BIRDS ARE NEVER FOUND.
CHAP. 42.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF BIRDS WHICH AFFORD OMENS BY THEIR NOTE—BIRDS WHICH CHANGE THEIR COLOUR AND THEIR VOICE.
CHAP. 43.—THE NIGHTINGALE.
CHAP. 44.—THE MELANCORYPHUS, THE ERITHACITS, AND THE PHŒNICURUS.
CHAP. 45.—THE ŒNANTHE, THE CHLORION, THE BLACKBIRD, AND THE IBIS.
CHAP. 46. (31.)—THE TIMES OF INCUBATION OF BIRDS.
CHAP. 47. (32.)—THE HALCYONES: THE HALCYON DAYS THAT ARE FAVOURABLE TO NAVIGATION.
CHAP. 48.—OTHER KINDS OF AQUATIC BIRDS.
CHAP. 49. (33.)—THE INSTINCTIVE CLEVERNESS DISPLAYED BY BIRDS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THEIR NESTS. THE WONDER- FUL WORKS OF THE SWALLOW. THE BANK-SWALLOW.
CHAP. 50.—THE ACANTHYLLIS AND OTHER BIRDS.
CHAP. 51.—THE MEROPS—PARTRIDGES.
CHAP. 52. (34.)—PIGEONS.
CHAP. 53.—WONDERFUL THINGS DONE BY THEM; PRICES AT WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN SOLD.
CHAP. 54. (38.)—DIFFERENT MODES OF FLIGHT AND PROGRES- SION IN BIRDS.
CHAP. 55. (39.)—THE BIRDS CALLED APODES, OR CYPSELI.
CHAP. 56. (40.)—RESPECTING THE FOOD OF BIRDS–THE CAPRI- MULGUS, THE PLATEA.
CHAP. 57. (41.)—THE INSTINCTS OF BIRDS—THE CARDUELIS, THE TAURUS, THE ANTHUS.
CHAP. 58.—BIRDS WHICH SPEAK-THE PARROT.
CHAP. 59.—THE PIE WHICH FEEDS ON ACORNS.
CHAP. 60. (43.)—A SEDITION THAT AROSE AMONG THE ROMAN PEOPLE, IN CONSEQUENCE OF A RAVEN SPEAKING.
CHAP. 61. (44.)—THE BIRDS OF DIOMEDES.
CHAP. 62. (45.)—ANIMALS THAT CAN LEARN NOTHING.
CHAP. 63. (46.)—THE MODE OF DRINKING WITH BIRDS. THE PORPHYRIO.
CHAP. 64. (47.)—THE HÆMATOPOUS.
CHAP. 65.—THE FOOD OF BIRDS.
CHAP. 66.—THE PELICAN.
CHAP. 67.—FOREIGN BIRDS: THE PHALERIDES, THE PHEASANT, AND THE NUMIDICÆ.
CHAP. 68.—THE PEŒNICOPTERITS, THE ATTAGEN, THE PHALACRO- CORAX, THE PYBRHOCORAX, AND THE LAGOPUS.
CHAP. 69. (49.)—THE NEW BIRDS. THE VIPIO.
CHAP. 70.—FABULOUS BIRDS.
CHAP. 71. (50.)—WHO FIRST INVENTED THE ART OF CRAMMING POULTRY: WHY THE FIRST CENSORS FORBADE THIS PRACTICE.
CHAP. 72.—WHO FIRST INVENTED AVIARIES. THE DISH OF ÆSOPUS.
CHAP. 73. (52.)—THE GENERATION OF BIRDS: OTHER OVIPAROUS ANIMALS.
CHAP. 74.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF EGGS, AND THEIR NATURE.
CHAP. 75. (54.)—DEFECTS IN BROOD-HENS, AND THEIR REMEDIES.
CHAP. 76. (55.)—AN AUGURY DERIVED FROM EGGS BY AN EMPRESS.
CHAP. 77. (56.)—THE BEST KINDS OF FOWLS.
CHAP. 78. (57.)—THE DISEASES OF FOWLS, AND THEIR REMEDIES.
CHAP. 79. (58.)—WHEN BIRDS LAY, AND HOW MANY EGGS. THE VARIOUS KINDS OF HERONS.
CHAP. 80.—WHAT EGGS ARE CALLED HYPENEMIA, AND WHAT CYNOSURA. HOW EGGS ARE BEST KEPT.
CHAP. 81. (61.)—THE ONLY WINGED ANIMAL THAT IS VIVIPAROUS, AND NURTURES ITS YOUNG WITH ITS MILK.
CHAP. 82. (62.)—TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS THAT ARE OVIPAROUS.— VARIOUS KINDS OF SERPENTS.
CHAP. 83. (63.)—GENERATION OF ALL KINDS OF TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS.
CHAP. 84. (64.)—THE POSITION OF ANIMALS IN THE UTERUS.
CHAP. 85.—ANIMALS WHOSE ORIGIN IS STILL UNKNOWN.
CHAP. 86. (66.)—SALAMANDERS.
CHAP. 87. (68.)—ANIMALS WHICH ARE BORN OF BEINGS THAT HAVE NOT BEEN BORN THEMSELVES—ANIMALS WHICH ARE BORN THEMSELVES BUT ARE NOT REPRODUCTIVE—ANIMALS WHICH ARE OF NEITHER SEX.
CHAP. 88. (69.)—THE SENSES OF ANIMALS—THAT ALL HAVE THE SENSES OF TOUCH AND TASTE—THOSE WHICH ARE MORE REMARK- ABLE FOR THEIR SIGHT, SMELL, OR HEARING—MOLES—WHETHER OYSTERS HAVE THE SENSE OF HEARING.
CHAP. 89. (70.)—WHICH FISHES HAVE THE BEST HEARING.
CHAP. 90.—WHICH FISHES HAVE THE FINEST SENSE OF SMELL.
CHAP. 91.—DIVERSITIES IN THE FEEDING OF ANIMALS.
CHAP. 92. (72.)—ANIMALS WHICH LIVE ON POISONS.
CHAP. 93.—ANIMALS WHICH LIVE ON EARTH-ANIMALS WHICH WILL NOT DIE OF HUNGER OR THIRST.
CHAP. 94.—DIVERSITIES IN THE DRINKING OF ANIMALS.
CHAP. 95. (74.)—ANTIPATHIES OF ANIMALS. PROOFS THAT THEY ARE SENSIBLE OF FRIENDSHIP AND OTHER AFFECTIONS.
CHAP. 96.—INSTANCES OF AFFECTION SHOWN BY SERPENTS.
CHAP. 97. (75.)—THE SLEEP OF ANIMALS.
CHAP. 98.—WHAT ANIMALS ARE SUBJECT TO DREAMS.
> BOOK XI. THE VARIOUS KINDS OF INSECTS.
CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE EXTREME SMALLNESS OF INSECTS.
CHAP. 2. (3.)—WHETHER INSECTS RESPIRE, AND WHETHER THEY HAVE BLOOD.
CHAP. 3. (4.)—THE BODIES OF INSECTS.
CHAP. 4. (5.)—BEES.
CHAP. 5. (6.)—THE ORDER DISPLAYED IN THE WORKS OF BEES.
CHAP. 6. (5.)—THE MEANING OF THE TERMS COMMOSIS, PISSO- CEROS, AND PROPOLlS.
CHAP. 7.—THE MEANING OF ERITHACE, SANDARACA, OR CERINTHOS.
CHAP. 8. (8.)—WHAT FLOWERS ARE USED BY THE BEES IN THEIR WORK.
CHAP. 9. (9.)—PERSONS WHO HAVE MADE BEES THEIR STUDY.
CHAP. 10. (10.)—THE MODE IN WHICH BEES WORK.
CHAP. 11.—DRONES.
CHAP. 12.—THE QUALITIES OF HONEY.
CHAP. 13. (13.)—WHERE THE BEST HONEY IS PRODUCED.
CHAP. 14. (14.)—THE KINDS OF HONEY PECULIAR TO VARIOUS PLACES.
CHAP. 15. (15.)—HOW HONEY IS TESTED. ERICÆUM. TETRA- LIX, OR SISIRUM.
CHAP. 16.—THE REPRODUCTION OF BEES.
CHAP. 17. (17.)—THE MODE OF GOVERNMENT OF THE BEES.
CHAP. 18.—HAPPY OMENS SOMETIMES AFFORDED BY A SWARM OF BEES.
CHAP. 19. (18.)—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF BEES.
CHAP. 20.—THE DISEASES OF BEES.
CHAP. 21.—THINGS THAT ARE NOXIOUS TO BEES.
CHAP. 22. (20.)—How TO KEEP BEES TO THE HIVE.
CHAP. 23.—METHODS OF RENEWING THE SWARM.
CHAP. 24. (21.)—WASPS AND HORNETS: ANIMALS WHICH APPRO- PRIVATE WHAT BELONGS TO OTHERS.
CHAP. 25. (22.)—THE BOMBYX OF ASSYRIA.
CHAP. 26.—THE LARVÆ OF THE SILK-WORM-WHO FIRST INVENTED SILK CLOTHS.
CHAP. 27. (23.)—THE SILK-WORM OF COS—HOW THE COAN VESTMENTS ARE MADE.
CHAP. 28. (24.)—SPIDERS; THE KINDS THAT MAKE WEBS; THE MATERIALS USED BY THEM IN SO DOING.
CHAP. 29.—THE GENERATION OF SPIDERS.
CHAP. 30. (25.)—SCORPIONS.
CHAP. 31. (26.)—THE STELLIO.
CHAP. 32.—THE GRASSHOPPER: THAT IT HAS NEITHER MOUTH NOR OUTLET FOR FOOD.
CHAP. 33. (28.)—THE WINGS OF INSECTS.
CHAP. 34.—THE BEETLE. THE GLOW-WORM. OTHER KINDS OF BEETLES.
CHAP. 35.—LOCUSTS.
CHAP. 36. (30.)—ANTS.
CHAP. 37. (32.)—THE CHRYSALIS.
CHAP. 38. (33.)—ANIMALS WHICH BREED IN WOOD.
CHAP. 39.—INSECTS THAT ARE PARASITES OF MAN. WHICH IS THE SMALLEST OF ANIMALS? ANIMALS FOUND IN WAX EVEN.
CHAP. 40. (34.)—AN ANIMAL WHICH HAS NO PASSAGE FOR THE EVACUATIONS.i
CHAP. 41. (35.)—MOTHS, CANTHARIDES, GNATS–AN INSECT THAT BREEDS IN THE SNOW.
CHAP. 42. (36.)—AN ANIMAL FOUND IN FIRE—-THE PYRALLIS OR PYRAUSTA.
CHAP. 43.—THE ANIMAL CALLED HEMEROBION.
CHAP. 44. (37.)—THE NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL ANIMALS CONSIDERED LIMB BY LIMB. THOSE WHICH HAVE TUFTS AND CRESTS.
CHAP. 45.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF HORNS. ANIMALS IN WHICH THEY ARE MOVEABLE.
CHAP. 46.—THE HEADS OF ANIMALS. THOSE WHICH HAVE NONF.
CHAP. 47.—THE HAIR.
CHAP. 48.—THE BONES OF THE HEAD.
CHAP. 49.—THE BRAIN.
CHAP. 50.—THE EARS. ANIMALS WHICH HEAR WITHOUT EARS OR APERTURES.
CHAP. 51.—THE FACE, THE FOREHEAD, AND THE EYE-BROWS.
CHAP. 52.—THE EYES—ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO EYES, OR HAVE ONLY ONE EYE.
CHAP. 53.—THE DIVERSITY OF THE COLOUR OF THE EYES.
CHAP. 54.—THE THEORY OF SIGHT—PERSONS WHO CAN SEE BY NIGHT.
CHAP. 55.—THE NATURE OF THE PUPIL-EYES WHICH DO NOT SHUT.
CHAP. 56.—THE HAIR OF THE EYE-LIDS; WHAT ANIMALS ARE WITHOUT THEM. ANIMALS WHICH CAN SEE ON ONE SIDE ONLY.
CHAP. 57.—ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO EYELIDS.
CHAP. 58.—THE CHEEKS.
CHAP. 59.—THE NOSTRILS.
CHAP. 60.—THE MOUTH; THE LIPS; THE CHIN; AND THE JAW-BONE.
CHAP. 61.—THE TEETH; THE VARIOUS KINDS OF TEETH; IN WHAT ANIMALS THEY ARE NOT ON BOTH SIDES OF THE MOUTH: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE HOLLOW TEETH.
CHAP. 62.—THE TEETH OF SERPENTS; THEIR POISON. A BIRD WHICH HAS TEETH.
CHAP. 63.—WONDERFUL CIRCUMSTANCES CONNECTED WITH THE TEETH.
CHAP. 64.—HOW AN ESTIMATE IS FORMED OF THE AGE OF ANIMALS FROM THEIR TEETH.
CHAP. 65.—THE TONGUE; ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO TONGUE. THE NOISE MADE BY FROGS. THE PALATE.
CHAP. 66.—THE TONSILS; THE UVA; THE EPIGLOSSIS; THE ARTERY; THE GULLET.
CHAP. 67.—THE NECK; THE THROAT; THE DORSAL SPINE.
CHAP. 68.—THE THROAT; THE GULLET; THE STOMACH.
CHAP. 69.—THE HEART; THE BLOOD; THE VITAL SPIRIT.
CHAP. 70.—THOSE ANIMALS WHICH HAVE THE LARGEST HEART, AND THOSE WHICH HAVE THE SMALLEST. WHAT ANIMALS HAVE TWO HEARTS.
CHAP. 71.—WHEN THE CUSTOM WAS FIRST ADOPTED OF EXAMINING THE HEART IN THE INSPECTION OF THE ENTRAILS.
CHAP. 72.—THE LUNGS: IN WHAT ANIMALS THEY ARE THE LAR- GEST, AND IN WHAT THE SMALLEST. ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NOTHING BUT LUNGS IN THE INTERIOR OF THE BODY. CAUSES WHICH PRODUCE EXTRAORDINARY SWIFTNESS IN ANIMALS.
CHAP. 73.—THE LIVER: IN WHAT ANIMALS, AND IN WHAT PART THERE ARE TWO LIVERS FOUND.
CHAP. 74.—THE GALL; WHERE SITUATE, AND IN WHAT ANIMALS IT IS DOUBLE. ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO GALL, AND OTHERS IN WHICH IT IS NOT SITUATE IN THE LIVER.
CHAP. 75.—THE PROPERTIES OF THE GALL.
CHAP. 76.—IN WHAT ANIMALS THE LIVER INCREASES AND DE- CREASES WITH THE MOON. OBSERVATIONS OF THE ARUSPICES RELATIVE THERETO, AND REMARKABLE PRODIGIES.
CHAP. 77.—THE DIAPHRAGM. THE NATURE OF LAUGHTER.
CHAP. 78.—THE BELLY: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO BELLY. WHICH ARE THE ONLY ANIMALS THAT VOMIT.
CHAP. 79.—THE SMALL GUTS, THE FRONT INTESTINES, THE ANUS, THE COLON. THE CAUSES OF THE INSATIATE VORACITY OF CER- TAIN ANIMALS.
CHAP. 80.—THE OMENTUM: THE SPLEEN; ANIMALS WHICH ABE WITHOUT IT.
CHAP. 81.—THE KIDNEYS: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE FOUR KID- NEYS. ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NONE.
CHAP. 82.—THE BREAST: THE RIBS.
CHAP. 83.—THE BLADDER: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO BLADDER.
CHAP. 84.—THE WOMB: THE WOMB OF THE SOW: THE TEARS.
CHAP. 85.—ANIMALS WHICH HAVE SUET: ANIMALS WHICH DO NOT GROW FAT.
CHAP. 86.—THE MARROW: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO MARROW.
CHAP. 87.—BONES AND FISH-BONES: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NEITHER. CARTILAGES.
CHAP. 88.—THE NERVE: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NONE.
CHAP. 89.—THE ARTERIES; THE VEINS: ANIMALS WITHOUT ARTERIES OR VEINS. THE BLOOD AND THE SWEAT.
CHAP. 90. (38.)—ANIMALS, THE BLOOD OF WHICH COAGULATES WITH THE GREATEST RAPIDITY: OTHER ANIMALS, THE BLOOD OF WHICH DOES NOT COAGULATE. ANIMALS WHICH HAVE THE THICKEST BLOOD: THOSE THE BLOOD OF WHICH IS THE THINNEST: ANIMALS WHICH HAVE NO BLOOD.
CHAP. 91.—ANIMALS WHICH ARE WITHOUT BLOOD AT CERTAIN PERIODS OF THE YEAR.
CHAP. 92. (39.)—WHETHER THE BLOOD IS THE PRINCIPLE OF LIFE.
CHAP. 93.—THE HIDE OF ANIMALS.
CHAP. 94.—THE HAIR AND THE COVERING OF THE SKIN.
CHAP. 95.—THE PAPS: BIRDS THAT HAVE PAPS. REMARKABLE FACT'S CONNECTED WITH THE DUGS OF ANIMALS.
CHAP. 96. (41.)—THE MILK: THE BIESTINGS. CHEESE; OF WHAT MILK CHEESE CANNOT BE MADE. RENNET; THE VARIOUS KINDS OF ALIMENT IN MILK.
CHAP. 97. (42.)—VARIOUS KINDS OF CHEESE.
CHAP. 98. (43.)—DIFFERENCES OF THE MEMBERS OF MAN FROM THOSE OF OTHER ANIMALS.
CHAP. 99.—THE FINGERS, THE ARMS.
CHAP. 100. (44.)—RESEMBLANCE OF THE APE TO MAN.
CHAP. 101. (45.)—THE NAILS.
CHAP. 102.—THE KNEES AND THE HAMS.
CHAP. 103.—PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY TO WHICH CERTAIN RELIGIOUS IDEAS ARE ATTACHED.
CHAP. 104.—VARICOSE VEINS.
CHAP. 105.—THE GAIT, THE FEET, THE LEGS.
CHAP. 106. (46.)—HOOFS.
CHAP. 107. (47.)—THE FEET OF BIRDS.
CHAP. 108. (48.)—THE FEET OF ANIMALS, FROM THOSE HAVING TWO FEET TO THOSE WITH A HUNDRED.—DWARFS.
CHAP. 109.—THE SEXUAL PARTS.—HERMAPHRODITES.
CHAP. 110.—THE TESTES—THE THREE CLASSES OF EUNUCHS.
CHAP. 111. (50.)—TE TAILS OF ANIMALS.
CHAP. 112. (51.)—THE DIFFERENT VOICES OF ANIMALS.
CHAP. 113. (52.)—SUPERFLUOUS LIMBS.
CHAP. 114.—SIGNS OF VITALITY AND OF THE MORAL DISPOSITION OF MAN, FROM THE LIMBS.
CHAP. 115. (53.)—RESPIRATION AND NUTRIMENT.
CHAP. 116.—ANIMALS WHICH WHEN FED UPON POISON DO NOT DIE, AND THE FLESH OF WHICH IS POISONOUS.
CHAP. 117.—REASONS FOR INDIGESTION. REMEDIES FOR CRUDITY.
CHAP. 118.—FROM WHAT CAUSES CORPULENCE ARISES; HOW IT MAY BE REDUCED.
CHAP. 119.—WHAT THINGS, BY MERELY TASTING OF THEM, ALLAY HUNGER AND THIRST.
> BOOK XII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF TREES
CHAP. 1.—THE HONOURABLE PLACE OCCUPIED BY TREES IN THE SYSTEM OF NATURE.
CHAP. 2. (1.)—THE EARLY HISTORY OF TREES.
CHAP. 3.—EXOTIC TREES. WHEN THE PLANE-TREE FIRST APPEARED IN ITALY, AND WHENCE IT CAME.
CHAP. 4.—THE NATURE OF THE PLANE-TREE.
CHAP. 5.—REMARKABLE FACTS CONNECTED WITH THE PLANE-TREE.
CHAP. 6. (2.)—THE CHAMÆPLATANUS. WHO WAS THE FIRST TO CLIP GREEN SHRUBS.
CHAP. 7. (3.)—HOW THE CITRON IS PLANTED.
CHAP. 8. (4.)—THE TREES OF INDIA.
CHAP. 9.—WHEN EBONY WAS FIRST SEEN AT ROME. THE VARIOUS KINDS OF EBONY.
CHAP. 10. (5.)—THE INDIAN THORN.
CHAP. 11.—THE INDIAN FIG.
CHAP. 12. (6.)—THE PALA: THE FRUIT CALLED ARIENA.
CHAP. 13.—INDIAN TREES, THE NAMES OF WHICH ARE UNKNOWN. INDIAN TREES WHICH BEAR FLAX.
CHAP. 14. (7.)—THE PEPPER-TREE.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF PEPPER—BREGMA—ZINGIBERI, OR ZIMPIBERI.
CHAP. 15.—CARYOPHYLLON, LYCION, AND THE CHIRONIAN PYXACANTHUS.
CHAP. 16. (8.)—MACIR.
CHAP. 17.—SUGAR.
CHAP. 18.—TREES OF ABIANA, GEDROSIA, AND HYRCANIA.
CHAP. 19. (9.)—TREES OF BACTRIANA, BDELLIUM, OR BROCHON, OTHERWISE MALACHA, OR MALDACON, SCORDASTUM. ADULTERATIONS USED IN ALL SPICES AND AROMATICS; THE VARIOUS TESTS OF THEM AND THEIR RESPECTIVE VALUES.
CHAP. 20.—TREES OF PERSIS.
CHAP. 21. (10.)—TREES OF THE ISLANDS OF THE PERSIAN SEA. THE COTTON TREE.
CHAP. 22.—THE TREE CALLED CYNA. TREES FROM WHICH FABRICS FOR CLOTHING ARE MADE IN THE EAST.
CHAP. 23.—A COUNTRY WHERE THE TREES NEVER LOSE THEIR LEAVES.
CHAP. 24.—THE VARIOUS USEFUL PRODUCTS OF TREES.
CHAP. 25. (12.)—COSTUS.
CHAP. 26.—NARD. THE TWELVE VARIETIES OF THE PLANT.
CHAP. 27. (13.)—ASARUM, OR FOAL-FOOT.
CHAP. 28.—AMOMUM.—AMOMIS.
CHAP. 29.—CARDAMOMUM.
CHAP. 30.—THE COUNTRY OF FRANKINCENSE.
CHAP. 31.—THE TREES THAT BEAR FRANKINCENSE.
CHAP. 32.—VARIOUS KINDS OF FRANKINCENSE.
CHAP. 33. (15.)—MYRRH.
CHAP. 34.—THE TREES WHICH PRODUCE MYRRH.
CHAP. 35.—THE NATURE AND VARIOUS KINDS OF MYRRH.
CHAP. 36. (17.)—MASTICH.
CHAP. 37.—LADANUM AND STOBOLON.
CHAP. 38.—ENHÆMON.
CHAP. 39.—THE TREE CALLED BRATUS.
CHAP. 40.—THE TREE CALLED STOBRUM.
CHAP. 41. (18.)—WHY ARABIA WAS CALLED "HAPPY."
CHAP. 42. (19.)—CINNAMOMUM. XYLOCINNAMUM.
CHAP. 43.—CASSIA.
CHAP. 44.—CANCAMUM AND TARUM.
CHAP. 45. (21.)—SERICHATUM AND GABALIUM.
CHAP. 46.—MYROBALANUM.
CHAP. 47. (22.)—PHŒNICOBALANUS.
CHAP. 48.—THE SWEET-SCENTED CALAMUS; THE SWEET-SCENTED RUSH.
CHAP. 49.—HAIMONIACUM.
CHAP. 50.—SPHAGNOS.
CHAP. 51.—CYPROS.
CHAP. 52.—ASPALATHOS, OR ERYSISCEPTRUM.
CHAP. 53.—MARON.
CHAP. 54. (25.)—BALSAMUM; OPOBALSAMUM; AND XYLOBAL- SAMUM.
CHAP. 55.—STORAX.
CHAP. 56.—GALBANUM.
CHAP. 57. (26.)—PANAX.
CHAP. 58.—SPONDYLIUM.
CHAP. 59.—MALOBATHRUM.
CHAP. 60. (27.)—OMPHACIUM.
CHAP. 61. (28.)—BRYON, ŒNANTHE, AND MASSARIS.
CHAP. 62.—ELATE OR SPATHE.
CHAP. 63.—CINNAMON OR COMACUM.
> BOOK XIII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF EXOTIC TREES, AND AN ACCOUNT OF UNGUENTS.
CHAP. 1. (1.)—UNGUENTS—AT WHAT PERIOD THEY WERE FIRST INTRODUCED.
CHAP. 2.—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF UNGUENTS—TWELVE PRIN- CIPAL COMPOSITIONS.
CHAP. 3.—DIAPASMA, MAGMA; THE MODE OF TESTING UNGUENTS.
CHAP. 4. (3.)—THE EXCESSES TO WHICH LUXURY HAS RUN IN UNGUENTS.
CHAP. 5.—WHEN UNGUENTS WERE FIRST USED BY THE ROMANS.
CHAP. 6.—THE PALM-TREE.
CHAP. 7.—THE NATURE OF THE PALM-TREE.
CHAP. 8.—HOW THE PALM-TREE IS PLANTED.
CHAP. 9.—THE DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF PALM-TREES, AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS.
CHAP. 10. (5.)—THE TREES OF SYRIA: THE PISTACIA, THE COT- TANA, THE DAMASCENA, AND THE MYXA.
CHAP. 11.—THE CEDAR. TREES WHICH HAVE ON THEM THE FRUIT OF THREE YEARS AT ONCE.
CHAP. 12. (6.)—THE TEREBINTH.
CHAP. 13.—THE SUMACH-TREE.
CHAP. 14. (7.)—THE TREES OF EGYPT. THE FIG-TREE OF ALEXANDRIA.
CHAP. 15.—THE FIG-TREE OF CYPRUS.
CHAP. 16. (8.)—THE CAROB-TREE.
CHAP. 17. (9.)—THE PERSIAN TREE. IN WHAT TREES THE FRUITS GERMINATE THE ONE BELOW THE OTHER.
CHAP. 18.—THE CUCUS.
CHAP. 19.—THE EGYPTIAN THORN.
CHAP. 20. (11.)—NINE KINDS OF GUM. THE SARCOCOLLA.
CHAP. 21.—THE PAPYRUS: THE USE OF PAPER; WHEN IT WAS FIRST INVENTED.
CHAP. 22.—THE MODE OF MAKING PAPER.
CHAP. 23. (12)—THE NINE DIFFERENT KINDS OF PAPER.
CHAP. 24.—THE MODE OF TESTING THE GOODNESS OF PAPER.
CHAP. 25.—THE PECULIAR DEFECTS IN PAPER.
CHAP. 26.—THE PASTE USED IN THE PREPARATION OF PAPER.
CHAP. 27. (13.)—THE BOOKS OF NUMA.
CHAP. 28. (14.)—THE TREES OF ÆTHIOPIA.
CHAP. 29. (15.)—THE TREES OF MOUNT ATLAS. THE CITRUS, AND THE TABLES MADE OF THE WOOD THEREOF.
CHAP. 30.—THE POINTS THAT ARE DESIRABLE OR OTHERWISE IN THESE TABLES.
CHAP. 31.—THE CITRON-TREE.
CHAP. 32. (17.)—THE LOTUS.
CHAP. 33. (19.)—THE TREES OF CYENAICA. THE PALIURUS.
CHAP. 34.—NINE VARIETIES OF THE PUNIC APPLE. BALAUSTIUM.
CHAP. 35. (20.)—THE TREES OF ASIA AND GREECE; THE EPIPACTIS, THE ERICA, THE CNIDIAN GRAIN OR THYMELÆA, PYROSACHNE, CNESTRON, OR CNEORON.
CHAP. 36.—THE TRAGION: TRAGACANTHE.
CHAP. 37.—THE TRAGOS OR SCORPIO; THE MYRICA OR BRYA; THE OSTRYS.
CHAP. 38. (22.)—THE EUONYMOS.
CHAP. 39.—THE TREE CALLED EON.
CHAP. 40.—THE ANDRACHLE.
CHAP. 41.—THE COCCYGIA; THE APHARCE.
CHAP. 42.—THE FERULA.
CHAP. 43.—THE THAPSIA.
CHAP. 44. (23.)—THE CAPPARIS OR CYNOSBATON, OTHERWISE OPHIOSTAPHYLE.
CHAP. 45.—THE SARIPHA.
CHAP. 46. (24.)—THE ROYAL THORN.
CHAP. 47.—THE CYTISUS.
CHAP. 48. (25.)—THE TREES AND SHRUBS OF THE MEDITER- RANEAN. THE PHYCOS, PRASON, OR ZOSTER.
CHAP. 49.—THE SEA BRYON.
CHAP. 50.—PLANTS OF THE RED SEA.
CHAP. 51.—PLANTS OF THE INDIAN SEA.
CHAP. 52.—THE PLANTS OF THE TROGLODYTIC SEA; THE HAIR OF ISIS: THE CHARITO-BLEPHARON.
> BOOK XIV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT TREES.
CHAPS. 1 & 2. (1.)—THE NATURE OF THE VINE. ITS MODE OF FRUCTIFICATION.
CHAP. 3.–THE NATURE OF THE GRAPE, AND THE CULTIVATION OF THE VINE.
CHAP. 4. (2.)—NINETY-ONE VARIETIES OF THE VINE.
CHAP. 5. (4.)—REMARKABLE FACTS CONNECTED WITH THE CULTURE OF THE VINE.
CHAP. 6.—THE MOST ANCIENT WINES.
CHAP. 7. (5.)—THE NATURE OF WINES.
CHAP. 8. (6.)—FIFTY KINDS OF GENEROUS WINES.
CHAP. 9. (7.)—THIRTY-EIGHT VARIETIES OF FOREIGN WINES.
CHAP. 10. (8.)—SEVEN KINDS OF SALTED WINES.
CHAP. 11. (9.)—EIGHTEEN VARIETEIS OF SWEET WINE. RAISIN-WINE AND HEPSEMA.
CHAP. 12. (10.)—THREE VARIETIES OF SECOND-RATE WINE.
CHAP. 13. (11.)—AT WHAT PERIOD GENEROUS WINES WERE FIRST COMMONLY MADE IN ITALY.
CHAP. 14. (12.)—THE INSPECTION OF WINE ORDERED BY KING ROMULUS.
CHAP. 15.—WINES DRUNK BY THE ANCIENT ROMANS.
CHAP. 16. (14.)—SOME REMARKABLE FACTS CONNECTED WITH WINE-LOFTS. THE OPIMIAN WINE.
CHAP. 17.—AT WHAT PERIOD FOUR KINDS OF WINE WERE FIRST SERVED AT TABLE.
CHAP. 18. (16.)—THE USES OF THE WILD VINE. WHAT JUICES ARE NATURALLY THE COLDEST OF ALL.
CHAP. 19.—SIXTY-SIX VARIETIES OF ARTIFICIAL WINE.
CHAP. 20. (1 7.)—HYDROMELI, OR MELICRATON.
CHAP. 21.—OXYMELI.
CHAP. 22. (18.)—TWELVE KINDS OF WINE WITH MIRACULOUS PROPERTIES.
CHAP. 23. (19.)—WHAT WINES IT IS NOT LAWFUL TO USE IN THE SACRED RITES.
CHAP. 24.—How MUST IS USUALLY PREPARED.
CHAP. 25. (20.)—PITH AND RESIN.
CHAP. 26.—VINEGAR-LEES OF WINE.
CHAP. 27. (21.)—WINE-VESSELS—WINE-CELLARS.
CHAP. 28. (22.)—DRUNKENNESS.
CHAP. 29.—LIQUORS WITH THE STRENGTH OF WINE MADE FROM WATER AND CORN.
> BOOK XV. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT-TREES.
CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE OLIVE.—HOW LONG IT EXISTED ONLY IN GREECE. AT WHAT PERIOD IT WAS FIRST INTRODUCED INTO ITALY, SPAIN, AND AFRICA.
CHAP. 2.—THE NATURE OF THE OLIVE, AND OF NEW OLIVE OIL.
CHAP. 3. (2.)—OLIVE OIL: THE COUNTRIES IN WHICH IT IS PRODUCED, AND ITS VARIOUS QUALITIES.
CHAP. 4.—FIFTEEN VARIETIES OF OLIVES.
CHAP. 5. (4.)—THE NATURE OF OLIVE OIL.
CHAP. 6. (5.)—THE CULTURE OF THE OLIVE: ITS MODE OF PRESERVATION. THE METHOD OF MAKING OLIVE OIL.
CHAP. 7. (7.)—FORTY-EIGHT VARIETIES OF ARTIFICIAL OILS. THE CICUS-TREE OR CROTON, OR SILI, OR SESAMUM.
CHAP. 8. (8.)—AMURCA.
CHAP. 9. (9.)—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF FRUIT-TREES AND THEIR NATURES. FOUR VARIETIES OF PINE-NUTS.
CHAP. 10. (11.)—THE QUINCE. FOUR KINDS OF CYDONIA, AND FOUR VARIETIES OF THE STRUTHEA.
CHAP. 11.—SIX VARIETIES OF THE PEACH.
CHAP. 12. (13).—TWELVE KINDS OF PLUMS.
CHAP. 13.—THE PEACH.
CHAP. 14. (14.)—THIRTY DIFFERENT KINDS OF POMES. AT WHAT PERIOD FOREIGN FRUITS WERE FIRST INTRODUCED INTO ITALY, AND WHENCE.
CHAP. 15.—THE FRUITS THAT HAVE BEEN MOST RECENTLY INTRODUCED.
CHAP. 16. (15.)—FORTY-ONE VARIETIES OF THE PEAR.
CHAP. 17.—VARIOUS METHODS OF GRAFTING TREES. EXPIATIONS FOR LIGHTNING.
CHAP. 18. (16.)—THE MODE OF KEEPING VARIOUS FRUITS AND GRAPES.
CHAP. 19. (18.)—TWENTY-NINE VARIETIES OF THE FIG.
CHAP. 20.—HISTORICAL ANECDOTES CONNECTED WITH THE FIG.
CHAP. 21.—CAPRIFICATION.
CHAP. 22. (20.)—THREE VARIETIES OF THE MEDLAR.
CHAP. 23. (21).—FOR VARIETIES OF THE SORB.
CHAP. 24. (22.)—NINE VARIETIES OF THE NUT.
CHAP. 25. (23.)—EIGHTEEN VARIETIES OF THE CHESNUT.
CHAP. 26. (24.)—THE CAROB.
CHAP. 27.—TE FLESHY FRUITS. THE MULBERRY.
CHAP. 28.—THE FRUIT OF THE ARBUTUS.
CHAP. 29.—THE RELATIVE NATURES OF BERRY FRUITS.
CHAP. 30. (25.)—NINE VARIETIES OF THE CHERRY.
CHAP. 31. (26.)—THE CORNEL. THE LENTISK.
CHAP. 32. (27.)—THIRTEEN DIFFERENT FLAVOURS OF JUICES.
CHAP. 33. (28.)—THE COLOUR AND SMELL OF JUICES.
CHAP. 34.—THE VARIOUS NATURES OF FRUIT.
CHAP. 35. (29).—THE MYRTLE.
CHAP. 36.—HISTORICAL ANECDOTES RELATIVE TO THE MYRTLE.
CHAP. 37.—ELEVEN VARIETIES OF THE MYRTLE.
CHAP. 38.—THE MYRTLE USED AT ROME IN OVATIONS.
CHAP. 39. (30.)—THE LAUREL; THIRTEEN VARIETIES OF IT.
CHAP. 40.—HISTORICAL ANECDOTES CONNECTED WITH THE LAUREL.
> BOOK XVI. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FOREST TREES.
CHAP. I.—COUNTRIES THAT HAVE NO TREES.
CHAP. 2.—WONDERS CONNECTED WITH TREES IN THE NORTHERN REGIONS.
CHAP. 3. (4.)—THE ACORN OAK. THE CIVIC CROWN.
CHAP. 4.—THE ORIGIN OF THE PRESENTATION OF CROWNS.
CHAP. 5.—PERSONS PRESENTED WITH A CROWN OF LEAVES.
CHAP. 6. (5.)—THIRTEEN VARIETIES OF THE ACORN.
CHAP. 7. (6.)—THE BEECH.
CHAP. 8.—THE OTHER ACORNS-WOOD FOR FUEL.
CHAP. 9.—THE GALL-NUT.
CHAP. 10.—OTHER PRODUCTIONS ON THESE TREES BESIDES THE ACORN.
CHAP. 11. (8.)—CACHRYS.
CHAP. 12.—THE KERMES BERRY.
CHAP. 13.—AGARIC.
CHAP. 14. (9.)—TREES OF WHICH THE BARK IS USED.
CHAP. 15. (10.)—SHINGLES.
CHAP. 16.—THE PINE.
CHAP. 17.—THE PINASTER.
CHAP. 18.—THE PITCH-TREE: THE FIR.
CHAP. 19.—THE LARCH: THE TORCH-TREE.
CHAP. 20.—THE YEW.
CHAP. 21. (11.)—METHODS OF MAKING TAR—HOW CEDRIUM IS MADE.
CHAP. 22.—METHODS BY WHICH THICK PITCH IS PREPARED.
CHAP. 23. (12.)—HOW THE RESIN CALLED ZOPISSA IS PREPARED.
CHAP. 24. (13.)—TREES THE WOOD OF WHICH IS HIGHLY VALUED. FOUR VARIETIES OF THE ASH.
CHAP. 25. (14.)—TWO VARIETIES OF THE LINDEN-TREE.
CHAP. 26. (15.)—TEN VARIETIES OF THE MAPLE.
CHAP. 27. (16.)—BERUSCUM: MOLLUSCUM; THE STAPHYLODENDRON.
CHAP. 28.—THREE VARIETIES OF THE BOX-TREE.
CHAP. 29. (17.)—FOUR VARIETIES OF THE ELM.
CHAP. 30. (18.)—THE, NATURES OF THE VARIOUS TREES ACCORDING TO THEIR LOCALITIES: THE MOUNTAIN TREES, AND THE TREES OF THE PLAIN.
CHAP. 31.—TREES WHICH GROW ON A DRY SOIL: THOSE WHICH ARE FOUND IN WET LOCALITIES: THOSE WHICH ARE FOUND IN BOTH INDIFFERENTLY.
CHAP. 32. (1