Military officer; born in
Westminster, Mass., Aug. 8, 1839; was engaged in mercantile business in
Boston till the outbreak of the
Civil War; entered the volunteer army as a captain in the 22d Massachusetts Infantry, Sept. 9, 1861; promoted lieutenant-colonel 61st New York Infantry, May 31, 1862, and colonel, Sept. 30 following; brigadiergeneral, May 12, 1864;
major-general, Oct. 21, 1865; and was mustered out of the volunteers, Sept. 1, 1866.
On July 28, 1866, he was commissioned colonel of the 40th United States Infantry; March 15, 1869, was transferred to the 5th Infantry; Dec. 15, 1880, promoted brigadier-general; April 5, 1890,
major-general; June 6, 1900,
lieutenant-general, under an act of Congress of that date; and Feb. 5, 1901, was appointed lieutenant-general under the law reorganizing the army.
During the
Civil War he distinguished himself at
Fair Oaks (wounded),
Malvern Hill,
Fredericksburg,
Chancellorsville (wounded), Ream's Station, and in the operations against
Richmond; and after the war conducted a number of campaigns against the hostile
Indians, notably against the Apaches under
Geronimo and
Natchez, whose surrender he forced.
He represented the army at the seat of the war between
Turkey and
Greece, and also at the
Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1897.
In the war against
Spain in 1898 he visited
Cuba and commanded the expedition to
Porto Rico (q. v.).