I.
conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].
I.
Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.
A.
In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.
1.
The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.
a.
Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.
(a).
With principal predicate in pres.: “nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,” Plaut. Truc. prol. 17: “facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,” Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11: “cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,” Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59: “cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,” id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87: “quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,” Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—
(b).
With principal predicate in fut. (rare): “ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?” Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—
(g).
With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.): “haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,” Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33: “qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,” Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2: “(dolor) Cum furit ... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),” Verg. G. 3, 457: “nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,” Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—
b.
With logical perf. indic.
(a).
With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we (once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1: “gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt ... tempestatem significari putant,” id. Div. 2, 70, 145: “cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,” Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17: “cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,” Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5: “(hostis) cum intravit ... modum a captivis non accipit,” Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2: “quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,” Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—
(b).
With principal predicate in fut. (poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—
(g).
With two logical perff. (rare): “cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,” Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6: “quae cum se disposuit ... summum bonum tetigit,” Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —
c.
With fut.
(a).
With principal predicate in fut.: “ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,” Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper: “etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse ... latratote,” Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—
(b).
With principal predicate in pres.: “in talibus ... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,” Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—
d.
With fut. perf.
(a).
With principal predicate in pres.: “quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,” Cic. Att. 1, 7: “nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,” Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—
(b).
With principal predicate in fut. indic.: “cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione ... utemur,” Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15: “cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?” Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.: “qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,” Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—
(g).
With principal predicate in fut. imper.: “cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,” Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—
(d).
With two fut. perff.: “cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,” Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—
e.
In partic.
(a).
In definitions with pres, indic.: “humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,” Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5: “purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,” Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —
(b).
Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5: “in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse ... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,” Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62: “qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,” id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.: “etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,” Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.: “cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,” Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—
(g).
Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.: “sorba in sapā cum vis condere, arida facias,” Cato, R. R. 7 fin.— Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. α supra); Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—
2.
With subj. referring to indefinite time.
a.
With the 2d pers. sing., used in an indefinite sense (you = one, any one).
(a).
With pres. subj.: “acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,” Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53: “quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,” Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.: “difficile est tacere cum doleas,” Cic. Sull. 10, 31: “etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,” id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—
(b).
With perf. subj.: “difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,” Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64: “quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,” id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—
b.
In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—
c.
In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra): “saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,” Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—
d.
When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—
e.
If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood: “caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,” Cato, R. R. 28: “quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?” Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—
3.
Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.: “formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,” Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4: “quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,” id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100: “si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,” Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).
a.
Cum with pres. indic.
(a).
Principal predicate in pres.: “certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam ... nimis simili'st mei,” Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38: “potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius ... fueris?” Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi ... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4: “equidem cum ... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,” Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3: “quod cum ita est,” if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.: “quodsi ita est,” Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so, “often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,” Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39: “nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsā regali re publicā quaerimus,” Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that: “quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam ... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,” Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init.—
(b).
With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.): “Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,” Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27: “sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?” id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—
b.
Cum with logical perf. indic.
(a).
Principal predicate in pres.: “ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,” after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—
(b).
With principal predicate in fut. (poet.): “at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),” Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—
c.
With fut.
(a).
With principal predicate in fut.: “quom videbis tum scies,” Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33: “sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,” Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—
(b).
With principal predicate in fut. perf.: “cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,” Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—
(g).
With principal predicate in imper. fut.: “mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,” Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—
(d).
With principal predicate in subj. (potential): “cum testes ex Siciliā dabo, quem volet ille eligat,” Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—（ε) In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—
d.
With fut. perf.
(a).
With principal predicate in fut.: “mox dabo quom ab re divinā rediero,” Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8: “cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,” Cic. Clu. 4, 9; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—
(b).
With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.): “quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,” Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37: “cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,” Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—
(g).
With principal predicate in subj. (potential): “quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,” Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged: “oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,” Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—
4.
With subj. in definite time.
b.
Sometimes by attraction: “curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,” Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3: “non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?” Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —
c.
In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.
B.
In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. α; and 5.), when, after.
1.
With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lübbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19: “portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,” Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.: “quom testamento patris partisset bona,” Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading: “quom venisset,” Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt): “audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedoniā venissem Athenas,” Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45: “haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,” id. ib. 1, 35, 160: “cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent ... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,” id. Inv. 2, 23, 69: “Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,” id. N. D. 3, 34, 83: “eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,” Caes. B. G. 5, 18: “Tarquinius et Tullia minor ... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,” Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —
2.
With pluperf. indic.
a.
Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.: “idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,” Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28: “Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,” Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—
b.
If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. α): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. α, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris ... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. α, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—
c.
If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect: “nam tum cum in Asiā res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impeditā, fidem concidisse,” Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19: “cum ea consecutus nondum eram ... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,” id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—
3.
If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.
a.
With pluperf. indic.
(a).
With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever: “cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,” Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93: “(Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,” Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4: “cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,” Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—
(b).
With principal predicate in perf. indic.: “Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino ... sibi parentaverat,” Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—
b.
With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence: “cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum ... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,” Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94: “cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae ... effugiebant, etc.,” Caes. B. C. 2, 41: “cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,” Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—
4.
In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.
(a).
When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.): “Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),” Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—
(b).
Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies: “(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,” Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97: “cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,” id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—
(g).
When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause: “qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur ... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,” Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—
5.
For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.
C.
In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lübbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. β, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. β, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. γ infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. β, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. α, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. α, 3.; C. 3. a. δ; C. 3. b. γ, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.: “quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum ... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus ... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?” Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220; “where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,” Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.: “cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,” Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and: “cum te Puteolis prosequerer,” id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4; “also,” Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).
1.
Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).
a.
The clause expressing a momentary action: “posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,” id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.: “non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,” Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8: “in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,” Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4: “per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,” id. de Or. 2, 59, 242: “cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,” id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.: “tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,” Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15; “6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum ... anulum in profundum dejecit,” Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1; “9, 8, 1: rerum natura ... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,” Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4: “accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,” Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as: “jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,” Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4: “Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit ... ostendit, etc.,” Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time: “ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,” Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.: “effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,” Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4: “tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,” Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—
b.
If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time): “in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare ... Europen,” Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5: “ne cum in Siciliā quidem (bellum) fuit ... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,” Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6: “nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,” id. Div. 1, 17, 30; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44: “non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,” Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—
c.
With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence: “ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem ... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum ... urbs tota corruit,” Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—
d.
With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident: “ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,” Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2: “me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,” Cic. Brut. 89, 303: “itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,” Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59: “haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,” Caes. B. C. 3, 87: “cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium ... senatus misit,” Liv. 42, 5, 8: “Gracchus cum ex Sardiniā rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,” Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset ... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—
2.
With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.
a.
The action falling within the time of the principal predicate: “set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?” Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51: “haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,” Cic. Brut. 43, 161: “eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,” Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13: “cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,” Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1: “cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,” Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6; “45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,” Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.: “beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?” Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7: “bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,” Dig. 28, 18, § 1: “pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,” Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—
b.
The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.): “cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur ... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,” Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—
3.
The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].
a.
Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.
(a).
Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc: “eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?” Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17: “alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?” Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.): “qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,” Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25: “qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,” Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4: “res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,” id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.: “Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,” id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3): “Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,” id. Phil. 6, 4, 11: “non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,” id. Red. Quir. 1, 3: “etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,” Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.): “cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,” Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.: “hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,” Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero): “desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,” Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86: “sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et