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πρότερος and πρῶτος , Comp. and Sup. formed from πρό, opp. ὕστερος, ὕστατος.
A. Comp. πρότερος , α, ον,
I. of Place, before, in front, π. πόδες the fore-feet, Od.19.228; π. ἵπποι horses in front, B.5.43:— but mostly,
II. of Time, former, earlier, “ἄνδρεςIl.21.405; “ἄνθρωποι5.637, 23.332; οἱ π. men of former times, 4.308 (rarely without Art., A.Ag.1338 (anap.), etc.); “οὗτος δὲ προτέρης γενεῆς π. τ᾽ ἀνθρώπωνIl.23.790: also, older, opp. ὁπλότερος, 2.707, etc.; γενεῇ π. 15.182; but παῖδες π. children by the first or a former marriage, Od.15.22; “παῖδες ἐκ τῆς π. γυναικόςHdt.7.2; τῇ προτέρῃ (sc. ἡμέρᾳ) on the day before, Od.16.50; ἠοῖ τῇ π. Il.13.794 (in Prose more freq. τῇ προτεραίᾳ, cf. προτεραῖος); τοῦ π. ἐνιαυτοῦ the year before, IG12.352.11; τοῖς π. Παναθηναίοις the preceding P., ib.57.8; τὰ π. what has preceded, Plot.3.2.8:—freq. used predicatively, sts. where we should expect the Adv. (which is never used by Hom.), “ με π. κάκ᾽ ἔοργεIl. 3.351, cf. 16.569, Hes.Op.708, etc.; “σπονδὰς οὐ λύσετε πρότεροιTh.1.123; οἱ π. ἐπιόντες ibid.; “τοῖς π. μετὰ Κύρου ἀναβᾶσιX.An.1.4.12, cf. IG22.1.7; “εἰ μὴ π. ἑωράκη αὐτὸν ἐκεῖνος ἐμέPl.R.336d, cf. 432c, etc.; “ὅτι εἴη π. ὑπὸ ἐκείνων ἠδικημένοςPCair.Zēn. 288.9 (iii B.C.).
III. of Rank, Worth, and generally of Precedence, superior, τῷ γένει, τῇ δυνάμει, Is.1.17, D.3.15; π. τινὸς πρός τι superior to him in . . , Pl.La. 183b; π. τι ἄγειν, π. ποιήσασθαι τὰ σὰ πράγματα, Lib.Or.58.36,52.1.
IV. after Hom., neut. πρότερον freq. as Adv., before, earlier, Pi.O.13.31, Hdt.4.45, IG12.374.265, etc.; ὀλίγον π. Pl.Prt.317e: c. gen., “π. φήμηςA.Th.866 (anap.); “ὀλίγῳ τι π. τούτωνHdt.8.95; πολλοῖσι ἔτεσι π. τούτων ib.96; “ἐνιαυτῷ π. τῆς ἁλώσεωςD.9.60; also πρὸ τῶν Περσικῶν δέκα ἔτεσι π. Pl.Lg.642d, cf. Criti.112a; τούτου π. Paus.1.1.2: most freq. folld. by “, π. κατὰ τὴν προσδοκίανPl.Sph. 264b; also “μὴ π. ἀπαναστῆναι ἐξέλωσιHdt.9.87, cf. 7.54, Antipho 2.1.2, Th.7.63, etc.: with inf., “π. βασιλεῦσαιHdt.7.2, cf. Th.1.69, etc.: folld. by πρίν, Hdt.1.82; by πρὶν ἄν, ib.140; by πρὶν with vb. in Indic., Id.6.45, 8.8, or Subj., 7.8.β́ (v.l. πρὶν ἂν ), 9.93; also “οὐ π. εἰ μὴ . . Plu.Lys.10, etc.; οὐ π. ἕως . . , or ἕως ἂν . . , Lys.12.71, Ath.14.640c; “μὴ π., ἀλλ᾽ ὅταν . . Plb.9.13.3: also used with the Art., τὸ π. Pl.R.522a, X.An.4.4.14, etc. (τὸ π., also, for the first time, Ep. Gal.4.13): c. gen., “τὸ π. τῶν ἀνδρῶν τούτωνHdt.2.144: the Adv. is freq. put between Art. and Subst., “ π. βασιλεύςId.1.84; “τὰ π. ἀδικήματαId.6.87; “αἱ π. ἁμαρτίαιAr.Eq.1355, etc.
B. Sup. πρῶτος , η, ον, Dor. πρᾶτος (q.v.):
I. as Adj.,
2. of Time, στάντα πρὸς π. ἕω looking towards first dawn, S.OC477; “περὶ π. νύκταPoll.1.70.
3. of Order, serving as ordinal to εἷς, ἄεθλα θῆκε . . τῷ πρώτῳ: ἀτὰρ αὖ τῷ δευτέρῳ . . , αὐτὰρ τῷ τριτάτῳ . . , κτλ., Il.23.265, cf. 6.179; opp. ὕστατος, 2.281, 5.703, etc.; opp. τελευταῖος, A.Ag.314; opp. τανύστατος, Od. 9.449; “πρῶτοι πάντων ἀνθρώπωνHdt.2.2; “τὰ π. τῶν ὀνομάτωνPl.Cra. 421d; “τῇ π. τῶν ἡμερέωνHdt.7.168, etc.; “π. ἄξωνIG12.115.10; ἐπὶ τοῦ π. [ἱερείου] first-offered, X.An.4.3.9; ἐν τοῖς π. λόγοις in the earlier books, Arist.Ph.263a11, al.; ἐν πρώτοις among the first, Is.7.40; hence, above all, especially, Hdt.8.69, Pl.R.522c; in Att., ἐν τοῖς πρῶτοι (v. , , τόA. VIII. 6):—freq. used predicatively of being the first to do something, “Νέστωρ πρῶτος κτύπον ἄϊεIl.10.532; “πρῶτος ἀνατέλλειEratosth.Cal.42; “εἴθε π. σοι ἐνέτυχονLuc.Tyr.21.
b. Philos., first in order of existence, primary, “αἱ π. οὐσίαιArist.Cat.2b26, cf. Metaph.1032b2; π. ὕλη, π. φιλοσοφία, ib.1015a7, 1061b19; primitive, simple, οἰκία π., π. πόλις, Id.Pol.1252b10, 1291a17; π. κοινωνία ib.1257a19; π. ὀλιγαρχία ib.1293a14; π. συλλογισμός normal, typical, Id.Rh.1357a17; τὰ π. σώματα, μόρια,= τὰ ὁμοιομερῆ, Gal.5.673,674; πρῶτα κατὰ φύσιν, e.g. health, perception, Stoic.3.34; τὰ π. πάθη ib.92; αἱ π. ἀρεταί ib.64.
c. Math., πρῶτοι ἀριθμοί prime numbers, Euc.7 Def.11,12; but also, first numbers (= 1 to 100,000,000) in the notation of Archim., Aren.3.2.
4. of Rank or Dignity, μετὰ πρώτοισιν among the first men of the state, Od.6.60, etc.; “νομίσαντες πρῶτοι ἂν εἶναιTh.6.28; διαβάλλειν τοὺς π. X.An.2.6.26, cf. Arist.Pol.1266a18; “αἱ π. πόλειςTh. 2.8; “ π. ἄρχωνIG12(3).481.10 (Thera), CIG2837 (Aphrodisias); π. τῆς πόλεως, as a title, IG12(5).292.2 (Paros); “ π. τῆς νήσουAct.Ap.28.7; τῶν π. φίλων, title at the Ptolemaic court, PTeb.31.15 (ii B.C.), etc.; τῶν π., as military title, PHib.1.110.72 (iii B.C.), PPetr.3p.23 (iii B.C.), PTeb.815 Fr.4.23,al.(iii B.C.): c. gen., “ἐν πρώτοισι ΜυκηναίωνIl.15.643; “οἱ π. στρατοῦS.Ph.1305, cf. E.Hec.304, etc.: c. dat. modi, ἀρετῇ π., οἱ π. καὶ χρήμασι καὶ γένει, πλούτῳ π. τῶν Ἑλλήνων, etc., S.Ph.1425, Th.3.65, Isoc.16.31, etc.; “π. ἐν συμφοραῖς βίουS.OT33.
5. of Degree, first, highest, “μοῖραId.OC145 (anap.), etc.
II. as Subst. in neut. pl. πρῶτα, τά,
4. Philos., primary things, elements, Emp.38.1, Arist.GC335a29; “τὰ π. αἴτιαId.Mete.338a20; also “τὸ π. ἐνυπάρχον ἑκάστῳId.Ph.193a10.
5. in Logic, the first undemonstrable propositions, on which all future conclusions rest, Id.Top.100b18; “τὰ π. ἀναπόδεικταId.APo.71b26.
III. in Adverbial phrases,
3. freq. as Adv. in neut. sg. and pl., πρῶτον, πρῶτα,
a. first, in the first place, πρῶτόν τε καὶ ὕστατον (vulg. ὕστερον) Hes.Th. 34; “π. μὲν . . , δεύτερον αὖ . . , τὸ τρίτον αὖ . . Il.6.179; τί π. τοι ἔπειτα, τί δ᾽ ὑστάτιον καταλέξω; Od.9.14; “Κύπριδα μὲν πρῶτα . . , αὐτὰρ ἔπειτ᾽ . . Il.5.458; “οὐρῆας μὲν π. ἐπῴχετο . . , αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα . . 1.50; “π. μὲν . . , ἔπειτα δὲ . . S.OC632, X.Cyr.2.1.2,23, An.5.6.7-8, Hier.11.8, etc.; “π. μὲν . . , ἔπειτα . . Pl.Phd.89a, etc.; “π. μὲν . . , ἔπειτα δεύτερον . . , τρίτον δὲ . . Aeschin.1.7; “π. μὲν . . , εἶτα . . Pl.Phlb.15b; “π. μὲν . . , εἶτα δὲ . . X. An.1.2.16; “π. μὲν . . , εἶτα . . , ἔτι δὲ . . Id.Mem.1.2.1; “π. μὲν . . , . . δὲ αὖ . . Pl.Lg.935a; “π. μὲν . . , ἔτι δὲ . . Lys.4.10, etc.; “π. μὲν . . , ἔτι τοίνυν . . D.44.57; freq. answered only by δέ, Id.9.48, etc.; sts. the answering clause must be supplied, A.Ag.810, D.7.7, etc.: also “πρῶτον μὲν . . δεύτερον μήν . . Pl.Phlb.66a: also “πρῶτα μὲν . . , ἔπειτα . . S.Tr. 616, Ar.Pl.728; “πρῶτα μὲν . . , ἔπειτα . . , εἶτα . . E.Med.548; “πρῶτα μὲν . . , . . δὲ . . A.Pr.447; πρῶτα μὲν . . , ἔπειτα δὲ . . X HG7.1.7, cf. S. Ph.919; ἐπεί σε πρῶτα κιχάνω since my first meeting is with you, Od. 13.228, cf. 7.53, Il.8.274: also τὸ πρῶτον, first, in the first place, at the beginning, “ὡς τὸ π. ὑπέστην καὶ κατένευσα4.267; “οὕνεκά σ᾽ οὐ τὸ π., ἐπεὶ ἴδον, ὧδ᾽ ἀγάπησαOd.23.214. cf. Il.3.443, 6.345, Pi.P.9.41, N.3.49; τὸ μὲν οὖν π. Pl.Prt.333d, etc.; τὸ π . . ., μετὰ ταῦτα . .
D. 1.12: also τὰ π., Il.1.6, Od.1.257, etc.; “πόντῳ μὲν τὰ π . . . , αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα . . Il.4.424; “τὰ π. μὲν . . , ὡς δὲ . . A.Pers.412; “τὰ π . . . , τέλος δὲ . . S.Fr.149.5, cf. 966.
IV. Adv. πρώτως primarily, first in Arist., “π. καὶ κυρίωςEN1157a30; opp. δευτέρως, ib.1158b31; π. καθ᾽ αὑτό, opp. κατὰ συμβεβηκός, Id.Ph.192b22, cf. Gal.1.692, al., Jul.Or.5.168b.
2. ὅτε π. ἐπεδήμησεν . . when he first visited . . , BSA27.228 (Sparta, ii A.D.).—(From πρῶτος was formed a new Sup. πρώτιστος, q.v.)
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