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διά , poet. διαί (Aeol. ζά , q.v.), Prep. governing gen. and acc.— Rad. sense,
A.through; never anastroph. [Prop. δι^α^: but Hom. uses ι_ at the beginning of a line, Il.3.357, 4.135, al.: also α_, metri gr., freq. in Hom., for which A. uses διαί in lyr., Ag.448, al.]
A. WITH GEN.
I. of Place or Space:
1. of motion in a line, from one end to the other, right through, in Hom. freq. of the effect of weapons, “διὰ μὲν ἀσπίδος ἦλθε . . ἔγχος καὶ διὰ θώρηκος . .Il. 3.357; “δουρὶ βάλεν Δάμασον κυνέης διά12.183; “δι᾽ ὤμου . . ἔγχος ἦλθεν4.481; in Prose, “τιτρώσκειν διὰ τοῦ θώρακοςX.An.1.8.26; διὰ τοῦ ὀρόφου ἐφαίνετο πῦρ ib.7.4.16: also of persons, διὰ Σκαιῶν πεδίονδ᾽ ἔχον ὠκέας ἵππους out through the Scaean gate, Il.3.263; δι᾽ ἠέρος αἰθέρ᾽ ἵκανεν quite through the lower air even to the ether, Il.14.288, cf. 2.458; διὰ Τρώων πέτετο straight through them, 13.755; “δι᾽ ὄμματος . . λείβων δάκρυονS.OC1250, etc.: also in Compos. with πρό and ἐκ, v. διαπρό, διέκ: in adverbial phrases, διὰ πασῶν (sc. χορδῶν), v. διαπασῶν: “διὰ πάσηςthroughout, Th.1.14; “διὰ κενῆςidly, Id.4.126, etc. (cf.111.1.c).
2. of motion through a space, but not in a line, throughout, ouer,ἑπόμεσθα διὰ πεδίοιοIl.11.754; “δι᾽ ὄρεσφι10.185, al.; ὀδύνη διὰ χροὸς ἦλθε through all his frame, 11.398; “τεῦχε βοὴν διὰ ἄστεοςOd.10.118; “δι᾽ ὁμίλουIl.6.226, etc.; “θορύβου διὰ τῶν τάξεων ἰόντοςX.An.1.8.16, cf. 2.4.26, etc.; later, in quoting an authority, “ἱστορεῖ δ. τῆς δευτέραςin the course of . ., Ath.10.438b.
5. in Prose, of Intervals of Space, δ. τριήκοντα δόμων at intervals of thirty layers, i. e. after every thirtieth layer, Hdt.1.179; δ. δέκα ἐπάλξεων at every tenth battlement, Th.3.21; cf. infr. 11.3: of a single interval, δ. πέντε σταδίων at a distance of five stades, Hdt.7.30, cf. 198; δ. τοσούτου μᾶλλον δ. πολλῶν ἡμερῶν ὁδοῦ at so short a distance, etc., Th.2.29; δ. πολλοῦ at a great distance apart, Id.3.94; “δ. πλείστουId.2.97; “δι᾽ ἐλάσσονοςId.3.51; “ὕδατα δ. μακροῦ ἀλόμεναHp.Aër.9, etc.
II. of Time,
1. of duration from one end of a period to the other, throughout, δ. παντὸς [τοῦ χρόνου] Hdt.9.13; “δι᾽ ὅλου τοῦ αἰῶνοςTh.1.70; “δι᾽ αἰῶνοςS.El.1024; “δι᾽ ἡμέρας ὅληςAr.Pax 27; “δι᾽ ὅλης τῆς νυκτόςX.An.4.2.4, etc.: without an Adj., δι᾽ ἡμέρης all day long, Hdt.1.97; “δ. νυκτόςTh.2.4, X.An.4.6.22 (but δ. νυκτός in the course of the night, by night, Act.Ap.5.19, PRyl.138.15 (i A. D.), etc.); “δ. νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέραςPl.R.343b; δι᾽ ἐνιαυτοῦ, δι᾽ ἔτους, Ar.Fr.569.8, V.1058; “δ. βίουPl.Smp.183e, etc.; “δ. τέλουςfrom beginning to end, A.Pr.275, Pl.R.519c, etc.: with Adjs. alone, “δ. παντόςcontinually, A.Ch.862 (lyr.), etc.; δι᾽ ὀλίγου for a short time, Th.1.77; “δ. μακροῦE.Hec.320; “ δ. μέσου χρόνοςHdt. 8.27.
2. of the interval which has passed between two points of Time, δ. χρόνου πολλοῦ or δ. πολλοῦ χρ. after a long time, Id.3.27, Ar.Pl.1045; “δ. μακρῶν χρόνωνPl.Ti.22d: without an Adj., δ. χρόνου after a time, S.Ph.758, X.Cyr.1.4.28, etc.; δι᾽ ἡμερῶν after several days, Ev.Marc.2.1; and with Adjs. alone, “δι᾽ ὀλίγουTh.5.14; “οὐ δ. μακροῦId.6.15,91; “δ. πολλοῦLuc.Nigr.2, etc.: with Numerals, “δι᾽ ἐτέων εἴκοσιHdt.6.118, cf. OGI56.38 (iii B. C.), etc.: but δ. τῆς ἑβδόμης till the seventh day, Luc.Hist.Conscr.21: also distributively, χρόνος δ. χρόνου προὔβαινε time after time, S.Ph.285; “ἄλλος δι᾽ ἄλλουE.Andr.1248.
3. of successive Intervals, δ. τρίτης ἡμέρης every other day, Hdt.2.37; δ. τρίτου ἔτεος ib.4, etc.; δ. πεντετηρίδος every four years (with inclusive reckoning), Id.3.97; δι᾽ ἔτους πέμπτου, of the Olympic games, Ar.Pl.584 (but δι᾽ ἑνδεκάτου ἔτεος in the course of the eleventh year, Hdt.1.62).
III. causal, through, by,
B. WITH Acc.
I. of Place, only Poet., in same sense as διά c. gen.:
II. of Time, also Poet., “δ. νύκταIl.2.57, etc.; δ. γλυκὺν ὕπνον during sweet sleep, Mosch.4.91.
III. causal:
2. of things, to express the Cause, Occasion, or Purpose, δι᾽ ἐμὴν ἰότητα because of my will, Il.15.41; “Διὸς μεγάλου δ. βουλάςOd.8.82; δι᾽ ἀφραδίας for, through want of thought, 19.523; “δι᾽ ἀτασθαλίας23.67; δι᾽ ἔνδειαν by reason of poverty, X. An.7.8.6; δ. καῦμα, δ. χειμῶνα, ib.1.7.6; “δι᾽ ἄγνοιαν καὶ ἀμαθίανPl. Prt.360b, etc.: freq. also with neut. Adjs., δ. τί; wherefore?; δ. τοῦτο, δ. ταῦτα on this account; δι᾽ , δι᾽ on which account; δ. πολλά for many reasons, etc.
3. = ἕνεκα, to express Purpose, δἰ ἀχθηδόνα for the sake of vexing, Th.4.40, cf. 5.53; δ. τὴν τούτου σαφήνειαν with a view to clearing this up, Pl.R.524c, cf. Arist.EN 1172b21; αὐτή δι᾽ αὑτήν for its own sake, Pl.R.367b, etc.
C. WITHOUT CASE as Adv. throughout, δ. πρό (v. supr. A.I.I); “δ. δ᾽ ἀμπερέςIl.11.377.
D. IN COMPOS.:
I. through, right through, of Space, διαβαίνω, διέχω, διιππεύω.
II. in different directions, as in διαπέμπω, διαφορέω; of separation, asunder, διαιρέω, διαλύω; of difference or disagreement, at variance, διαφωνέω, διαφέρω; or simply mutual relation, one with another, διαγωνίζομαι, διάδω, διαθέω, διαπίνω, διαφιλοτιμέομαι.
III. pre-eminence, διαπρέπω, διαφέρω.
V. to add strength, thoroughly, out and out, διαγαληνίζω, etc.; cf. ζά.
VI. of mixture, between, partly, esp. in Adj., as διάλευκος, διάχρυσος, διάχλωρος, etc.
VII. of leaving an interval or breach, διαλείπω, διαναπαύω. (Cogn. with δύο, δίς.
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