EPIDAURUS LIME´RA
EPIDAURUS LIME´RA (
Ἐπίδαυρος ν̔ Λιμηρά), a town on the eastern coast of Laconia, situated at the head of a spacious bay, formed by the promontory
Kremidhi, on the north, and the promontory of
Monemvasía, on the south.
It was a colony from Epidaurus in Argolis, and is said to have been built in consequence of an intimation from Asclepius, when an Epidaurian ship touched here on its way to Cos. (Paus. iii.,23.6.) Its foundation probably belongs to the. time when the whole of the eastern coast of Laconia, as far as the promontory Malea, acknowledged the supremacy of Argos. (Herod. i, 82.)
The epithet Limera was considered by the best ancient critics to be given to the town on account of the excellence of its harbours, though other explanations were proposed of the word (
λιμηράν .... ὡς ἂ λιμενηράν, Strab. viii. p.368). Pausanias describes the town as situated on a height not far from the sea.
He mentions among its public buildings temples of Aphrodite and Asclepius, a temple of Athena on the acropolis, and a temple of Zeus Soter in front of the harbour. (
Paus. 3.23.10.)
The ruins of Epidaurus are situated at the spot now called
Old Monemvasía. “The walls, both of the acropolis and town, are traceable all round; and in some places, particularly towards the sea, they remain to more than half their original height.
The town formed a sort of semicircle on the southern side of the citadel.
The towers are some of the smallest I have ever seen in Hellenic fortresses; the faces ten feet, the flanks twelve: the whole circumference of the place is less than three quarters of a mile.
The town was divided into two separate parts by a wall; thus making, with the citadel, three interior divisions. On the acropolis there is a level space, which is separated from the remaining part of it by a little insulated rock, excavated for the foundations of a wall. I take this platform to have been the position of the temple of Athena. On the site of the lower town, towards the sea front, there are two terrace walls, one of which is a perfect specimen of the second order of Hellenic masonry. Upon these terraces may have stood the temples of Aphrodite and Asclepius.
There are, likewise, some remains of a modern town within the ancient inclosure; namely, houses, churches, and a tower of the lower ages.” The harbour of Zeus Soter has entirely disappeared, but this is not surprising, as it must have been artificial; but there are two harbours, one at either extremity of the bay, the northern called that of
Kremídhi, and the southern that of
Monemvasía.
South of Epidaurus Pausanias mentions a promontory (
ἄκρα) extending into the sea, called
MINOA (
Paus. 3.23.11; Strab.
l.c.) This promontory is now an island, connected with the mainland by a bridge of 14 small arches; it is not improbable that it was originally part of the mainland, and afterwards separated from it by art.
Epidaurus is rarely mentioned in history. Its territory was ravaged by the Athenians in the Peloponnesian War. (
Thuc. 4.56,
6.105.)
In the time of Strabo there appears to have been a fortress on the promontory Minoa, since he calls it a
φρούριον. Pausanias mentions Epidaurus Limera as one of the Eleuthero-Laconian towns. (
Paus. 3.21.7.) Ptolemy enumerates, as separate places, Minoa, the harbour of Zeus Soter, and Epidaurus.
In the middle ages the inhabitants of Epidaurus abandoned their ancient town, and built a new one on Minoa,--which they now, for greater security, probably, converted for the first time into an island. To their new town, because it was accessible by only one way, they gave the name of
Monemvasía or
Monembasía, which was corrupted by the Franks into
Malvasía. In the middle ages it was the most important Greek town in the Morea, and continued purely Greek in its language and customs for many centuries.
Leake remarked, about a third of a mile southward of the ruins of Epidaurus, near the sea, a deep pool of fresh water, surrounded with reeds, about 100 yards long and 30 broad, which he observes is probably the “lake of Ino, small and deep,” mentioned by Pausanias (
3.23.8) as 2 stadia from the altars of Asclepius, erected to commemorate the spot where the sacred serpent disappeared in the ground, after landing from the Epidaurian ship on its way to Cos. (Leake,
Morea, vol. i. p. 210, seq.; Boblaye,
Recherches, &c. p. 100; Curtius,
Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 292, seq.)
