Cabeiria
(
τὰ καβείρια). The mysterious rites of the Pelasgic gods
known as the Cabeiri, celebrated in the islands lying between Euboea and the Hellespont, in
Lemnos, Imbros, and especially in Samothrace. This worship was also known on the adjacent
coasts of Europe and Asia Minor, at Thebes and Andania in Greece, and, according to Strabo
(iv. p. 198), in an island near Britannia. Like the Elensinia, an almost complete secrecy had
been maintained as to the ceremonies and teaching of these mysteries. Yet we know the names of
the gods; and, from an examination of the various forms under which we find them, Lenormant
has been able to discover what he calls a Cabeiric group. They are four in number, thus
differing essentially from the Phœnician Kabirim, who, as their Semitic name shows,
are also “great gods,” but are eight in number, representing the planets
and the universe formed from their union. The names of the Samothracian Cabeiri, as revealed
by Mnaseas of Patara and Dionysodorus, two historians of the Alexandrian Age, are
Axieros (=Demeter), Axiokersa (=Persephoné), Axiokersos (=Hades), Casmilos
(=Hermes). (See the scholiast on
Apoll. Rhod. i. 917.) Sometimes
the two goddesses blend in one, viz. Earth (Varro,
L. L. v. 58); sometimes as
Aphrodité and Venus; but to most of the Romans they represent Iuno and Minerva
(
Serv. ad
Verg. Aen. iii. 12). Axiokersos appears further
as Zeus, Uranus, Iupiter, Apollo, Dionysus-Liber; and Casmilos as Mercurius or Eros. The group
is a primal mother goddess, whose issue are two divinities, a male and a female, from whom
again springs a fourth, Casmilos, the orderer of the universe. For a full discussion of the
varied evidence on which this grouping is made, the reader is referred to Lenormant in
Daremberg and Saglio, i. 757 foll.
Herodotus (ii. 51) is the first historian who mentions them. Though known while Athens was
flourishing (
Aristoph. Pax, 277), it was
not till Alexandrian times that they really became famous. During this period Samothrace was a
sort of sacred island, as it was under the Roman dominion, for the idea was prevalent that the
Penates (
Serv. ad
Verg. Aen. ii. 325;
Verg. Aen. iii. 12;
Verg. Aen. viii. 619) were
identical with the gods of Samothrace. Legend told how that Dardanus, Eetion, or Iasion, and
Harmonia, wife of Cadmus, were children of Electra and Zeus; that Iasion was given the
mysteries by Zeus, married Cybelé, and begat Corybas; and after Iasion was received
among the gods, Dardanus, Cybelé, and Corybas brought the mysteries to Asia. The
legends vary in details, but almost all agree in making Dardanus and Iasion sons of Zeus and
Electra, and connecting the Samothracian mysteries with them. It is to be remarked, in
passing, that, while legend brought the mysteries from Samothrace to Asia, there can be hardly
any doubt that the passage was the other way (cf. Strabo, x. 472); for the whole tenor of the
worship is Asiatic. We have many inscriptions of Romans who were initiated (
C. I.
L. iii. 713-721), and we hear besides of other Romans of high position who were
initiated, among them probably Cicero (
Nat. Deor. i. 42, 119). Throughout the
Roman period the Cabeiric mysteries were held in high estimation, second only to the
Eleusinian, and they were still in existence in the time of Libanius.
From the earliest times, the Pelasgi are said to have sacrificed a tenth of their produce to
the Cabeiri in order to be preserved from famine. The chief priest was probably the
ἱεροφάντης mentioned by Galen (iii. 576, ed. Kühn); and the
purifying priest
κόης or
κοίης. The
βασιλεύς of the inscriptions was the
highest eponymous magistrate of Samothrace. As in all mysteries, the votary must be purified
in body and mind before initiation; and thus we have some evidence of auricular confession.
But, as far as we know, there was not any special preparatory intellectual training required.
Women and children appear to have been admitted as well as men. Of the religious ceremonies
themselves we may say we know nothing. They consisted of
δρώμενα καὶ
λεγόμενα. We hear of dances by the
pii Samothraces, and the priests
who executed these dances were called Saoi (?). The Romans, who traced their Penates to
Samothrace, referred their Salii to these Saoi. There were two classes of votaries—
the
μύσται and the
μύσται
εὐσεβεῖς,
mystae pii—the latter
being apparently those initiated for the first time. In the Samothracian mysteries,
sacra accipere (
παραλαμβάνειν τὰ
μυστήρια), which is the regular phrase for primary initiation, seems to be applied
to the higher grades. But the whole matter is quite obscure and unsettled. See Hirschfeld in
Conze,
Untersuchungen auf Samothrake, pp. 37-39.
The scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius tells us that the initiated wore a purple band (
ταινία) round their waist (which reminds us of the Brahminical
thread); that Agamemnon quelled a mutiny of the Greeks by wearing one; and that Odysseus, who
wore a fillet for the band, was miraculously saved in shipwreck. Preservation in times of
peril, and especially in perils on the sea, was the chief service that the Cabeiri were
supposed to render to those who called on them by name, and none knew their names except the
initiated. It was the electric fires of the Cabeiri that, according to the legend, lighted on
the heads of the Dioscuri during the Argonautic voyage. Diodorus further says, in the course
of an important discussion on the Cabeiri (v. 47-49), that those who were initiated became
more pious, more righteous, and in every respect better than they were before. On the basis of
this, Lenormant thinks it probable that the doctrine of rewards and punishments in a future
life was inculcated, though, with Lobeck, we may well suppose that no more is necessarily
implied than the impulse to virtue, which is always united with religious emotion excited by
impressive and gracious ceremonies. (Cf.
Apoll. Rhod. i. 917.)
The initiations at Samothrace took place at any time from May to September (see
inscriptions), in this differing from the Eleusinian and more resembling the Orphic Mysteries.
There appears, however, to have been a specially great ceremony at the commencement of August
(
Lucull. 13).
From the manner in which Cicero speaks of the Samothracian mysteries in the passage already
cited, it is probable that he was initiated. He says of their ceremonies,
quibus explicatis ad rationemque revocatis, rerum magis natura cognoscitur quam
deorum. And the Cabeiri themselves do appear to be symbols of the creation of the world.
From the primeval mother emanate or differentiate themselves two elements—matter
(earth) and force (especially fire, celestial and terrestrial). Indeed, the name Cabeiri
appears to mean “the Burners,” from
καίειν (see Welcker,
Die Aeschyl. Trilogie, pp. 161, 211), and by
the action of the former on the latter the ordered world is generated. The etymological
identity of the Pelasgian with the Phœnician Cabeiri is doubted by Lenormant; the
name of the latter being from a Semitic root, which in Arabic appears as
kebir, “great.” Many hold that all the ceremonies of the Cabeiri,
and those of the other mysteries, were pure inventions of the priests, nothing more than mere
stories about gods. The reader, with regard to this phase of the subject, is referred to the
article
Mysteria.
For information on the Cabeiric mysteries, see Lobeck,
Aglaoph. pp.
1202-1295; Schömann,
Griech. Alterth. ii. 403-407; Preller,
Gr.
Mythol. i. 695-709; Welcker,
Gr. Götterlehre, i. 328-333,
iii. 173-189; and, above all, the article by Lenormant in Daremberg and Saglio, i. 757-774.