A. as a Conjunction,
I. τε . . τε, both . . and, joining single words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, the first τε merely pointing forward to the second, “ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε” Il.1.544; “ἀγαθῶν τε κακῶν τε” Hes.Op.669; “δίψῃ τε λιμῷ τε” A.Pers.491, cf. S.Aj.34,35, Ar.Ach. 370,375; “τήν τε νῆσον τήν τε ἤπειρον” Th.4.8, cf. Antipho 2.3.3, Pl. R.373b; “λυσόμενός τε θύγατρα, φέρων τ᾽ ἀπερείσι᾽ ἄποινα” Il.1.13; παῖδά τε σοὶ ἀγέμεν Φοίβῳ θ᾽ ἱερὴν ἑκατόμβην ῥέξαι ib.443; the elements joined by τε . . τε are usu. short in Hom., longer in later Gr., e.g. “ἐπειδὴ πρόξενοί τέ εἰσιν Ἀθηναίων καὶ εὐεργέται . . , ἔν τε τῇ στήλῃ γέγραπται” IG12.103.7; “ἥ τε γὰρ γῆ . . εὔυδρός ἐστι, ποταμοί τε δι᾽ αὐτῆς ῥέουσι” Hdt.4.47; χρὴ . . τούς τε πρεσβυτέρους ὁμοιωθῆναι τοῖς πρὶν ἔργοις, τούς τε νεωτέρους . . μὴ αἰσχῦναι κτλ. Th.4.92, cf. Pl.R.474c, X.Cyr.1.4.25, Is.1.50; τά τε γὰρ ληφθέντα πάντ᾽ ἂν σῴζοιτο οἵ τ᾽ ἀδικήσαντες κατ᾽ ἀξίαν λάβοιεν τὰ ἐπιτίμια Aen. Tact.16.8, cf. Gp.2.49.1, 12.3.2-3; “τούτου γὰρ γενομένου . . τά τε ἐχφόρια Χρυσέρμῳ δυνήσομαι ἀποδοῦναι, ἐγώ τε ἔσομαι παρὰ σοῦ φιλανθρωπίας τετευχώς” PEnteux.60.11 (iii B.C.); “κλείειν τε τὰ βλέφαρα δεομένων ἐλπιζόντων τε κοιμηθήσεσθαι” Gal.16.494, cf. 495,501; this use is common at all times in οὔτε . . οὔτε, μήτε . . μήτε, εἴτε . . εἴτε (qq.v.); τε may be used three or more times, “ἔν τ᾽ ἄρα οἱ φῦ χειρί, ἔπος τ᾽ ἔφατ᾽ ἔκ τ᾽ ὀνόμαζεν” Od.15.530, cf. Il.1.177, 2.58, A.Pr.89sq., B.17.19sq., Lys. 19.17, X.Cyr.3.3.36:—ἑνδεκάτη τε δυωδεκάτη τε prob. means the eleventh or twelfth, Od.2.374, 4.588:—sts. τε . . τε couples alternatives, “ἀπόρως εἶχε δοῦναί τε μὴ δοῦναί τε” E.IA56, cf. Heracl.153, El.391; hence we find τε . . ἢ . . , Pl.Tht.143c, Ion 535d; on ἢ (or ἦ） . . τε in Il.2.289 and A.Eu.524 (lyr.) v. ἦ 1.3.
2. the first clause may be negative, the second affirmative, as “ἐκκλησίαν τε οὐκ ἐποίει . . , τήν τε πόλιν ἐφύλασσε” Th.2.22; but οὔτε . . τε is more freq., as “οὔτε ποσίν εἰμι ταχύς . . , γιγνώσκω τε” X.Cyr.2.3.6 (v. “οὔτε” 11.4); we also find οὐ . . τε . . , as “οὐχ ἡσύχαζον . . , παρεκάλουν τε τοὺς ξυμμάχους” Th.1.67; and μὴ . . τε . . , as ἵνα μή τι διαφύγῃ ἡμᾶς, εἴ τέ τι βούλει κτλ. Pl.Phd.95e.
a. τε . . δὲ . . , as “κόμισαί τέ με, δὸς δέ μοι ἵππους” Il.5.359, cf. 7.418, S.OC367, Tr.285, E.Ph.1625; “ἐσθὰς ἀμφότερόν νιν ἔχεν, ἅ τε . . ἐπιχώριος . . , ἀμφὶ δὲ παρδαλέᾳ στέγετο” Pi.P.4.80; “διήκουέ τε . . , ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ ἐπῄνεσε” X.Cyr.4.4.3; so with ἅμα δὲ καὶ . . , ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ . . , Th.1.25, Pl.Smp.186e:—so τε . . , ἀτὰρ οὖν καὶ . . , Id.Hp.Ma. 295e.
b. “μὲν . . τε . . , ἄνδρα μὲν . . , τρεῖς τε κασιγνήτους” Il.19.291-3, cf. Od.22.475-6, Pi.O.6.88, 7.88, A.Th.924, Ch.585 (lyr.), S.Ant.963 (lyr.), E.Heracl.337 codd., Cyc.41 (lyr.), Ar.Nu.563(lyr.), Pl.Phdr. 266c, Lg.927b: v. μέν A. 11.6c.
4. a single τε (and) joins a word, phrase, or (esp. later) clause or sentence to what precedes, “τελευτὴν κεφαλήν τε” Pl.Ti.69a; θνητὰ ἀθάνατά τε ib.c; “Ζεῦ ἄλλοι τε θεοί” Il.6.476; “κύνεσσιν οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι” 1.5; ῥίγησέν τ᾽ ἂρ ἔπειτα ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων v.l. for δ᾽ ἂρ in 11.254; ἕν τε οὐδὲν κατέστη ἴαμα . . , σῶμά τε αὔταρκες ὂν οὐδὲν διεφάνη . . , Th.2.51; τά τε ἱερὰ . . νεκρῶν πλέα ἦν . . ib.52; νόμοι τε πάντες ξυνεταράχθησαν ibid.; “δάκνει σ᾽ ἀδελφὸς ὅ τε θανὼν ἴσως πατήρ” E.El.242, cf. 253,262, al.; “εἴς τε τὰς ἄλλας . . ἀθροίζεσθαι” Aen.Tact.3.5; τῶν τε ἀρχόντων . . ib.6, cf. 10.8, al.; “ὅ τε γραφεὶς κύκλος . . ” Archim.Spir.11 Def.7; “πρός τε τούτοις φησὶν . . ” PEnteux.63.18 (iii B.C.); “χωρίς τε τούτων” Plb.2.56.13, 61.1, 3.17.7; “ταῦτά τ᾽ ἐγίνετο . . ” Id.2.43.6, cf. 3.70.4; “ἀπαιτούμενός τε ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ τὰ ἔρια οὐκ ἀποδίδωσί” PEnteux.2.6, cf. 8.4, al. (iii B.C.); γράψαι Ἀγαθοκλεῖ τῷ ἐπιστάτῃ διασαφῆσαί τε αὐτῷ ib.81.21 (iii B.C.); “καθόλου τε . . ” Arr.Epict.1.19.13, cf. 2.2.17; “ἀταράχους τήν τε δύναμιν ἀκαθαιρέτους” Sor.1.21, cf. 24, al.; “ὄξει βαφικῷ στυπτηρίᾳ τε” PHolm. 1.4, cf. Gem.16.6; “χρὴ . . λαχάνων ἅπτεσθαι, κοιλίαν τε λύειν” Gp.1.12.19, cf. 2.2.2, al.; this τε may be used any number of times, Od.4.149-150, 14.75,158-9, Men.Pk.15,16,20, Hipparch.1.9.8, Act.Ap.2.43,46, 4.13, 14, al.
II. τε . . καὶ . . , or τε καὶ . . , both . . and . . , where τε points forward to καί, and usu. need not be translated, e.g. “Ἀτρείδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς” Il.1.7; εἰ δὴ ὁμοῦ πόλεμός τε δαμᾷ καὶ λοιμὸς Ἀχαιούς ib.61; δειλός τε καὶ οὐτιδανὸς καλεοίμην ib. 293; “ζωόν τε καὶ ἀρτεμέα” 7.308, cf. 327,338, al.; “τῆς τε γῆς ἐούσης ἐπιτηδέης καὶ τῶν ποταμῶν ἐόντων σφι συμμάχων” Hdt.4.47; “βούλεταί τε καὶ ἐπίσταται” Th.2.35; “ὁ φύς τε καὶ τραφείς” Pl.R.396c; “βάσιν τε γὰρ πάλιν τὴν αὐτὴν ἔχουσι τὴν ΖΒ καὶ . . ” Euc.1.47; sts. the elements joined by τε . . καὶ . . are joined in order to be compared or contrasted rather than simply joined, “κάκιστος νῦν τε καὶ πάλαι δοκεῖ” S.Ant. 181; “μεσαμβρίη τέ ἐστι καὶ τὸ κάρτα γίνεται ψυχρόν” Hdt.4.181; “ἔτυχόν τε ὕσταται ἐξαναχθεῖσαι καί κως κατεῖδον” Id.7.194; ἐπαύσατό τε ὁ ἄνεμος καὶ τὸ κῦμα ἔστρωτο ib.193; “ταὐτὰ . . νῦν τε καὶ τότε” Ar.Av. 24; “χωρὶς τό τ᾽ εἰπεῖν πολλὰ καὶ τὰ καίρια” S.OC808; “ὅσον τό τ᾽ ἄρχειν καὶ τὸ δουλεύειν δίχα” A.Pr.927; sts. (like τε . . τε) even used of alternatives, “διάνδιχα μερμήριξεν, ἵππους τε στρέψαι καὶ ἐναντίβιον μαχέσασθαι” Il.8.168; “ἐν δίκᾳ τε καὶ παρὰ δίκαν” Pi.O.2.16; “θεοῦ τε . . θέλοντος καὶ μὴ θέλοντος” A.Th.427; “πείσας τε . . καὶ μὴ τυχών” Th.3.42:—on οἵ τε ἄλλοι καὶ . . , e.g. “τοῖς τε ἄλλοις ἅπασι καὶ Λακεδαιμονίοις” Isoc.12.249, and ἄλλως τε καὶ . . , v. ἄλλος 11.6, “ἄλλως” 1.3.
2. in this sense τ᾽ ἠδέ is only Ep., “σκῆπτρόν τ᾽ ἠδὲ θέμιστας” Il.9.99, cf. 1.400, al.; also “τε . . , ἰδέ, χαλκόν τε ἰδὲ λόφον” 6.469, cf. 8.162.
b. καὶ . . τε perh. means and . . also in “καὶ ναυτικῷ τε ἅμα” Th.1.9; “καὶ πρός τε τοὺς Ῥηγίνους” Id.6.44; “καὶ αὐτός τε” Id.8.68; v. infr. c. 10.
4. τε . . τε or τε . . καὶ . . sts. join elements which are not syntactically parallel, esp. a part. and a finite verb, ἰοῖσίν τε τιτυσκόμενοι λάεσσί τ᾽ ἔβαλλον (for βάλλοντες) Il.3.80; “ἄλλα τε ἐπιφραζόμενος καὶ δὴ καὶ ἐπεπόμφεε” Hdt.1.85; “ἀλλῳ τε τρόπῳ πειράζοντες καὶ μηχανὴν προσήγαγον” Th.4.100; “τῆς τε ὥρας . . ταύτης οὔσης . . , καὶ τὸ χωρίον . . χαλεπὸν ἦν” Id.7.47, cf. 4.85, 8.81, 95.
5. the copulative τε becomes rare in later Gr.; it is found about 340 times in LXX, mostly in the Pentateuch and 1-4 Ma., only 3 times in Ps.; in the NT it is found about 150 times in Act.Ap., 20 times in Ep.Hebr., and very rarely in the other books.
B. In Ep. (more rarely in other dactylic verse, v. infr. 11) τε stands in general or frequentative statements or in statements of what is well known; such statements are freq. made as justifications of a preceding particular statement or of a preceding exhortation to a particular person or persons; the sense of τε thus approaches that of τοι (cf. τοι and τε in Od.2.276-7, and cf. Il.13.115 with 15.203); although associated with numerous particles and other words of particular types (v. infr.) its meaning remains independent of these and applies to the whole sentence in which it stands: “αἶψά τε φυλόπιδος πέλεται κόρος ἀνθρώποισιν” Il.19.221; “οὐ γάρ τ᾽ αἶψα θεῶν τρέπεται νόος αἰὲν ἐόντων” Od.3.147; “θεοὶ δέ τε πάντα ἴσασιν” 4.379, cf. 5.79,447, 10.306, 17.485, Il.9.497, 16.688, 17.176, 21.264; “ξυνὸς Ἐνυάλιος καί τε κτανέοντα κατέκτα” 18.309, cf. Od.11.537, Il.24.526; “ἤ τ᾽ ἔβλητ᾽ ἤ τ᾽ ἔβαλ᾽ ἄλλον” 11.410; “οὐ μὲν γάρ τε κακὸν βασιλευέμεν” Od.1.392; “οἳ φύλλοισιν ἐοικότες ἄλλοτε μέν τε ζαφλεγέες τελέθουσιν . . ἄλλοτε δὲ . .” Il.21.464; “ἄλλος γάρ τ᾽ ἄλλοισιν ἀνὴρ ἐπιτέρπεται ἔργοις” Od.14.228, cf. 8.169,170, 15.400; τοῦ γάρ τε ξεῖνος μιμνήσκεται ἤματα πάντα, ἀνδρὸς ξεινοδόκου, ὅς κεν φιλότητα παράσχῃ ib.54, cf. 17.322; “ῥεχθὲν δέ τε νήπιος ἔγνω” Il.17.32; “παθὼν δέ τε νήπιος ἔγνω” Hes.Op.218; “αἰεὶ γάρ τε νεώτεροι ἀφραδέουσιν” Od. 7.294; δύσζηλοι γάρ τ᾽ εἰμὲν ἐπὶ χθονὶ φῦλ᾽ ἀνθρώπων ib.307; “τοῦ δέ τε πολλοὶ ἐπαυρίσκοντ᾽ ἄνθρωποι, καί τε πολέας ἐσάωσε” Il.13.733-4; τοῦ μὲν γάρ τε κακοῦ τρέπεται χρὼς ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ, ἐν δέ τέ οἱ κραδίη στέρνοισι πατάσσει . . , πάταγος δέ τε γίγνετ᾽ ὀδόντων ib.279-83; “ὀλίγη δέ τ᾽ ἀνάπνευσις πολέμοιο” 18.201; “νέῳ δέ τε πάντ᾽ ἐπέοικεν . . κεῖσθαι” 22.71; “κατέλεξεν ἅπαντα κήδε᾽ ὅσ᾽ ἀνθρώποισι πέλει, τῶν ἄστυ ἁλώῃ: ἄνδρας μὲν κτείνουσι, πόλιν δέ τε πῦρ ἀμαθύνει, τέκνα δέ τ᾽ ἄλλοι ἄγουσι, βαθυζώνους τε γυναῖκας” 9.592-4, cf. 22.492,495,499; “νεμεσσῶμαί γε μὲν οὐδέν: καὶ γάρ τίς τ᾽ ἀλλοῖον ὀδύρεται ἄνδρ᾽ ὀλέσασα . . ἢ Ὀδυσῆ᾽” Od.19.265; “σχέτλιε, καὶ μέν τίς τε χερείονι πείθεθ᾽ ἑταίρῳ . . , αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ θεός εἰμι” 20.45, cf. 23.118, Il.2.292, 9.632; νῦν δὲ μνησώμεθα δόρπου: καὶ γάρ τ᾽ ἠΰκομος Νιόβη ἐμνήσατο σίτου κτλ. 24.602 (where a general inference is implied); “ὃν Βριάρεων καλέουσι θεοί, ἄνδρες δέ τε πάντες Αἰγαίων᾽” 1.403, cf. 2.814, 5.306, 10.258, 14.290; sts. of repeated action by particular persons, “ἄλλοτε μέν τε γόῳ φρένα τέρπομαι” Od.4.102; “οὐ μὰ γὰρ Ἀπόλλωνα Διὶ φίλον, ᾧ τε σύ, Κάλχαν, εὐχόμενος . . θεοπροπίας ἀναφαίνεις” Il.1.86; ἡ δὲ . . μ᾽ αἰεὶ . . νεικεῖ, καί τέ μέ φησι μάχῃ Τρώεσσιν ἀρήγειν ib.521; “μήτηρ γάρ τέ μέ φησι θεά, Θέτις ἀργυρόπεζα, διχθαδίας κῆρας φερέμεν θανάτοιο τέλοσδε” 9.410.
2. in exhortations addressed to an individual, a subsidiary sentence or relative clause in which he is reminded of his special or characteristic sphere of activity is marked by τε, e.g. “Ἑρμεία, σοὶ γάρ τε μάλιστά γε φίλτατόν ἐστιν ἀνδρὶ ἑταιρίσσαι καί τ᾽ ἔκλυες ᾧ κ᾽ ἐθέλῃσθα, βάσκ᾽ ἴθι . .” Il.24.334; “Ἀτρεΐδη, σοὶ γάρ τε μάλιστά γε λαὸς Ἀχαιῶν πείσονται μύθοισι . . , νῦν δ᾽ ἀπὸ πυρκαϊῆς σκέδασον . .” 23.156; “δεῦρο δὴ ὄρσο, γρηῢ . . , ἥ τε γυναικῶν δμῳάων σκοπός ἐσσι . . , ἔρχεο” Od. 22.395, cf. Il.17.249.
3. similarly in general and frequentative statements consisting of two clauses (one of which may be a relative clause, freq. containing the subj. or opt.), in which the fulfilment of the condition stated in the subsidiary or subordinate clause is declared to be generally or always followed by the result stated in the principal clause, either or both clauses may contain τε:
a. the principal clause alone contains τε“, ὅς κε θεοῖς ἐπιπείθηται, μάλα τ᾽ ἔκλυον αὐτοῦ” Il.1.218; “ὃς δ᾽ ἂν ἀμύμων αὐτὸς ἔῃ καὶ ἀμύμονα εἰδῇ, τοῦ μέν τε κλέος εὐρὺ διὰ ξεῖνοι φορέουσι πάντας ἐπ᾽ ἀνθρώπους, πολλοί τέ μιν ἐσθλὸν ἔειπον” Od.19.333; “εἴ περ γὰρ θυμῷ γε μενοινάᾳ πολεμίζειν, ἀλλά τε λάθρῃ γυῖα βαρύνεται . . , βλάβεται δέ τε γούνατ᾽ ἰόντι” Il.19.165-6; “ᾧ μέν κ᾽ ἀμμείξας δώῃ Ζεὺς τερπικέραυνος, ἄλλοτε μέν τε κακῷ ὅ γε κύρεται ἄλλοτε δ᾽ ἐσθλῷ” 24.530.
b. the subordinate clause alone contains τε“, λάζετο δ᾽ ἔγχος . . τῷ δάμνησι στίχας ἀνδρῶν ἡρώων οἷσίν τε κοτέσσεται ὀβριμοπάτρη” 5.747; “ῥεῖα δ᾽ ἀρίγνωτος γόνος ἀνέρος ᾧ τε Κρονίων ὄλβον ἐπικλώση” Od.4.207; “ἀντί νυ πολλῶν λαῶν ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ὅν τε Ζεὺς κῆρι φιλήσῃ” Il.9.117, cf. 7.298, Od.6.287, 7.74, 8.547, 18.276; with opt., “ἀλλὰ πολὺ πρώτιστος . . ἕλεσκον ἀνδρῶν δυσμενέων ὅ τέ μοι εἴξειε πόδεσσι” 14.221: it is prob. that τε has been replaced by κε in the text of Hom. in Il.1.218, 9.510 (cf. 508), and some other passages in which κε seems to be used, exceptionally, in general relative clauses.
c. both clauses contain τε“, ὃς μέν τ᾽ αἰδέσεται κούρας Διὸς ἆσσον ἰούσας, τὸν δὲ μέγ᾽ ὤνησαν καί τ᾽ ἔκλυον εὐχομένοιο” Il.9.508-9; “εἴ περ γάρ τε χόλον γε καὶ αὐτῆμαρ καταπέψῃ, ἀλλά τε καὶ μετόπισθεν ἔχει κότον” 1.82-3.
4. in the subordinate clause of a collective sentence, in which the principal clause states something to be true of all those (i.e. each individual) to whom the predicate of the subordinate clause applies, “ὑπόσχωμαι . . κτήματα . . πάντα μάλ᾽ ὅσσα τ᾽ Ἀλέξανδρος . . ἠγάγετο Τροίηνδ᾽ . . δωσέμεν” Il.22.115; “πάντων ὅσσα τε γαῖαν ἔπι πνείει τε καὶ ἕρπει” 17.447, cf. Od.18.131, Il.19.105; “βάλλειν ἄγρια πάντα τά τε τρέφει οὔρεσιν ὕλη” 5.52, cf. 18.485.
5. in relative clauses (and in parenthetic principal clauses) which indicate what is customary, ἐπεὶ οὐχ ἱερήϊον οὐδὲ βοείην ἀρνύσθην, ἅ τε ποσσὶν ἀέθλια γίγνεται ἀνδρῶν which are the usual prizes . . , Il.22.160; “ἔργ᾽ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε, τά τε κλείουσιν ἀοιδοί” Od.1.338, cf. 3.435, 4.85, 13.410, 14.226, 17.423, Il.5.332; “κύματος ἐξαναδύς, τά τ᾽ ἐρεύγεται ἤπειρόνδε” Od.5.438; “μολπή τ᾽ ὀρχηστύς τε, τὰ γάρ τ᾽ ἀναθήματα δαιτός” 1.152: similarly in clauses with “οἷά τε （πολλά）, κῆτος ἐπισσεύῃ μέγα δαίμων ἐξ ἁλός, οἷά τε πολλὰ τρέφει . . Ἀμφιτρίτη” 5.422; “οὐ γάρ σ᾽ οὐδέ . . δαήμονι φωτὶ ἐΐσκω ἄθλων, οἷά τε πολλὰ μετ᾽ ἀνθρώποισι πέλονται” 8.160, cf. 11.364, 14.63, 15.324,379.
6. in relative clauses indicating what is true of all persons or things denoted by the same word, οὐ γάρ τις νήσων ἱππήλατος οὐδ᾽ εὐλείμων αἵ θ᾽ ἁλὶ κεκλίαται no one of the islands which lie in the sea (as all islands do, i.e. no island at all), Od.4.608; “ἡμίονον . . ἥ τ᾽ ἀλγίστη δαμάσασθαι” Il.23.655; “ἐσθλὸς ἐὼν γαμβρὸς ἢ πενθερός, οἵ τε μάλιστα κήδιστοι τελέθουσι” Od.8.582; “αἰετοῦ οἴματ᾽ ἔχων . . ὅς θ᾽ ἅμα κάρτιστός τε καὶ ὤκιστος πετεηνῶν” Il.21.252, cf. 24.294; “οὐδέ μιν εἰσοιχνεῦσι κυνηγέται, οἵ τε καθ᾽ ὕλην ἄλγεα πάσχουσιν” Od.9.120; “δικασπόλοι, οἵ τε θέμιστας πρὸς Διὸς εἰρύαται” Il.1.238, cf. Od.5.67, 101, Il.1.279, 19.31, 24.415; “οἶνός σε τρώει . . , ὅς τε καὶ ἄλλους βλάπτει” Od.21.293, cf. 14.464; “πάρφασις, ἥ τ᾽ ἔκλεψε νόον πύκα περ φρονεόντων” Il.14.217; “οἰκωφελίη, ἥ τε τρέφει ἀγλαὰ τέκνα” Od.14.223.
7. when the antecedent is a definite group of gods or men, the relative clause with τε indicates an essential characteristic of the antecedent, “Ἐρινύες, αἵ θ᾽ ὑπὸ γαῖαν ἀνθρώπους τείνυνται” Il.19.259; “Σειρῆνας . . , αἵ ῥά τε πάντας ἀνθρώπους θέλγουσιν” Od.12.39; “Φαίηκές μ᾽ ἄγαγον ναυσίκλυτοι, οἵ τε καὶ ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους πέμπουσιν” 16.227, cf. 20.187; “νυμφάων αἵ τ᾽ ἄλσεα καλὰ νέμονται καὶ πηγὰς ποταμῶν” Il.20.8; “Λωτοφάγων, οἵ τ᾽ ἄνθινον εἶδαρ ἔδουσι” Od.9.84: similarly when the antecedent is an individual person (incl. god) or thing, the relative clause with τε indicates one of his or its general or essential characteristics or aspects, “οὐ μὰ Ζῆν᾽ ὅς τίς τε θεῶν ὕπατος καὶ ἄριστος” Il.23.43, cf. 2.669, Od.5.4; “Ἑρμείαο ἕκητι διακτόρου, ὅς ῥά τε πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἔργοισι χάριν καὶ κῦδος ὀπάζει” 15.319; “Λάμπον καὶ Φαέθονθ᾽, οἵ τ᾽ Ἠῶ πῶλοι ἄγουσι” 23.246; “Τειρεσίαο μάντιος ἀλαοῦ, τοῦ τε φρένες ἔμπεδοί εἰσι” 10.493; “τεύχεα δύνεις ἀνδρὸς ἀριστῆος, τόν τε τρομέουσι καὶ ἄλλοι” Il.17.203, cf. 7.112; κεῖται ἀνὴρ ὅν τ᾽ (v.l. ὃν）“ ἶσον ἐτίομεν Ἕκτορι δίῳ, Αἰνείας” 5.467; the relative clause sts. indicates what is customary, “οὐδέ σε λήθω τιμῆς ἧς τέ μ᾽ ἔοικε τετιμῆσθαι μετ᾽ Ἀχαιοῖς” 23.649; “ἔνθα δ᾽ ἀνὴρ ἐνίαυε πελώριος, ὅς ῥά τε μῆλα οἶος ποιμαίνεσκε” Od.9.187; “τῶν πάντων οὐ τόσσον ὀδύρομαι . . ὡς ἑνός, ὅς τέ μοι ὕπνον ἀπεχθαίρει καὶ ἐδωδὴν μνωομένῳ” 4.105; “σῆς ἀλόχου . . ἥ τέ τοι αὔτως ἧσται ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν” 13.336; “καὶ κήρυκα Μέδοντα σαώσομεν, ὅς τέ μευ αἰεὶ . . κηδέσκετο” 22.357, cf. 346.
8. τε is used in descriptions of particular places or things when attention is called to their peculiar or characteristic features, or their position, e.g. “Λιβύην, ἵνα τ᾽ ἄρνες ἄφαρ κεραοὶ τελέθουσι” Od.4.85; “ἔνθα δέ τ᾽ ὄρνιθες τανυσίπτεροι εὐνάζοντο” 5.65, cf. 9.124, 13.99,100,107,109,244; ἓξ δέ τέ οἱ (sc. Σκύλλῃ）“ δειραὶ περιμήκεες” 12.90, cf. 93,99,105; ἐν δέ τε Γοργείη κεφαλή (in Athena's αἰγίς) Il.5.741; χαλεπὸν δέ τ᾽ ὀρύσσειν ἀνδράσι γε θνητοῖσι (sc. μῶλυ) Od. 10.305; “δοιαὶ γάρ τε πύλαι ἀμενηνῶν εἰσὶν ὀνείρων” 19.562; sts. τε draws attention to a well-known custom or permanent feature, “ἀρξάμενοι τοῦ χώρου, ὅθεν τέ περ οἰνοχοεύει” 21.142; “ἦ μένετε Τρῶας σχεδὸν ἐλθέμεν, ἔνθα τε νῆες εἰρύατ᾽ εὔπρυμνοι” Il.4.247, cf. Od. 6.266; “ἐν ποταμῷ, ὅθι τ᾽ ἀρδμὸς ἔην πάντεσσι βοτοῖσιν” Il.18.521, cf. Od.14.353.
9. a part of the anatomy is defined by a clause (containing τε) which indicates a feature which universally belongs to it, “κατ᾽ ἰσχίον, ἔνθα τε μηρὸς ἰσχίῳ ἐνστρέφεται” Il.5.305, cf. 8.83, 13.547, 16.481, 20.478; similarly a point of time is defined, “ὥρῃ ἐν εἰαρινῇ, ὅτε τ᾽ ἤματα μακρὰ πέλονται” Od.18.367.
10. τε is used in relative clauses which define a measurement of a particular thing or action by reference to the measurement (in general) of some thing or action well known in daily life, “γεφύρωσεν δὲ κέλευθον μακρὴν ἠδ᾽ εὐρεῖαν, ὅσον τ᾽ ἐπὶ δουρὸς ἐρωὴ γίγνεται” Il.15.358; “τοῦ δ᾽ ἤτοι κλέος ἔσται ὅσον τ᾽ ἐπικίδναται ἠώς” 7.451; “ὅτε τόσσον ἀπῆν ὅσσον τε γέγωνε βοήσας” Od.9.473, cf. 3.321, al.; more rarely the definition is by reference to the measurement of a particular thing or action, ἤσθιε . . ἕως ὅ τ᾽ ἀοιδὸς ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἄειδεν (s.v.l.) 17.358; “ἥ τις δὴ τέτληκε τόσα φρεσίν, ὅσσα τ᾽ ἐγώ περ” 19.347.
11. the freq. use of τε B in similes is to be explained under one or other of the foregoing heads, e.g. when reference is made to generally known kinds of things or natural phenomena, to human experience in daily life, or to well-known phenomena of the animal world, Il.2.456,459,463,468,470,471,474,481, 3.23-5,33, 11.415-7, al.; or when universal characteristics of gods, men, animals, etc., are indicated by relative clauses introduced by ὅς τε, ὅς ῥά τε, etc., 3.61, 151, 198, al.; or by ὥς τε, ἠΰτε, ὥς τίς τε, etc., e.g. 5.136, 17.133, Od.4.535, “ὡς εἴ τε” 9.314, 14.254, etc.
II. in post-Hom. Gr. this use of τε is more restricted; outside of Ep. and other early dactylic verse (Hes.Op.30,214,233, al., Xenoph.13.3, Thgn.148,359, etc.) it is not found except with relatives, and with these it has scarcely any discernible sense, so that ὅς τε in Lyr. and Trag. is for the most part only = ὅς, e.g. (possibly generalizing) “Μοῖρ᾽, ἅ τε πατρώϊον τῶνδ᾽ ἔχει τὸν εὔφρονα πότμον” Pi.O.2.35, cf. 14.2, A.Eu.1024, E.Hec.445 (lyr.), etc. (v. ὅστε); without generalizing force, Pi.N.9.9, A.Pers.297, Ch.615, etc.; Hdt. has “τά πέρ τε” 1.74, “ὅκως τε” 2.108 codd., ὅσον τε (without a verb, as in Od.9.325, al.) 1.126, 2.96, 3.5, al., “οἷά τε” 1.93 codd. (adverbially 2.175, 5.11): in Att. Prose and Com. even these uses disappear and we find only a few phrases, as ἅτε, ὥστε, ἐφ᾽ ᾧτε, οἷός τε; in later Gr. we find exceptionally “ἔνθεν τε” Hp.Ep.17; “ἀφ᾽ οὗ τε” UPZ62.8 (ii B.C.); “ἀπ᾽ οὗ τε” PCair.Zen.291.3 (iii B.C.); “οἵ τε” GDI215.23 (Erythrae, ii B.C.); ἥ τ' PMag.Par.1.2962; “ὅσον τε ὀκτὼ στάδια” Paus.6.26.1; καὶ ἔστιν ἔπη Μαντικὰ ὁπόσα τε (= which) “ἐπελεξάμεθα καὶ ἡμεῖς” Id.9.31.5; “οἷόν τε καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς "κύων" φωνῆς θεωροῦμεν” S.E.M.11.28.
C. in Hom. τε is also (but less freq.) used in conjunction with other particles in contexts (mainly particular statements) such as the following:
1. in assurances, statements on oath, and threats, “σχέτλιος, ἦ τ᾽ ἐκέλευον ἀπωσάμενον δήϊον πῦρ ἂψ ἐπὶ νῆας ἴμεν” Il.18.13; “ἐξ αὖ νῦν ἔφυγες θάνατον, κύον: ἦ τέ τοι ἄγχι ἦλθε κακόν” 11.362; ἦ τε is similarly used in 11.391, 17.171,236, Od.24.28,311, al.; ἦ τ᾽ ἄν in Il.12.69, al.; γάρ τε (s. v.l.) in “οὐ γάρ τ᾽ οἶδα” 6.367, cf. Od.10.190; νύ τε in 1.60,347 (but τ' more prob. = τοι, v. σύ）; δέ τε in “ἀγορῇ δέ τ᾽ ἀμείνονές εἰσι καὶ ἄλλοι” Il.18.106; “σὲ δέ τ᾽ ἐνθάδε γῦπες ἔδονται” 16.836; μέν τε in “σφὼ μέν τε σαώσετε λαὸν Ἀχαιῶν” 13.47, cf. 4.341; εἴ πέρ τε in “οὔ τοι ἔτι δηρόν γε φίλης ἀπὸ πατρίδος αἴης ἔσσεται, οὐδ᾽ εἴ πέρ τε σιδήρεα δέσματ᾽ ἔχῃσιν” Od.1.204, cf. 188, Il.12.223,245.
2. also in commands, warnings, and admonitions, “σίγα, μή τίς τ᾽ ἄλλος Ἀχαιῶν τοῦτον ἀκούσῃ μῦθον” Il.14.90, cf. Od.19.486; “ὣς ἄγαγ᾽ ὡς μήτ᾽ ἄρ τις ἴδῃ μήτ᾽ ἄρ τε νοήσῃ” Il.24.337; τούσδε τ' (v.l. δ᾽）“ ἐᾶν” 16.96 (nisi leg. τούσδ᾽ ἔτ᾽）“; δὸς δέ τέ μ᾽ ἄνδρα ἑλεῖν” 5.118; μηδέ τ᾽ ἐρώει (nisi leg. μηδ᾽ ἔτ') 2.179, 22.185.
3. also in passionate utterances, in clauses which indicate the cause of the speaker's passion or a circumstance which might have caused others to behave more considerately towards him, “ὤ μοι ἐγὼ δειλή . . ἥ τ᾽ . . τὸν μὲν . . θρέψασα . . ἐπιπροέηκα” Il.18.55; “σχέτλιοί ἐστε, θεοί, ζηλήμονες ἔξοχον ἄλλων, οἵ τε θεαῖς ἀγάασθε . . ἤν τίς τε . . ” Od.5.119,120, cf. 21.87, Il.15.468, 17.174; ἡμεῖς δ᾽ αὖ μαχόμεσθ᾽, οἵ πέρ τ᾽ ἐπίκουροι ἔνειμεν and we, who (mark you) are only allies (not γαμβροί and κασίγνητοι), are fighting, 5.477; τρεῖς γάρ τ᾽ ἐκ Κρόνου εἰμὲν ἀδελφεοί for we, let me tell you, are three brothers, sons of Cronos (and Zeus has no prior title to power), 15.187; “ποῖόν δε ἔπος φύγεν ἕρκος ὀδόντων δεινόν τ᾽ ἀργαλέον τε: νεμεσσῶμαι δέ τ᾽ ἀκούων” Od.21.169; “οὐ μήν οἱ τό γε κάλλιον οὐδέ τ᾽ ἄμεινον” Il.24.52.
4. in descriptions of particular events and things where there is no general reference, “κνίση μὲν ἀνήνοθεν, ἐν δέ τε φόρμιγξ ἠπύει” Od.17.270; ὥς (= so) “τέ μοι ὑβρίζοντες ὑπερφιάλως δοκέουσιν δαίνυσθαι κατὰ δῶμα” 1.227; “τοὺς μέν τ᾽ ἰητροὶ πολυφάρμακοι ἀμφιπένονται . . σὺ δ᾽ ἀμήχανος ἔπλευ, Ἀχιλλεῦ” Il.16.28; πόλιν πέρι δινηθήτην καρπαλίμοισι πόδεσσι, θεοὶ δέ τε πάντες ὁρῶντο dub. l. in 22.166; “εὗρε δ᾽ ἐνὶ σπῆϊ γλαφυρῷ Θέτιν, ἀμφὶ δέ τ᾽ ἄλλαι εἵαθ᾽ ὁμηγερέες ἅλιαι θεαί” 24.83 (s.v.l.); “ἐν δέ τε φάρμακον ἧκε” Od.10.317; “νῶϊ δέ τ᾽ ἄψορροι κίομεν” Il.21.456; “πολλὰς γὰρ δὴ νύκτας . . ἄεσα καί τ᾽ ἀνέμεινα . . Ἠῶ” Od.19.342; “δέελον δ᾽ ἐπὶ σῆμά τ᾽ ἔθηκε” Il.10.466; “ἐν δέ τε οἶνον κρητῆρσιν κερόωντο” Od.20.252; so with οὐδέ τ' (nisi leg. οὐδ᾽ ἔτ᾽）“, τὸν καὶ ὑπέδδεισαν μάκαρες θεοὶ οὐδέ τ᾽ ἔδησαν” Il.1.406; “οὐδέ τ᾽ ἔληγε μέγας θεός, ὦρτο δ᾽ ἐπ᾽ αὐτόν” 21.248; “οὐδέ τ᾽ ἄειρε” 23.730; “οὐδέ τ᾽ ἔασεν” 11.437, 21.596, cf. 15.709.
5. ὅτε τε (when) freq. introduces a temporal clause defining a point of time in the past by means of a well-known event which occurred then, ἦ οὐ μέμνῃ ὅτε τ᾽ ἐκρέμω ὑψόθεν; Il.15.18; “ὅτε τε Κρόνον . . Ζεὺς γαίης νέρθε καθεῖσε” 14.203; “ἤματι τῷ ὅτε τ᾽ ἦλθον Ἀμαζόνες” 3.189 (but ἤματι τῷ ὅτε τε is general in 13.335; so also ὅτε πέρ τε . . κέρωνται in 4.259); “ὅτε τ᾽ ἤλυθε νόσφιν Ἀχαιῶν ἄγγελος ἐς Θήβας” 5.803, cf. 10.286, 22.102, Od.7.323, 18.257.
6. in ὅ τε (that or because) the τε has no observable meaning, “χωόμενος ὅ τ᾽ ἄριστον Ἀχαιῶν οὐδὲν ἔτισας” Il.1.244, cf. 412, 4.32, 6.126, Od.5.357, al.
8. where τ᾽ ἄρ occurs in questions, e.g. πῇ τ᾽ ἂρ μέμονας καταδῦναι ὅμιλον; Il.13.307, cf. 1.8, 18.188, al., ταρ (q.v.) should prob. be read, since ἄρ（α) usu. precedes a τε which is not copulative; so perh. ταρα should be read for τ᾽ ἄρα in Od.1.346.
9. in “ἣ θέμις ἐστὶν . . ἤ τ᾽ ἀνδρῶν ἤ τε γυναικῶν” Il.9.276, it is not clear whether τε is copulative (τε A) or generalizing (τε B) or neither (τε C); ἤ is prob. = ἦ (accented as in ἤτοι（; ἤ τ᾽ ἀλκῆς ἤ τε φόβοιο is dub. l. in 17.42; ἤ τ' = or is found in 19.148, = than in Od.16.216.
10. Rarer and later uses;
a. also, esp. with “ἄλλος, Ἑρμεία, σὺ γὰρ αὖτε τά τ᾽ ἄλλα περ ἄγγελός ἐσσι” Od.5.29, cf. 17.273, Il.23.483; “ἐπεὶ τά τε ἄλλα πράττουσιν καλῶς, ἀναθεῖναι αὐτοὺς καὶ στήλην” IG22.1298.9, cf. Lycurg.100 (s.v.l.); “ἐκομισάμην τὸ παρὰ σοῦ ἐπιστόλιον, ἐν ᾧ ὑπέγραψάς μοι τήν τε παρὰ Ζήνωνος πρὸς Ἰεδδοῦν γεγραμμένην” PCair.Zen.18.1 (iii B.C.); εἰ οὖν περὶ τούτων ἐπιστροφὴν μὴ ποιήσει, οἵ τε λοιποί μοι τὰς χεῖρας προσοίσουσιν （-σωσιν Pap.) PPetr.2p.10 (iii B.C.); “τῶν δὲ παρὰ ταῦτα ποιησόντων τά τε κτήνη ὑπὸ στέρεσιν ἀχθήσεσθαι πρὸς τὰ ἐκφόρια” PTeb.27.74 (ii B.C.); v. supr. A. 11.3b.
b. with ὅδε, adding a slight emphasis to the preceding word, “εἰ δὴ τήνδε τε γαῖαν ἀνείρεαι” Od.13.238, cf. 15.484.
c. τε γάρ rarely = καὶ γάρ or γάρ, Arist.APo.75b41, de An. 405a4, PA661b28, Pol.1318b33, 1333a2; ἐάν τε γάρ for even if, 2 Ep.Cor.10.8; τήν τε γὰρ ἐπιθυμίαν οὐκ ᾔδειν for I had not known even lust. Ep.Rom.7.7.
D. Position of τε:
1. in signf. A, as an enclitic, it stands second word in the sentence, clause, or phrase, regardless of the meaning: ἐγγύθι τε Πριάμοιο καὶ Ἕκτορος near both Priam and Hector, Il.6.317; “ἡμέτεραί τ᾽ ἄλοχοι καὶ νήπια τέκνα” 2.136, cf. 4.505, 7.295; “αἰεί τε δὴ νηλὴς οὺ καὶ θράσους πλέως” A.Pr.42 codd., cf. 291 (anap.); “ἄνευ τε δόλου καὶ ἀπάτης” Hdt.1.69; “ὑπέρ τε σοῦ καὶ τῆς ἀδελφῆς” PEnteux.6.6 (iii B.C.); “τοῖς τε πόνοις καὶ μαθήμασι” Pl.R. 537a, cf. Ti.70b; hence in E.Or.897 πόλεος must be taken with what precedes (Porson ad loc.): but article + noun, preposition + noun are freq. regarded as forming a unity indivisible by τε“, τοῖς κτανοῦσί τε” A.Ch.41 (lyr.); “πρὸς βίαν τε” Id.Pr.210; also the order is freq. determined by the meaning, τε being placed immediately after the word (or first word of a phrase or clause) which it joins to what precedes or to what follows, “πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε” Il.1.544; “ἔξω δόμων τε καὶ πάτρας” A.Pr.665; the copulative or preparatory τε precedes many other particles, e.g. τε γάρ, τ᾽ ἄρα, τέ τις.
2. τε is enclitic in signfs. B, C also, and stands early in its sentence, clause, or phrase (v. supr.), but many particles which follow τε in signf. A precede it in signfs. B, C, e.g. in signfs. B, C we have δέ τε, μέν τε, γάρ τε, ἀλλά τε, δ᾽ ἄρα τε, ὅς ῥά τε, οὔτ᾽ ἄρ τε, καὶ γάρ τίς τε, ὅς τίς τε, καί τε.
E. Etymology: signf. A is found also in Skt. ca, Lat. -que; for signfs. B and c cf. Skt. ca in yá[hudot ] káś ca 'whosoever (with following verb)', Lat. -que in quisque, ubique, plerique, usque, neque, nec (= non in necopinans, etc.), Goth. ni-h 'not' (also 'and not'), Lat. namque (= nam).
