Provincia
A word which, in Roman public law, designated primarily the sphere of action allotted to a
particular magistrate. (See
Magistratus.) When,
in the third century B.C., Rome began to assume the permanent rule of territories outside of
Italy, it became customary to intrust the government of each such territory to a single
magistrate; and, by a natural transition, “province” became the technical
term for conquered territory ruled by a Roman governor, and “provincials”
the technical term for the inhabitants of such a territory—the subjects as
distinguished from the citizens of Rome. Territories left under the sceptres of native
princes, though practically controlled by Rome, were not provinces. Free and allied cities,
though included within the boundaries of a province, were not parts of the province, nor were
individuals who had received Roman citizenship properly numbered among the provincials. In the
imperial period, however, with the gradual disappearance of the protected kingdoms and allied
commonwealths and the gradual extension of Roman citizenship throughout the Roman world, the
term province became purely territorial; the provinces were simply the great governmental
districts outside of Italy. At the same time, in consequence of the growth of imperial
absolutism, the distinction between Italy and the provinces lost all real importance. As early
as the second century after Christ, the methods of provincial administration were introduced
into Italy; and under Diocletian, at the close of the third century, the distinction
disappeared even in name, Italy being divided into a number of provinces.
 |
|
Western Provinces of the Roman Empire.
|
Provincial Officers.
Provision was made for the government of the first four provinces by increasing the number
of praetors annually elected at Rome (so B.C. 227 and again B.C. 197). The praetors-elect
drew lots to determine which should do duty in Rome and which should go to the provinces.
With the increase in the number of provinces (B.C. 146-120) the Senate began to prolong (
prorogare) the imperium of outgoing magistrates, who then ruled the
provinces allotted them as
proconsuls or
propraetors. The more important provinces—those in which military operations
were in progress or in prospect—were commonly assigned to the outgoing consuls. A
lex Sempronia (C. Gracchus) provided that the Senate should indicate
annually, before the election of the consuls, which provinces were to be assigned to them.
The consuls-elect then drew lots for these provinces. The system of governing the provinces
through such promagistrates was made general by Sulla (about B.C. 80). The new criminal
courts (
quaestiones) established by him, together with the older civil
courts, kept all the praetors (now eight in number) busy at Rome during their first year of
office, and all the provinces (now ten in number) were allotted to proconsuls or propraetors.
The consuls continued to draw lots for the consular provinces before taking office: the
praetors drew lots during their year of office. With the further increase in the number of
provinces (B.C. 64 there were fourteen or fifteen) recourse was had to various expedients.
Two or more provinces were not infrequently assigned to a single proconsul, or a proconsul or
propraetor was left in his province for two or more years. Exceptionally, an outgoing praetor
or even a private citizen might be invested with proconsular powers, but only by a vote of
the Comitia. Iulius Caesar restored the equilibrium between the urban magistracies and the
provincial promagistracies by a further increase in the number of praetors.
Under Augustus a division of provinces was made between the emperor and the Senate. He
reserved to himself those provinces in which it was necessary to maintain a considerable
armed force, and assigned to the Senate those which were pacified. The
senatorial provinces (ten in number) continued to be allotted to the ex-magistrates: Africa
and Asia to ex-consuls, the rest to ex-praetors. All of the senatorial governors bore the
title of proconsul, but those of consular rank had twelve fasces, those of praetorian rank
but six. With the multiplication of the city magistracies and the decrease in the number of
available provinces, governorships were no longer obtainable by the outgoing magistrates at
the expiration of their regular terms, but only after a legal interval of five years, and
then in the order of seniority. Under Tiberius the actual interval averaged about thirteen
years.
Under the governors served:
- 1. Legati, lieutenants, usually nominated by the governor and appointed
by the Senate. The governor assigned to them their duties, and had the power of dismissing
them (see Legatus);
- 2. comites or contubernales, a staff of
military and administrative assistants, appointed by the governor with the approval of the
Senate, and removable at his pleasure;
- 3. apparitores, etc., secretaries, clerks, copyists,
interpreters, attendants and messengers, engineers (architecti),
physicians, and priests.
All these (with the possible exception of the
medici) were
public employés, paid by the treasury. The governor might also take with him, at
his own expense, as many clients and slaves as he saw fit; but until late in the republican
period he was not permitted to take his wife.
The provincial quaestors, or treasury officials, were magistrates of subordinate rank, but
of independent tenure and powers. They were elected, not appointed; and were responsible only
to the treasury and the Senate. The number of quaestors annually elected at Rome had
increased with the organization of new provinces, so that, even at the close of the
republican period, the quaestors-elect drew lots for Italian or provincial duty, and
proquaestors were rarely needed. Under the Empire these officials were gradually replaced by
imperial procurators (q. v.).
The quaestors, legates, and
comites constituted the governor's
council. See
consilia, under
Magistratus.
In the provinces of Caesar the emperor himself was proconsul. The governors were his
appointees and lieutenants,
legati Augusti pro praetore. Their authority was
as ample as that of a proconsul, but since it was a delegated authority they had but five
fasces (
legati quinquefascales). Their military aids (
legati legionis) and their officers of justice (
legati iuridici）
were appointed by the emperor. The interests of the imperial fiscus were guarded by
procurators.
Early in the imperial period there appears another type of imperial province, in which the
emperor rules not as proconsul, but as sovereign proprietor, and not through a
legatus, but through a viceroy (
praefectus) or steward (
procurator). Many of these provinces were ruled for a time by tributary
kings or princes, and with the extinction or deposition of the original dynasty the resident
procurator of Caesar becomes
procurator et praeses or
procurator pro legato. In nearly all of these provinces there was some obstacle,
either in the temper of the inhabitants (as in Egypt and Iudaea) or in the topography (as in
the Alps), or in the backward stage of civilization (as in Thrace and Mauretania) to the
introduction of the ordinary provincial administration.
Organization and Government.
In the republican period the main lines of the provincial organization were fixed by the
Senate, and the details were worked out in each province by a special committee of senatorial
legates. The constitution thus framed was the
lex provinciae. The normal
unit of local government was the city or town. If there were no cities, local government
districts were created by combining several villages or even, as in Spain and Gaul, by
adopting the existing tribal districts. In such districts towns gradually grew up, sometimes
about a marketplace, sometimes about a Roman garrison. In other cases the nuclei of municipal
organizations were furnished by Roman colonies. The effect of Roman rule was gradually to
develop, where it did not previously exist, the Graeco-Latin municipal system. This
development was largely due to the method of government instinctively adopted. It was always
the Roman practice, while maintaining a strong central control, to leave the immediate
management of local affairs to the local authorities, and to throw upon them as much of the
provincial and even of the imperial business as they could manage—particularly the
conscription of soldiers and the collection of taxes. Only where there were no trustworthy
local authorities was a prefecture or local dictatorship established. In the imperial period
municipal self-government was secured and enlarged, in proportion as the provinces were
Romanized, by special charters and general laws. See
Municipium.
For the administration of justice the provinces were divided into much larger districts or
dioceses (
conventus). To the municipalities was left only a petty civil
and criminal jurisdiction.
In the original demarkation of the municipal districts and judicial circuits the Romans
retained the older native divisions only where the people submitted readily to the Roman
rule. Where this was not the case the older political or racial connections were purposely
severed; hostile communes were placed under the rule of those more friendly to Rome or under
that of Roman colonies, and
connubium and even
commercium were suspended between different portions of the same province. But the
Romans made no such innovations for the sake of innovation, or even for the sake of
uniformity.
In the government of a province the governor was subject to no limitations except those
expressly imposed by Roman legislation. In theory the provincials had no political or
religious organization, no law, and no rights. They were conquered subjects of the Roman
people (
dediticii), holding their lives and their property at the
pleasure of Rome. The authority of the governor was in principle absolute: he had
imperium militiae. (See
Magistratus.) Upon the exercise of his governmental power, however, certain
restrictions were imposed, at first by Roman tradition and custom, and later, in many cases,
by written law. In criminal matters he was sole judge of the law and the facts, but he was
expected to administer criminal justice publicly and at stated places and times, to hear
evidence and argument, and to consult his councillors. In the exercise of his civil
jurisdiction he was expected, after hearing the pleadings and discovering the point at issue,
to refer the decision to a
iudex or
arbiter.
In the absence of any provincial law (for the provincials had lost their own law and had no
share in the civil law of Rome) he was obliged to lay down the rules which the
iudex was to apply; but this he was expected (and ultimately required) to do in a
general way, by a public edict, at the beginning of his term of office. He was bound to
adhere to his own edict, and his successor generally reënacted it, with such
emendations and additions as seemed advisable. These provincial edicts were, in general,
admirably drawn, and they constituted an important element in the development of the
ius gentium. See
Edictum;
Ius.
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Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire.
|
Such special laws as were passed at Rome for the protection of the provincials were
intended primarily to safeguard the proprietary interest of the Roman people, to prevent the
governors from so impairing the resources of the provinces as to lessen their value to Rome.
By a series of laws the governors were forbidden to extort money or goods from the
provincials, directly or indirectly. They were forbidden to accept gifts, and to purchase
anything beyond current supplies. For oppression and maladministration they were liable to
criminal indictment after their return to Rome. Such charges were originally tried by the
Senate; then by a standing committee of the Senate; later by a regular court with a large
bench of
iudices (quaestio repetundarum). The governors were also
expected to protect the provincials against the tax-farmers (
publicani）
and the speculators (
negotiatores), but as a rule governors, publicans,
and speculators acted in concert. When the provincials were unable to meet the exactions of
the governor and the publicans, the speculators advanced the necessary sums at usurious
interest; and if their loans were not repaid when due, troops were placed at their disposal
for the collection of principal and interest. The transfer of the
iudicia from the senatorial to the equestrian order (C. Gracchus) tended to force the
governors into such a concert, because the publicans and speculators belonged to, and
exercised a controlling influence in, the equestrian order. The short terms allotted to the
provincial governors made their robberies more rapid, and the prospect of criminal
prosecution forced them to steal on a larger scale that they might purchase their acquittal
at Rome without sacrificing more than the moiety of their gains. That the governors should
make their fortunes out of the provinces was so much a matter of course that the few
honourable exceptions were matters of special note and record. Even the free and allied
cities were not secure against robbery by the provincial ring. Some of them paid subsidies,
which brought them into relations with the publicans and speculators: nearly all of them were
bound to furnish recruits and, in case of need, to provide free quarters for the legions,
which placed them at the mercy of the governor. The sale of protection against the quartering
of troops was an important source of illegal revenue.
The establishment of the Empire greatly improved the position of the provincials. The
theory that the provinces must not be so exploited as to lessen their productivity was now
enforced, not only in the provinces of Caesar, but in those which were nominally under the
control of the Senate. A careful census of the provinces and the abandonment of the wasteful
and oppressive system of tax-farming made it possible to lessen the burden of the
provincial taxes and yet increase the revenue. All the provincial governors, including the
proconsuls, received not only their outfit and a liberal allowance for expenses, as in the
Republican period, but a salary. The extension of municipal rights and of Roman citizenship
gave the provincials much more effective protection against arbitrary and unjust treatment.
The systematic organization of the cult of Rome and of the
divi Augusti led to
annual meetings of delegates from the localities, and to these assemblies (
communia, concilia,
κοινά), whose character and
duties were at first purely religious, some representative functions were conceded,
especially the right of petition. Under Tiberius they became something very like advisory
administrative councils. Charges against the governors formulated by such bodies received
serious consideration. Tacitus and Pliny mention twenty-seven trials of ex-governors, with
but seven acquittals.
Public Works.
Even under the Republic much had been done to develop the resources of the provinces by the
building of roads, the improvement of harbours, the establishment of colonies, etc. Under the
Empire all these things were done on a larger scale and with more consistency of purpose. For
an account of the imperial postal system, see
Cursus Publicus.
Defence of the Frontiers.
With the pacification and gradual Romanization of the provinces the troops were gradually
removed to the frontier. The frontier line (
limes), even in those
portions most exposed to barbarian inroads, was a road rather than a wall, and served
primarily for the rapid concentration of troops. These were quartered in forts (
castella). The road itself was protected, where it was deemed necessary, by
ditches and palisades, and frequently by a broad zone of waste country, in which no
settlements were tolerated. The movement of persons across the line was strictly controlled,
as was also, for revenue purposes, the transit of goods.
General Development.
In judging the results of Roman conquest and rule, it must never be forgotten that the
suppression of brigandage and piracy, and of the interminable wars which formerly raged
between the petty States of the ancient world, gave to industry and commerce an unexampled
security, which went far to balance the spoliation of the provinces even in the worst period
of misgovernment. With the administrative reforms of the early Empire and the effective
defence of the frontiers, the majority of the provinces grew rapidly in wealth, comfort, and
civilization. The contributions of the ruder, non-Hellenic provinces to the art, literature,
and science of the Roman world grew steadily in importance. Provincials played a prominent
part in the government of the Empire: they gave it not only the bulk of its troops, but a
constantly increasing number of military leaders, administrative officers, and jurists. In
the end they furnished the majority of its emperors.
Later Empire.
In the course of the third century the military and the civil government of the provinces
began to be assigned to different officers, the former to
duces, the
latter to
praesides or
correctores. Under
Diocletian this separation of powers became general. At the same time the larger provinces
were subdivided and grouped for administrative purposes into a dozen dioceses, each under a
vicarius, and these, again, into four great prefectures—Gaul,
Italy, Illyricum, and the Orient.
Roman Provincial Organization.
| Early Empire （to a.d. 117). |
Later Empire (End of Fourth
Century). |
| |
Date of Constitution. |
Assigned to— (Ranking as—） |
Title of Governor. |
|
Title of Governor. |
Diocese. |
Praetorian Praefecture. |
| Sicilia. |
B.C. 241 |
Senate (praetorian). |
Proconsul. |
Sicilia. |
Consularis. |
Italia (vicarius urbis). |
Italia. |
| Sardinia and Corsica. |
B.C. 231 |
b. c. 27 to a. d. 6 Senate (praetorian). Afterwards usually Caesar. |
Proconsul. |
Sardinia. |
Praeses. |
Italia (vicarius urbis). |
Italia. |
| Procurator. |
Corsica. |
Praeses. |
| Hispania Citerior (Tarraconensis). |
B.C. 197 |
Caesar (consular). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Tarraconensis. |
Praeses. |
Hispania. |
Galliae. |
| Carthaginiensis. |
Praeses. |
| Insulae Baleares. |
Praeses. |
| Gallaecia et Asturia. |
Consularis. |
| Hispania Ulterior (Baetica). |
b. c. 197 |
Senate (praetorian). |
Proconsul. |
Baetica (with which |
Consularis. |
|
|
| Tingitana is connected) |
Hispania. |
Galliae. |
| Lusitania. |
B.C. 27 |
Caesar (praetorian). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Lusitania. |
Consularis. |
|
|
| Gallia Narbonensis. |
B.C. 120 |
B.C. 27 to B.C. 22 Caesar. After B.C. 22 Senate
(praetorian). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Narbonensis I., II. |
Praesides. |
Gallia (Viennensis). |
Galliae. |
| Proconsul. |
Viennensis. |
Consularis. |
| Aquitania. |
|
Caesar (praetorian). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Novum populana. |
Praeses. |
Gallia (Viennensis). |
Galliae. |
| |
Aquitanica I., II. |
Praesides. |
| Lugdunensis. |
B.C. 50 Separately organized B.C. 27? |
Caesar (praetorian). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Lugdunensis I. |
Consularis. |
Gallia. |
Galliae. |
| Lugdunensis II., III., and IV. (Senonia). |
Praesides. |
| Belgica. |
|
Caesar (praetorian). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Belgica I., II. |
Consulares. |
Gallia. |
Galliae. |
| Germania Superior. |
Separately organized |
Caesar (consular). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Maxima Sequanorum |
Praeses. |
Gallia. |
Galliae. |
| Germania I. |
Consularis. |
| Germania Inferior. |
A.D. 17? |
Caesar (consular). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Germania II. |
Consularis. |
Gallia. |
Galliae. |
| Britannia. |
A.D. 43 |
Caesar (consular). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Maxima Caesariensis. |
Consularis. |
Britanniae. |
Galliae. |
| Valentia. |
Consularis. |
| Britannia I., II. |
Praesides. |
| Flavia Caesariensis. |
Praeses. |
| Alpes Maritimae. |
B.C. 14 |
Caesar. |
Procurator. |
Alpes Maritimae (including western slope of Cottian
Alps). |
Praeses. |
Gallia (Viennensis). |
Galliae. |
| Alpes Cottiae (Regnum Cottii). |
Between A.D. 54 and 68 |
Caesar. |
Procurator. |
Alpes Cottiae. |
Praeses. |
Italia. |
Italia. |
| Alpes Poeninae. |
Second century. |
Caesar. |
Procurator. |
Alpes Poeninae et Graiae. |
Praeses. |
Gallia. |
Galliae. |
| Raetia. |
B.C. 15 |
Caesar. |
Procurator. |
Raetia I., II. |
Praesides. |
Italia. |
Italia. |
| Noricum. |
B.C. 15 |
Caesar. |
Procurator. |
Noricum Mediterraneum. |
Praeses. |
Illyricum occidentale |
Italia. |
| Noricum Ripense. |
Praeses. |
(Pannoniae). |
| Pannonia Superior. |
A.D. 10 |
Caesar |
Legatus |
Pannonia I. |
Praeses. |
|
|
| Pannonia ripariensis |
Corrector. |
Illyricum |
|
| Pannonia Inferior. |
Divided betw. A.D. 102 and 107 |
(consular). |
propraetore. |
or Savia. |
|
occidentale |
Italia. |
| Pannonia II. |
Consularis. |
(Pannoniae). |
|
| Valeria. |
Praeses. |
|
|
| Illyricum, later Dalmatia. |
Between B.C. 167 and 59 |
b. c. 27 to B.C. 11 Senate.
After B.C. 11 Caesar (consular). |
Proconsul. |
Dalmatia. |
Praeses. |
Illyricum occ. |
Italia. |
| Legatus propraetore. |
Praevalitana. |
Praeses. |
| Moesia Superior. |
Between B.C. 29 and A.D. 6 |
Caesar (consular). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Moesia I. |
Praeses. |
Dacia (under the direct administration of the
praetorian prefect). |
Illyricum. |
| Dardania. |
Praeses. |
| Dacia mediterranea. |
Consularis. |
| Dacia ripensis. |
Dux. |
| Moesia Inferior (Ripa Thracia). |
Divided betw. A.D. 81 and 96 |
|
|
Moesia II. |
Praeses. |
Thraciae. |
Oriens. |
| Scythia. |
Praeses. |
| Dacia. |
A.D. 107 |
Caesar (consular). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Abandoned, |
|
|
|
| A.D. 270-275 |
|
|
|
| Thracia. |
A.D. 46 |
Caesar. |
Procurator (under legatus Moesiae). Under Trajan, a
legatus propraetore. |
Thracia. |
Consularis. |
Thraciae. |
Oriens. |
| Haemimontus. |
Praeses. |
| Rhodope. |
Praeses. |
| Europa. |
Consularis. |
| Macedonia. |
B.C. 146 |
Senate (praetorian). A.D. 15 to 44 Caesar. |
Proconsul. Legatus propraetore. |
Macedonia I. |
Consularis. |
Macedonia. |
Illyricum. |
| Macedonia II. |
Praeses. |
| Thessalia. |
Praeses. |
| Epirus nova. |
Praeses. |
| Epirus. |
Separately organized towards end of first century. |
Caesar. |
Procurator. |
Epirus vetus. |
Praeses. |
Macedonia. |
Illyricum. |
| Achaia. |
B.C. 27 |
Senate (praetorian). |
Proconsul. |
Achaia. |
Proconsul, who stands directly under the praetorian
prefect of Illyricum. |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Emperor. |
| Asia. |
B.C. 133 |
Senate (consular). |
Proconsul. |
Asia proconsularis. |
Proconsul, who stands directly under the |
| Hellespontus. |
Consularis, who stands under the procon- |
| Lydia. |
Consularis. |
Asia. |
[sul Asiae. |
| Phrygia I. (pacatiana). |
Praeses. |
Oriens. |
| Phrygia II. (salutaris). |
Praeses. |
| Caria. |
Praeses. |
| Insulae. |
Praeses, who stands under the procon- |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
[sul Asiae. |
| Bithynia and Pontus. |
B.C. 74 B.C. 65 |
Senate (praetorian). |
Proconsul. |
Bithynia. |
Consularis. |
Pontus. |
Oriens. |
| Honorias. |
Praeses. |
| Paphlagonia. |
Corrector. |
| Helenopontus. |
Praeses. |
| Galatia. |
B.C. 25 Enlarged B.C. 7 |
Caesar (praetorian). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Pontus Polemoniacus. |
Praeses. |
|
|
| Galatia I. |
Consularis. |
Pontus. |
|
| Galatia II. (salutaris). |
Praeses. |
|
Oriens. |
| Lycaonia. |
Praeses. |
Asia. |
| Pisidia. |
Praeses. |
| Cappadocia. |
A.D. 17 |
Caesar (after A.D. 70 consular). |
A.D. 18-70, procurator; afterwards, legatus
propraetore. |
Cappadocia I., II. |
Praesides. |
Pontus. |
Oriens. |
| Armenia I., II. |
Praesides. |
| Pamphylia and Lycia. |
B.C. 25 A.D. 43 |
Caesar (praetorian). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Pamphylia. |
Consularis. |
Asia. |
Oriens. |
| Lycia. |
Praeses. |
| Cilicia. |
B.C. 102? Fully organized b.
c. 64 |
Caesar (praetorian). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Cilicia I. |
Consularis. |
Oriens. |
Oriens. |
| Cilicia II. |
Praeses. |
| Isauria. |
Comes. |
| Cyprus. |
B.C. 27 |
b. c. 27 to b. c. 22 Caesar; afterwards Senate (praetorian). |
Proconsul. |
Cyprus. |
Consularis. |
Oriens. |
Oriens. |
| Syria. |
B.C. 64 |
Caesar (consular). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Euphratensis. |
Praeses. |
Oriens. |
Oriens. |
| Syria I. |
Consularis. |
| Syria II. (salutaris). |
Praeses. |
| Phœnice I. |
Consularis. |
| Phœnice II. |
Praeses. |
| Iudaea (Syria Palaestina). |
Separately organized A.D. 6. |
Caesar (after A.D. 70 praetorian.) |
A.D.6-41, 44-70 procurator; afterwards, legatus
propraetore. |
Palaestina I. |
Consularis. |
Oriens. |
Oriens. |
| Palaestina II. |
Praeses. |
| Arabia. |
A.D. 105 |
Caesar (praetorian). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Palaestina III. |
Praeses. |
Oriens. |
Oriens. |
| Arabia. |
Dux. |
| Armenia. |
A.D. 114 |
Caesar (praetorian). |
Legatus propraetore. |
Abandoned A.D. 117 |
|
|
|
| Mesopotamia (abandoned A.D. 117, reconquered...... |
A.D. 115 A.D. 165 |
Caesar. (?) |
—?— |
Osrhoëne. |
Praeses. |
Oriens. |
Oriens. |
| Mesopotamia. |
Praeses. |
| Assyria. |
A.D. 115 |
Caesar. |
—?— |
Abandoned A.D. 117 |
|
|
|
| Aegyptus. |
B.C. 30 |
Caesar. |
Praefectus (with consular rank). |
Aegyptus. |
Praeses. |
Aegyptus. |
Oriens. |
| Augustamnica. |
Corrector. |
| Heptanomis (Arcadia). |
Praeses. |
| Thebais. |
Praeses. |
| Libya inferior. |
Praeses. |
| Cyrene and Creta. |
B.C. 74 B.C. 67 united B.C. 27 |
Senate (praetorian). |
Proconsul. |
Libya superior. |
Praeses. |
Aegyptus. |
Oriens. |
| Creta. |
Consularis. |
Macedonia. |
Illyricum. |
| Africa and Numidia. |
B.C. 146 B.C. 46 united B.C. 25 |
Senate (consular). |
Proconsul. |
Tripolitana. |
Praeses. |
Africa. |
Italia. |
| Byzacena. |
Consularis. |
| Africa proconsularis. |
Proconsul, who stands directly under |
| Numidia. |
Consularis. |
|
[the Emperor. |
| Mauretania. Caesariensis. |
A.D. 40 |
Caesar. |
Procurator. |
Mauretania I. (Sitifensis). |
Praeses. |
Africa. |
Italia. |
| Mauretania II. (Caesariensis). |
Praeses. |
| Mauretania. Tingitana. |
A.D. 40 |
Caesar. |
Procurator. |
Tingitana (connected with Baetica). |
Praeses. |
Hispania. |
Galliae. |
With the extension of the provincial organization to Italy proper, the following additional
provinces were included (about 400) in the
praefectura Italiae:
- 1. Venetia et Histria,
- 2. Liguria,
- 3. Aemilia,
- 4. Flaminia et Picenum annonarium.
- 5. Tuscia et Umbria,
- 6. Picenum suburbicarium,
- 7. Valeria,
- 8. Samnium,
- 9. Campania,
- 10. Apulia et Calabria,
- 11. Lucania et Bruttii.
Provinces 1-6 and 9 were governed by
consulares; 10 and 11 by
correctores; 7 and 8 by
praesides.
Bibliography.—Marquardt,
Römische
Verwaltung, vol. i.; Person,
Les Provinces Romaines sous la
République; Arnold,
Roman Provincial Administration;
Mommsen,
Roman History, vols. iii. and v.
