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rătĭo , ōnis (abl. rationi, Lucr. 6, 66), f. reor, ratus,
I.a reckoning, account, calculation, computation.
I. Lit.
(α). Sing.: Les. Nequaquam argenti ratio conparet tamen. Sta. Ratio quidem hercle adparet: argentum οἴχεται, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 15 sq.: “rationem putare ... bene ratio accepti atque expensi inter nos convenit,id. Most. 1, 3, 141; 146; cf.: ad calculos vocare amicitiam, ut par sit ratio acceptorum et datorum, Cic. Lael. 16, 58: “itur, putatur ratio cum argentario ... Ubi disputata est ratio cum argentario,Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 53 sq.: “dextera digitis rationem computat,id. Mil. 2, 2, 49: “magna ratio C. Verruci,Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 77, § 188: “direptio ejus pecuniae, cujus ratio in aede Opis confecta est,id. Phil. 5, 6, 16; cf.: “quibus in tabulis nominatim, ratio confecta erat, qui numerus domo exisset, etc., ... Quarum omnium rerum summa erat, etc.,Caes. B. G. 1, 29: auri ratio constat: aurum in aerario est, the account agrees, i. e. is correct, Cic. Fl. 28, 69 (v. consto): “decumo post mense, ut rationem te dictare intellego,to make the reckoning, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 38 (al. ductare): “rationem ducere,to make a computation, to compute, calculate, reckon, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 129; so, rationem habere, to take an account, make a computation: “omnium proeliorum,Caes. B. C. 3, 53; cf.: “hujus omnis pecuniae conjunctim ratio habetur,id. B. G. 6, 19; and: “piratarum,Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 28, § 71: “rationem inire,to cast up, reckon, calculate, Caes. B. G. 7, 71, 4: “quattuor minae periere, ut ratio redditur,Plaut. Men. 1, 3, 23; cf.: “tibi ego rationem reddam?id. Aul. 1, 1, 6; id. Trin. 2, 4, 114: “rationem referre,Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 39, § 98: “rationem repetere de pecuniis repetundis,id. Clu. 37, 104: Py. Quanta istaec hominum summa est? Ar. Septem millia. Py. Tantum esse oportet: “recte rationem tenes,Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 47 et saep.: “drachumae, quas de ratione debuisti,according to the account, id. Trin. 2, 4, 24: “grandem (pecuniam) quemadmodum in rationem inducerent, non videbant,how they should bring it into their accounts, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 41, § 106.—
(β). Plur.: rationes putare argentariam, frumentariam, pabuli causā quae parata sunt; “rationem vinariam, oleariam, quid venierit, etc.,Cato, R. R. 2, 5: “rationes ad aerarium continuo detuli ... quas rationes si cognoris, intelleges, etc.,Cic. Pis. 25, 61: “ut rationes cum publicanis putarent,id. Att. 4, 11, 1: “rationes a colono accepit,id. Caecin. 32, 94: “quid opus est? inquam. Rationes conferatis. Assidunt, subducunt, ad nummum convenit,id. Att. 5, 21, 12: “rationes referre ... rationes deferre,id. Fam. 5, 20, 2: “Romani pueri longis rationibus assem Discunt in partes centum diducere,Hor. A. P. 325 et saep.: “A RATIONIBVS,an accountant, Inscr. Orell. 1494; 2973; 2986; 4173 et saep. (cf. ab).—
B. Transf.
b. Pregn.: meae (tuae, etc.) rationes, my (thy, etc.) interest, my (thy, etc.) advantage (cf. in Engl. to find one's account in any thing): “me ad ejus rationes adjungo, quem tu in meis rationibus tibi esse adjungendum putasti,Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 2; cf.: “exemplum meis alienissimum rationibus,id. Corn. Fragm. 1, 7 B. and K.: “consideres, quid tuae rationes postulent,Sall. C. 44, 5: servitia repudiabat ... alienum suis rationibus existimans videri causam civium cum servis fugitivis communicasse, inconsistent with his policy or interests, id. ib. 56, 5: “si meas rationes unquam vestrae saluti anteposuissem,Cic. Red. ad Quir. 1, 1.
II. Trop., a reckoning, account, computation: “postquam hanc rationem cordi ventrique edidi,presented this reckoning, Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 12: “itidem hic ut Acheronti ratio accepti scribitur,” i.e. things are taken only, nothing is given back, id. Truc. 4, 2, 36: “nomen (comoediae) jam habetis, nunc rationes ceteras Accipite,an account of the rest, id. Poen. prol. 55; cf.: “census quom sum, juratori recte rationem dedi,id. Trin. 4, 2, 30; so, “rationem dare, for the more usual rationem reddere,Varr. L. L. 6, § 86 Müll.; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 36, § 92 Zumpt: “(argentarii) ratione utuntur,make a reckoning, settle up, Plaut. Cas. prol. 27: “cum eam mecum rationem puto,go into that calculation, think over the matter, id. ib. 3, 2, 25; cf.: “frustra egomet mecum has rationes puto,Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 54: “(Medea et Atreus) inita subductaque ratione nefaria scelera meditantes,Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 71: “quod posteaquam iste cognovit hanc rationem habere coepit,to make the following calculation, reflection, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 39, § 101; cf.: totius rei consilium his rationibus explicavit, ut si, etc., ... si, etc., ... sin, etc., drew the plan of the whole undertaking according to the following calculation, that if, etc., Caes. B. C. 3, 78; “and herewith cf.: rationem consilii mei accipite,id. ib. 3, 86: “ut habere rationem possis, quo loco me convenias, etc.,that you may calculate, Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 6: “semper ita vivamus, ut rationem reddendam nobis arbitremur,Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 28; cf.: “nihil est, quod minus ferendum sit, quam rationem ab altero vitae reposcere eum, qui non possit suae reddere,id. Div. in Caecil. 9, 28; “and with this cf.: si gravius quid acciderit, abs te rationem reposcent,will call you to account, Caes. B. G. 5, 30: clarorum virorum atque magnorum non minus otii, quam negotii rationem exstare oportere, an account must be capable of being given, Cato ap. Cic. Planc. 27, 66: “tam otii quam negotii rationem reddere majores censuisse,Col. 11 fin.: eam condicionem esse imperandi, ut non aliter ratio constet, quam si uni reddatur, that the account is not correct unless, etc., Tac. A. 1, 6 fin.: “mirum est quam singulis diebus in urbe ratio aut constet aut constare videatur,Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 1; 1, 5, 16 et saep.; cf. Just. praef. 5.—
B. Transf.
1. Relation, reference, respect to a thing: “(agricolae) habent rationem cum terrā, quae nunquam recusat imperium,have an account, have to do, have dealings with the earth, Cic. Sen. 15, 51; cf.: “ubi ratio cum Orco habetur,Varr. R. R. 1, 4, 3; “for which: ubi sit cum Orco ratio ponenda,Col. 1, 3, 2: “cum omnibus Musis rationem habere cogito,Cic. Att. 2, 5, 2: “cum hac (muliere) aliquid adulescentem hominem habuisse rationis,id. Cael. 20, 50; cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 77, § 190. omnes, quibuscum ratio huic aut est aut fuit, assunt, defendunt, id. Quint. 23, 75; cf.“. quae ratio tibi cum eo intercesserat?id. Rosc. Com. 14, 41: “pacis vero quae potest esse cum eo ratio, in quo est incredibilis crudelitas, fides nulla?id. Phil. 4, 6, 14: “quod si habenda cum M. Antonii latrocinio pacis ratio fuit, etc.,id. ib. 12, 7, 17: “fontes ad nostrorum annalium rationem veteres, ad ipsorum sane recentes,in respect to our annals, id. Brut. 13, 49.—
b. Pregn., a respect, regard, concern, consideration, care for a thing (usu. in the connection habere and ducere alicujus rei rationem): ad hanc rationem quoniam maximam vim natura habet, fortuna proximam: utriusque omnino habenda ratio est in deligendo genere vitae, Cic. Off. 1, 33, 120: “quorum (civium Romanorum) nobis pro vestrā sapientiā, Quirites, habenda est ratio diligenter,id. Imp. Pomp. 7, 17: “(deos) piorum et impiorum habere rationem,id. Leg. 2, 7, 15: “cujus absentis rationem haberi proximis comitiis populus jussisset,Caes. B. C. 1, 9; so, “absentis,id. ib. 1, 32; 3, 82 fin.: “sauciorum et aegrorum habitā ratione,id. ib. 3, 75: “moneret, frumenti rationem esse habendam,Hirt. B. G. 8, 34; “so (al. frumentandi), rationem habere,Caes. B. G. 7, 75 Oud.; cf. id. ib. 7, 71: “alicujus vel dignitatis vel commodi rationem non habere,Cic. de Or. 2, 4, 17: ut summae rei publicae rationem habeamus, Pompeius ap. Cic. Att. 8, 12, c, 3: “alicujus salutis rationem habere,” i. e. to regard, care for, be concerned about, Caes. B. G. 7, 71; so id. B. C. 1, 20: “turpissimae fugae rationem habere,id. ib. 2, 31: “ut in ceteris habenda ratio non sui solum sed etiam aliorum, sic, etc.,Cic. Off. 1, 39, 139: “proinde habeat rationem posteritatis et periculi sui,Caes. B. C. 1, 13: “habere nunc se rationem officii pro beneficiis Caesaris,id. B. G. 5, 27: “non ullius rationem sui commodi ducit,Cic. Rosc. Am. 44, 128: “cum hujusce periculi tum ceterorum quoque officiorum et amicitiarum ratio,id. Clu. 42, 117: “omnis hac in re habenda ratio et diligentia est, ut, etc.,id. Lael. 24, 89; cf.: “didici ex tuis litteris, te omnibus in rebus habuisse rationem, ut mihi consuleres,id. Fam. 3, 5, 1: “habeo rationem, quid a populo Romano acceperim,bring into consideration, consider, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 14, § 36: “ut habere rationem possis, quo loco me salvā lege Corneliā convenias, ego veni, etc.,id. Fam. 3, 6, 6: “neque illud rationis habuisti, eam provinciam ad summam stultitiam nequitiamque venisse,Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 38; cf.: “hoc rationis habebant, facere eos nullo modo posse, ut, etc.,id. ib. 2, 2, 29, § 70.—
c. Relation to a thing, i. e.
(β). Object., relation, condition, nature, kind, sort, fashion, way, etc. (cf. modus): “sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant,Caes. B. G. 2, 19; cf.: “ut rei militaris ratio atque ordo postulabat,id. ib. 2, 22; so, “rei militaris,id. ib. 4, 23: “ratio atque usus belli,the art and practice of war, id. ib. 4, 1; id. B. C. 1, 76 fin.; 2, 18; 3, 17 et saep. al.; cf.: “novae rationes bellandi,id. ib. 3, 50: “ratio equestris proelii,id. B. G. 5, 16: “quorum operum haec erat ratio, etc.,id. B. C. 1, 25; cf.: rationem pontis hanc instituit; “tigna bina, etc.,id. B. G. 4, 17: “serpit per omnium vitas amicitia, nec ullam aetatis degendae rationem patitur esse expertem sui,Cic. Lael. 23, 87; cf.: “ita ratio comparata est vitae naturaeque nostrae, ut, etc.,id. ib. 27, 101; id. Ac. 2, 43, 132: “civitas (Platonis) non quae possit esse, sed in quā ratio rerum civilium perspici posset,id. Rep. 2, 30, 52 init.; cf.: “reliqui disseruerunt de generibus et de rationibus civitatum,id. ib. 2, 11, 22; “1, 8, 13: quam creberrimis litteris faciam ut tibi nota sit omnis ratio dierum atque itinerum meorum,id. Fam. 3, 5, 4: quoniam eadem est ratio juris in utroque, id. Rep. 3, 12, 21; cf.: “haec eadem ratio est in summā totius Galliae,Caes. B. G. 6, 11 fin.: “ab nostris eadem ratione, quā pridie, resistitur,id. ib. 5, 40; id. B. C. 3, 100; cf. id. ib. 3, 101: “docet, longe aliā ratione esse bellum gerendum atque antea sit gestum,id. B. G. 7, 14: “hoc si Romae fieri posset, certe aliquā ratione expugnasset iste,Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 130: “quid refert, quā me ratione cogatis?id. Lael. 8, 26: “quod fuit illis conandum atque omni ratione efficiendum,Caes. B. C. 1, 65 fin.; 1, 67 fin.: “simili ratione Pompeius in suis castris consedit,id. ib. 3, 76: “auxilium ferri nullā ratione poterat,id. ib. 1, 70: “nec quibus rationibus superare possent, sed quem ad modum uti victoriā deberent, cogitabant,id. ib. 3, 83 fin.; 3, 58; 3, 18 fin. et saep.—
(γ). With gen. of a subst. in circumlocution for the subst. itself (v. Zumpt, Gram. § “678): vereor ne oratio mea alienā ab judiciorum ratione esse videatur,Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 49, § 109: “multa autem propter rationem brevitatis praetermittenda,id. ib. 2, 1, 40, § “103: quantas perturbationes et quantos aestus habet ratio comitiorum?id. Mur. 17, 35: “nihil fallacius ratione totā comitiorum,id. ib. 17, 36: “praedicere tempestatum rationem et praedonum,id. ib. 2, 4: “tota ratio talium largitionum genere vitiosa est,id. Off. 2, 17, 60.—
2. Pregn., that faculty of the mind which forms the basis of computation and calculation, and hence of mental action in general, i. e. judgment, understanding, reason: duplex est vis animorum atque natura: una pars in appetitu posita est, quae est ὁρμὴ Graece, quae hominem huc et illuc rapit; “altera in ratione, quae docet et explanat, quid faciendum, quid fugiendum sit. Ita fit, ut ratio praesit, appetitus obtemperet,Cic. Off. 1, 28, 101: “homo, quod rationis est particeps, per quam consequentia cernit, causas rerum videt earumque progressus et quasi antecessiones non ignorat, similitudines comparat rebusque praesentibus adjungit atque annectit futuras, facile totius vitae cursum videt ad eamque degendam praeparat res necessarias. Eademque natura vi rationis hominem concilia homini et ad orationis et ad vitae societatem, etc.,id. ib. 1, 4, 11 sq.: “haud scio, an melius fuerit, humano generi motum istum celerem cogitationis, acumen, sollertiam, quam rationem vocamus, non dari omnino quam tam munifice et tam large dari, etc.,id. N. D. 2, 27, 69: “lex est ratio summa, insita in naturā, quae jubet ea, quae facienda sunt, prohibetque contraria. Eadem ratio, cum est in hominis mente confirmata et confecta, lex est,id. Leg. 1, 6, 18: “ut, quos ratio non posset, eos ad officium religio duceret,id. N. D. 1, 42, 118: “mens et ratio et consilium in senibus est,id. Sen. 19, 67; cf. Liv. 28, 28: “si pudor quaeritur, si probitas, si fides, Mancinus haec attulit, si ratio, consilium, prudentia, Pompeius antistat,Cic. Rep. 3, 18, 28; cf. id. Quint. 16, 53; and: “si ratio et prudentia curas aufert,Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 25: “quibus in rebus temeritas et casus, non ratio nec consilium valet,Cic. Div. 2, 41, 85; cf.: “illa de urbis situ revoces ad rationem quae a Romulo casu aut necessitate facta sunt,id. Rep. 2, 11, 22; and: “moneo ut agentem te ratio ducat, non fortuna,Liv. 22, 39 fin.: mulier abundat audaciā; “consilio et ratione deficitur,Cic. Clu. 65, 184: “Ariovistum magis ratione et consilio quam virtute vicisse. Cui rationi contra homines barbaros locus fuisset, etc.,Caes. B. G. 1, 40: arma amens capio; “nec sat rationis in armis,Verg. A. 2, 314: “rationis egens,id. ib. 8, 299 et saep.: “iracundia dissidens a ratione,Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 60: “majora quam hominum ratio consequi possit,id. ib. 1, 10, 15: “quantum ratione provideri poterat,Caes. B. G. 7, 16 fin.: “quantumque in ratione esset, exploratum habuit,Hirt. B. G. 8, 6 init.: “nec majore ratione bellum administrari posse,Caes. B. C. 7, 21: “minari divisoribus ratio non erat,it was not reasonable, was contrary to reason, Cic. Verr. 1, 9, 24; so, nulla ratio est, with an objectclause, id. Caecin. 5, 15; so, “too, minime rationis est,Col. 3, 5, 3; cf. with dat.: “Vitellianus exercitús, cui acquiescere Cremonae ratio fuit,which, as reason dictated, ought to have rested at Cremona, Tac. H. 3, 22: “quod domi te inclusisti, ratione fecisti,reasonably, sensibly, judiciously, Cic. Att. 12, 14, 3.—
b. The reasonable cause of a thing, a ground, motive, reason: “ratio est causa, quae demonstrat, verum esse id, quod intendimus, brevi subjectione. Rationis confirmatio est ea, quae pluribus argumentis corroborat breviter expositam rationem,Auct. Her. 2, 18, 28: “quid tandem habuit argumenti aut rationis res, quamobrem, etc.,Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115; cf.: “nostra confirmare argumentis ac rationibus: deinde contraria refutare,id. de Or. 2, 19, 80: “noverit orator argumentorum et rationum locos,id. Or. 14, 44 (v. also argumentum): “si mei consilii causam rationemque cognoverit,id. Div. in Caecil. 1, 1; cf.: “ad eam sententiam cum reliquis causis haec quoque ratio eos deduxit, quod, etc.,Caes. B. G. 2, 10 fin.: “quam habet rationem, non quaero aequitatis, sed ipsius improbitatis atque impudentiae? ... facti, si non bonam, at aliquam rationem afferre,Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 85, § 196; cf.: “deinde nihil rationis affert, quamobrem, etc.,id. Caecin. 33, 96: “non deest hoc loco copia rationum, quibus docere velitis, humanas esse formas deorum: primum quod, etc. ... deinde quod, etc. ... tertiam rationem affertis, quod, etc.,id. N. D. 1, 27, 76: “et quidem, cur sic opinetur, rationem subicit,id. Div. 2, 50, 104: “idcirco minus existimo te nihil nisi summā ratione fecisse,id. Att. 8, 11, D, § “5: nunc non modo agendi rationem nullam habeo, sed ne cogitandi quidem,id. Fam. 4, 13, 3: “rationes in disputatione a te collectae vetabant me rei publicae penitus diffidere,id. Fam. 5, 13, 3; cf. id. Ac. 2, 36, 116: “rationibus conquisitis de voluptate et dolore disputandum putant,id. Fin. 1, 9, 31; cf.: “quod cum disputando rationibusque docuisset,id. Rep. 1, 16, 25: “his rationibus tam certis tamque illustribus opponuntur ab his, qui contra disputant primum labores, etc.,id. ib. 1, 3, 4 et saep.: “num parva causa aut prava ratio est?reason, excuse, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 27.—
c. Reasonableness, reason, propriety, law, rule, order, conformity, etc.: “in omnibus, quae ratione docentur et via, primum constituendum est, quid quidque sit, etc.,in a reasonable, regular manner, Cic. Or. 33, 116; cf.: “ut ratione et viā procedat oratio,id. Fin. 1, 9, 29: “modo et ratione aliquid facere (along with recte atque ordine facere),id. Quint. 7, 28; cf.: “quae res Nec modum habet neque consilium, ratione modoque Tractari non vult,Hor. S. 2, 3, 266: “nihil est, quod ratione et numero moveri possit sine consilio,Cic. N. D. 2, 16, 43: “intervallis imparibus, sed tamen pro ratā parte ratione distinctis,divided proportionally by rule, id. Rep. 6, 18, 18; cf.: “ex summis et infimis et mediis interjectis ordinibus ut sonis moderatā ratione civitas concinit,in symmetrical proportion, id. ib. 2, 42, 69: “in quo defuit fortasse ratio, sed tamen vincit ipsa rerum publicarum natura saepe rationem,order, system, id. ib. 2, 33, 57; “5, 5, 7: declinatio si cum ratione fiet,reasonably, id. Tusc. 4, 6, 13: “ratio et distributio,a reasonable division, Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 1, 1.—
d. A theory, doctrine, or system based upon reason; science, and (less freq.), subject., knowledge: “erat enim tunc haec nova et ignota ratio, solem lunae oppositum solere deficere,Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25; cf.: “nova et a nobis inventa ratio,id. ib. 1, 8, 13; “2, 39, 66: si animum contulisti in istam rationem et quasi artem,id. ib. 1, 23, 37; cf.: “omnes tacito quodam sensu sine ullā arte aut ratione, quae sint in artibus ac rationibus recta ac prava dijudicant,id. de Or. 3, 50, 195; id. Brut. 74, 258: “continet enim totam hanc quaestionem ea ratio, quae est de naturā deorum,id. Div. 1, 51, 117: “Epicuri ratio, quae plerisque notissima est,doctrine, system, philosophy, id. Fin. 1, 5, 13; cf.: “Stoicorum ratio disciplinaque,id. Off. 3, 4, 20: “Cynicorum ratio,id. ib. 1, 41, 148; so id. Fin. 3, 20, 68: ratio vivendi ... ratio civilis et disciplina populorum, the art of living ... statesmanship, id. Rep. 3, 3, 4; cf.: “etiamsi cui videbitur illa in optimis studiis et artibus quieta vitae ratio beatior, haec civilis laudabilior est certe et illustrior,id. ib. 3, 3, 4: “improba navigii ratio tum caeca jacebat,Lucr. 5, 1004: saltationis ac musicae rationis studiosi, Col. prooem. § 3 al.—Subject., knowledge: “si qua (est in me) exercitatio dicendi aut si hujus rei ratio aliqua, ab optimarum artium studiis ac disciplinā profecta,Cic. Arch. 1, 1.—
e. A view or opinion resting upon reasonable grounds: “mea sic est ratio,Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 43; cf.: “inventus est nemo, cujus non haec et sententia esset et oratio, non esse metuendum, etc. ... Haec cum omnes sentirent et cum in eam rationem pro suo quisque sensu ac dolore loqueretur,Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 27, § 68 sq.; and with this cf. id. Att. 1, 11, 1: “cujus ratio etsi non valuit,Nep. Milt. 3, 6 (just before: hujus cum sententiam plurimi essent secuti).—
f. In philos. lang., a production of proof, argumentation, reasoning: (Epicurus) tollit definitiones; nihil de dividendo ac partiendo docet; “non, quo modo efficiatur concludaturque ratio, tradit,Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 22; cf. id. Div. 2, 10, 25; id. de Or. 2, 38, 158: “ratio ipsa coget, et ex aeternitate quaedam esse vera et ea non esse nexa causis aeternis, etc.,id. Fat. 16, 38; cf.: “ergo, ubi tyrannus est, ibi non vitiosam ut heri dicebam, sed, ut nunc ratio cogit, dicendum est, plane nullam esse rem publicam,id. Rep. 3, 31, 43.
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  • Cross-references in general dictionaries from this page (181):
    • Cicero, Letters to Atticus, 10.11.2
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    • Cicero, Against Verres, 2.5.4
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    • Cicero, For Plancius, 27.66
    • Cicero, For Quintus Roscius the Actor, 14.41
    • Cicero, For Sextus Roscius of Ameria, 44.128
    • Cicero, Against Verres, 2.1.106
    • Cicero, Against Verres, 2.1.92
    • Cicero, Against Verres, 2.1.98
    • Cicero, Against Verres, 2.2.129
    • Cicero, Against Verres, 2.2.130
    • Cicero, Against Verres, 2.2.172
    • Cicero, Against Verres, 2.2.188
    • Cicero, Against Verres, 2.2.28
    • Cicero, Against Verres, 2.3.196
    • Cicero, Against Verres, 2.5.101
    • Cicero, Against Verres, 2.5.147
    • Cicero, Against Verres, 2.5.36
    • Cicero, Against Verres, 2.5.38
    • Cicero, Against Verres, 2.5.71
    • Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius, 37.104
    • Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius, 65.184
    • Cicero, For Lucius Murena, 31.66
    • Cicero, Against Piso, 25.61
    • Cicero, On the Consular Provinces, 8.19
    • Plautus, Pseudolus, 2.2
    • Plautus, Trinummus, 2.4
    • Plautus, Trinummus, 4.2
    • Vergil, Aeneid, 2.314
    • Suetonius, Divus Augustus, 101
    • Suetonius, Caligula, 16
    • Horace, Satires, 2.3.266
    • Horace, Ars Poetica, 325
    • Caesar, Civil War, 1.13
    • Caesar, Civil War, 1.20
    • Caesar, Civil War, 1.30
    • Caesar, Civil War, 1.65
    • Caesar, Civil War, 3.100
    • Caesar, Civil War, 1.25
    • Caesar, Civil War, 1.76
    • Caesar, Civil War, 1.9
    • Caesar, Civil War, 3.53
    • Caesar, Civil War, 3.78
    • Tacitus, Annales, 6.16
    • Tacitus, Annales, 1.6
    • Tacitus, Historiae, 3.22
    • Plautus, Amphitruo, 1.prol
    • Plautus, Amphitruo, 2.2
    • Plautus, Aulularia, 1.1
    • Plautus, Aulularia, 2.7
    • Plautus, Aulularia, 3.5
    • Plautus, Menaechmi, 1.3
    • Plautus, Miles Gloriosus, 1.1
    • Plautus, Miles Gloriosus, 2.2
    • Plautus, Mostellaria, 1.3
    • Plautus, Stichus, 3.1
    • Plautus, Truculentus, 1.1
    • Cicero, On Oratory, 2.19
    • Cicero, On Oratory, 2.38
    • Cicero, On Oratory, 2.4
    • Cicero, On Oratory, 2.72
    • Cicero, On Oratory, 3.15
    • Cicero, On Oratory, 3.50
    • Cicero, On Oratory, 3.54
    • Sallust, Catilinae Coniuratio, 44
    • Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, 5.1004
    • Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, 6.66
    • Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades, 3.6
    • Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, 1.5
    • Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, 1.9.1
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 22, 39
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 28, 28
    • Livy, The History of Rome, Book 42, 3
    • Cicero, De Legibus, 1.6
    • Cicero, De Legibus, 2.7
    • Cicero, De Republica, 1.16
    • Cicero, De Republica, 1.38
    • Cicero, De Republica, 1.6
    • Cicero, De Republica, 1.8
    • Cicero, De Republica, 2.11
    • Cicero, De Republica, 2.30
    • Cicero, De Republica, 2.36
    • Cicero, De Republica, 3.12
    • Cicero, De Republica, 3.18
    • Cicero, De Republica, 3.3
    • Cicero, De Republica, 6.18
    • Cicero, De Fato, 16
    • Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, 1.5
    • Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, 1.7
    • Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, 1.9
    • Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, 3.20
    • Cicero, de Natura Deorum, 1.27
    • Cicero, de Natura Deorum, 1.42
    • Cicero, de Natura Deorum, 1.5
    • Cicero, de Natura Deorum, 2.16
    • Cicero, de Natura Deorum, 2.27
    • Cicero, de Natura Deorum, 3.29
    • Cicero, De Senectute, 19
    • Cicero, De Senectute, 15
    • Cicero, De Amicitia, 16
    • Cicero, De Amicitia, 23
    • Cicero, De Amicitia, 24
    • Cicero, De Amicitia, 8
    • Cicero, De Divinatione, 2.41
    • Cicero, De Divinatione, 2.50
    • Cicero, De Divinatione, 1.51
    • Cicero, De Divinatione, 2.10
    • Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes, 4.6
    • Cicero, De Officiis, 1.22
    • Cicero, De Officiis, 1.28
    • Cicero, De Officiis, 1.33
    • Cicero, De Officiis, 3.4
    • Cicero, De Officiis, 1.39
    • Cicero, De Officiis, 2.17
    • Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 3, 11.4
    • Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 5, 14.16
    • Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 5, 14.1
    • Sallust, Catilinae Coniuratio, 56
    • Columella, Res Rustica, 1.3.2
    • Columella, Res Rustica, 3.5.3
    • Cicero, Brutus, 13.49
    • Cicero, Brutus, 74.258
    • Cicero, Orator, 14.44
    • Cicero, Orator, 32.114
    • Cicero, Orator, 33.116
    • Cicero, De Inventione, 1.13
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