A.this, common from Hom. downwds.
A. ORIGIN and FORMS: οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο prob. arose from a reduplication of the demonstr. ὁ, ἡ, τό with insertion of -υ- (= Skt. Particle u), e.g. ταῦτα fr. τα-υ-τα: Dor. gen. sg. fem. “τούτας” Philol.11; nom. pl. “τοῦτοι, ταῦται” A.D.Synt.111.23: the former occurs Sophr.24, GDI3045 B6 (Selinus), SIG339.16 (Rhodes, iii B. C.), etc., the latter is dub. in Sophr.97, certain in SIG241 B117 (Delph., iv B. C.): in Boeot. all forms begin with οὑτ-, as gen. sg. neut. “οὕτω” Supp.Epigr.3.359.11 (iii B. C.); acc. sg. fem. “οὕταν” Corinn. Supp.2.80; acc. pl. neut. “οὗτα” SIG1185.20 (Tanagra, iii B. C.), etc.: gen. pl. fem. Att. τούτων, Cret. “ταυτᾶν” Leg.Gort.5.19; neut. “ταύτων” Michel 1334.10 (Elis, iv B. C.).—In Ion. sts. written ταότην, ταο̂τα, SIG283.19 (Chios, iv B. C.), 46.7 (Halic., v B. C.), al.—In Att. οὗτος was freq. strengthd. by the demonstr. -ί, οὑτοσί, αὑτηί, τουτί, gen. τουτουί, dat. τουτῳί, acc. τουτονί; pl. nom. οὑτοιί, neut. ταυτί, etc., this man here: sts. a Particle is inserted between the Pron. and -ί, as αὑτηγί for αὑτηί γε, Ar.Ach.784; τουτογί for τουτί γε, Id.V.781, Av.894, al.; ταυταγί for ταυτί γε, Id.Eq.492, Pax1057, al.; τουτοδί for τουτὶ δέ, Id.Pl.227; τουτουμενί for τουτουὶ μέν, Id.Ra.965.—In codd. the ν ἐφελκυστικόν is sts. added in the forms οὑτοσίν, οὑτωσίν, and οὑτοσίν is said to be Att. by A.D.Pron.59.24, 82.11. [This ι is always long, and a long vowel or diphthong before it becomes short, as αὑτη^ί, τουτω?ͅί, οὑτοι^ί, Ar.Nu.201, Pl.44, Ach.40, etc.]
B. USAGE in regard to CONCORD. οὗτος is freq. used as a Pron. Subst.: hence neut. is folld. by gen., “κατὰ τοῦτο τῆς ἀκροπόλιος” Hdt. 1.84; “εἰς τοῦθ᾽ ὕβρεως ἐλήλυθεν” D.4.37; “εἰς τοῦθ᾽ ἥκεις μανίας” Id.36.48; “ταῦτα τῶν μαθημάτων” Pl.Euthd.278b: but quite as freq. as Adj., in which case its Subst. commonly takes the Art., οὗτος ὁ ἀνήρ or ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος.—But the Art. is absent,
1. always in Ep. Poets (exc. Od.18.114), “οὗτος ἀνήρ” Il.14.471, Od.1.406, etc.: sts. also in Trag., A.Pers. 122 (lyr.), 495, S.Ph.406, OC471,1177: once in an Inscr., τοπεῖα: “τούτων τὰ ἡμίσεα τοπείων” IG22.1622.135 (iv B. C.).
2. sts. when the Noun is so specified that the Art. is not needed, “ἐς γῆν ταύτην . . , ἥντινα νῦν Σκύθαι νέμονται” Hdt.4.8; “ταύτας ἃς οἱ πατέρες παρέδοσαν μελέτας” Th. 1.85, cf. Pl.R.449d, etc.; “πατὴρ σὸς οὗτος, ὃν θρηνεῖς ἀεί” S.El.530.
4. when the Noun with which οὗτος agrees stands as its Predicate, “αὕτη γὰρ ἦν σοι πρόφασις” S.Ph.1034; δικαστοῦ αὕτη ἀρετή [ἐστι] Pl.Ap.18a: this exception extends to cases in which the Predicate is not so distinctly separated from the Subject, αἰτίαι μὲν αὗται προυγεγένηντο these were the grievances which already existed, Th.1.66; ταύτην φήμην παρέδοσαν this was the report which . . , Pl.Phlb.16c: freq. with a Sup., κίνησις αὕτη μεγίστη δὴ . . ἐγένετο this was notably the greatest movement which . . , Th.1.1, cf. 3.113: with “πρῶτος” Id.1.55,98, 6.31, Ev.Luc. 2.2.
5. when 3rd pers. is used for 2nd to express contempt, οὗτος ἀνήρ, οὑτοσὶ ἀνήρ, Pl.Grg.467b,489b, etc.
II. though οὗτος usu. agrees with the Noun that serves as Predicate, it is not rare to find it in the neut., “μανία δὲ καὶ τοῦτ᾽ ἐστί” E.Ba.305; “τοῦτο γάρ εἰσι . . εὔθυναι” D.19.82, etc.: and in pl., “οὐκ ἔστι ταῦτα ἀρχή” Aeschin. 3.13; “ταῦτ᾽ ἐστὶν ὁ προδότης” Id.2.166: so with an explanatory clause added, “τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν ὁ συκοφάντης, αἰτιᾶσθαι μὲν πάντα ἐξελέγξαι δὲ μηδέν” D.57.34.
2. so also with a Noun in apposition, “τούτοισιν μὲν ταῦτα μέλει, κίθαρις καὶ ἀοιδή” Od.1.159; “τούτου τιμῶμαι, ἐν πρυτανείῳ σιτήσεως” Pl.Ap.36e, cf. E.Fr.323.3, etc.
3. the neut. also may refer to a masc. or fem. Noun, καρπὸν φορέει κυάμῳ ἴσον: τοῦτο ἐπεὰν γένηται πέπον κτλ. Hdt.4.23, cf. X.An.1.5.10, etc.
4. the neut. is also used of classes of persons, μελιτοπῶλαι καὶ τυροπῶλαι: “τοῦτο δ᾽ εἰς ἕν ἐστι συγκεκυφός” Ar.Eq.854, cf. Pl.Lg.711a; or of an abstract fact, “οὐκ Ἰοφῶν ζῇ;—τοῦτο γάρ τοι καὶ μόνον ἔτ᾽ ἐστὶ λοιπὸν ἀγαθόν” Ar.Ra.73.
III. with Prons.,
2. interrog., τί τοῦτ᾽ ἔλεξας; what is this that . . ? S.Ph.1173 (lyr.), cf. Ant.7; ποίοισι τούτοις; for ποῖά ἐστι ταῦτα οἷς [ἔχεις ἐλπίδα]; Id.OC388, cf.Ant.1049; Νέστορ᾽ ἔρειο ὅν τινα τοῦτον ἄγει whom he brings here, Il.11.612.
5. demonstr., οὗτος ἐκεῖνος, τὸν σὺ ζητέεις, where ἐκεῖνος is the Predicate, Hdt.1.32; “τοῦτ᾽ ἔστ᾽ ἐκεῖνο” E. Hel.622, cf. Or.804; αὐτὸ τοῦτο, v. αὐτός 1.7; τοῦτον τὸν αὐτὸν ἄνδρα this same man, S.Ph.128.
IV. with Numerals, τέθνηκε ταῦτα τρία ἔτη these three years, Lys.7.10codd.; [στρατείαν] ἑνδέκατον μῆνα τουτονὶ ποιεῖται for these eleven months, D.8.2, cf. 3.4; “τριακοστὴν ταύτην ἡμέραν” Men.Epit.27; “ταύτας τριάκοντα μνᾶς” D.27.23, cf. Pl.Grg. 463b, etc.
C. SIGNIFICATION AND SPECIAL IDIOMS:
I. this, to designate the nearer, opp. ἐκεῖνος, that, the more remote, ταῦτα, like τὰ ἐνταῦθα, things round and about us, earthly things, Pl.Phd.75e (v. l.); cf. ὅδε init.: but οὗτος sts. indicates that which is not really nearest, but most important, δεῖ . . τὸ βέλτιστον ἀεί, μὴ τὸ ῥᾷστον λέγειν: ἐπὶ ἐκεῖνο μὲν γὰρ ἡ φύσις αὐτὴ βαδιεῖται, ἐπὶ τοῦτο δὲ κτλ. D.8.72, cf. 51.3 and 18.
2. when, of two things, one precedes and the other follows, ὅδε prop. refers to what follows, οὗτος to what precedes, “οὐκ ἔστι σοι ταῦτ᾽, ἀλλά σοι τάδ᾽ ἔστι” S.OC787, cf. ὅδε III. 2: freq., however, where there are not two things, οὗτος refers to what follows, Il. 13.377, Od.2.306, etc.; οὔκουν . . τοῦτο γιγνώσκεις, ὅτι . . ; A.Pr.379, etc.
3. οὗτος is used emphat., generally in contempt, while ἐκεῖνος denotes praise, ὁ πάντ᾽ ἄναλκις οὗτος, i.e. Aegisthus, S.El.301; “τούτους τοὺς συκοφάντας” Pl.Cri.45a; so D.de Coron. uses οὗτος of Aeschines, ἐκεῖνος of Philip; but οὗτος is used of Philip, D.2.15, 4.3.
b. of what is familiar, τούτους τοὺς πολυτελεῖς χιτῶνας, of the Persians, X.An.1.5.8; “οἱ τὰς τελετὰς . . οὗτοι καταστήσαντες” Pl.Phd.69c, cf. Men.80a; τὸ θυλακῶδες τοῦτο the familiar bag-like thing, Thphr.HP3.7.3, cf. 3.18.11, 4.7.1; “οἱ τὰς κόρας ταύτας ὠνούμενοι τοῖς παισίν” D.Chr.31.153.
4. in Att. law-language, οὗτος is commonly applied to the opponent, whether plaintiff (as in Aeschin. 2.130) or defendant (as in Id.1.1); so, in the political speeches of D., οὗτοι are the opposite party, 4.1, 8.7, etc.; but in the forensic speeches, οὗτοι freq. means the judges, the court, 21.134, 36.47.
5. much like an Adv., in local sense (cf. ὅδε init.), τίς δ᾽ οὗτος κατὰ νῆας . . ἔρχεαι; who art thou here that comest . . ? Il.10.82; freq. in Att., τίς οὑτοσί; who's this here? Ar.Ach.1048; πολλὰ ὁρῶ ταῦτα πρόβατα I see many sheep here, X.An.3.5.9 (as v.l.): with Pron. of 2 pers., οὗτος σύ ho you! you there! S.OT532, 1121, E.Hec.1280, etc.: and then οὗτος alone like a voc., οὗτος, τί ποιεῖς; A.Supp.911,cf.S.Aj.71, E.Alc. 773, Ar.Eq.240, Nu.220, al.: with a pr. n., “ὦ οὗτος, Αἴας” S.Aj.89; “ὦ οὗτος οὗτος, Οἰδίπους” Id.OC1627, cf. Ar.V.1364: with voc., “βέντισθ᾽ οὗτος” Theoc.5.76:—the fem. is rarer, “αὕτη” E.Med.922; “αὕτη σύ” Ar.Th. 610.—This phrase mostly implies anger, impatience, or scorn.
II. simply as antec. to ὅς, Od.2.40, S.OT1180, etc.: freq. following relat. clause, “ἅ γ᾽ ἔλαβες, . . μεθεῖναι ταῦτα” Id.Ph.1247, cf. 1319,Ant. 183, 203, Pl.Grg.469c.
IV. after a parenthesis, the Subject, though already named, is freq. emphat. repeated by “οὗτος, οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδὲ Ἀριστέης . . , οὐδὲ οὗτος προσωτέρω . . ἔφησε ἀπικέσθαι” Hdt.4.16, cf.81 (s. v. l.), 1.146, Pl.Phd.107d, etc.
V. καὶ οὗτος is added to heighten the force of a previous word, “ξυνεστῶτες . . ναυτικῷ ἀγῶνι, καὶ τούτῳ πρὸς Ἀθηναίους” Th.4.55, cf. Hdt.1.147, 6.11, etc.; so “οὐδὲ τούτου” Aeschin.2.100; v. infr. VIII.2.
VI. repeated, where for the second we should merely say he or it, “τοῖσιν τούτου τοῦτον μέλεσιν . . κελαδοῦντες” Ar.Ra.1526, cf. Pl.La.200d.
VII. ταῦτα is used in some special phrases,
1. ταῦτ᾽, ὦ δέσποτα yes Sir (i. e. ἔστι ταῦτα, ταῦτα δράσω, etc.), Ar.V.142, Pax275, cf. Eq.III; so “ταῦτα δή” Id.Ach.815; “ταῦτά νυν” Id.V.1008; so also ἦν ταῦτα even so, true, E.Ph.417.
2. ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ὑπάρξει so it shall be, Pl.Phd.78a.
4. ταῦτα at end of a formula in epitaphs, etc., prob. short for ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχει or ὁ βίος ταῦτά ἐστιν, e.g. οὐδὶς ( = -εὶς） ἀθάνατος: “ταῦτα” IG14.420; Προκόπι ταῦτα ib.1824; χαίρεται ( = -τε） ταῦτα ib.1479, etc.: similarly perh. in a letter, “ἂμ μὴ πέμψῃς, οὐ μὴ φάγω, οὐ μὴ πείνω. ταῦτα” POxy.119.15 (ii/iii A. D.).
VIII. Adverbial usages:
1. ταῦταabs., therefore, that is why . . , Il.11.694; “ταῦτ᾽ ἄρα” Ar.Ach.90,Nu. 319, 335, 394, al., X.Smp.4.55; “ταῦτα δή” A.Pers.159, Pl.Smp.174a; “ταῦτ᾽ οὖν” S.Tr.550, Ar.V.1358, etc.; αὐτὰ ταῦτα ἥκω, ἵνα . . Pl.Prt. 310e: τοῦτο is rare in this sense, “τοῦτ᾽ ἀφικόμην, ὅπως . . εὖ πράξαιμί τι” S. OT1005; αὐτὸ γὰρ τοῦτο just because of this, Pl.Smp.204a.
b. πρὸς ταῦτα so then, therefore, prop. used in indignant defiance, A.Pr.992, 1043, S.Aj.971, 1115, 1313, OT426, OC455, etc.
2. καὶ ταῦτα, adding a circumstance heightening the force of what has been said, and that, “ἄνδρα γενναῖον θανεῖν, καὶ ταῦτα πρὸς γυναικός” A.Eu.627: but mostly with a part., “ὅς γ᾽ ἐξέλυσας ἄστυ . . , καὶ ταῦθ᾽ ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν οὐδὲν ἐξειδὼς πλέον” S.OT37, cf. Ar.Ra.704, Pl.Phdr.241e, etc.; or with a part. omitted, ἥτις . . τὴν τεκοῦσαν ὕβρισεν, καὶ ταῦτα τηλικοῦτος (sc. οὖσα) S.El.614; so “καὶ ταῦτα μέντοι” Pl.Erx.400b.
b. καὶ ταῦτα anyhow, no matter what happens (or happened), ἐπεχείρησας, οὐδὲν ὢν καὶ ταῦτα you tried, but were no good anyhow, i.e. try as you might, Id.R. 341c, cf. Diod.Com.3.5.
3. τοῦτο μέν . . , τοῦτο δέ . . on the one hand . . , on the other . . , partly . . , partly . . , very freq. in Hdt., as 1.161, al.; τοῦτο μέν is sts. answered by δέ only, 4.76, S.Aj.670, OC440; by δὲ αὖ, Hdt.7.176; by ἔπειτα δέ, S.Ant.61; by ἀλλά, D.22.13; by εἶτα, S.Ph.1345; by τοῦτ᾽ αὖθις, Id.Ant.165.
4. dat. fem. ταύτῃ,
a. on this spot, here, ταύτῃ μὲν . . , τῇδε δ᾽ αὖ . . Id.Ph. 1331; “ἀλλ᾽ ἐὰν ταύτῃ γε νικᾷ, ταυτῃὶ πεπλήξεται” Ar.Eq.271, cf. Th. 1221.
c. in this way, thus, A.Pr.191, S.OC1300, etc.; “οὐ . . ταῦτ᾽ ἐστί πω ταύτῃ” Ar.Eq.843; “ἀλλ᾽ οὔτι ταύτῃ ταῦτα” E. Med.365, cf. A.Pr.511: antec. to ὥσπερ, Pl.R.330c; to ὅπῃ, X.Cyr. 8.3.2; “οὕτω τε καὶ ταύτῃ γίγνοιτο” Pl.Lg.681d; καὶ οὕτω καὶ ταύτῃ ἂν ἔχοι ib.714d; ταύτῃ καλεῖσθαι, etc., like οὕτω κ., Sch.Pl.Smp. 215b.
