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Valley campaign of General Early.
From the Times-dispatch, August 26, 1906.
Was one of most brilliant and stubbornly-fought of the entire War—Extended for four months.
Correspondent who was long with famous General describes his personality.
A few days after the disastrous
Battle of Cedar Creek,
Va., fought October 19, 1864, I was shown a letter by
General Early from
General Lee, answering
Early's report.
General Lee, in his letter, placed to
Early's account no blame for the defeat, but assured him in the kindest manner that he had accomplished in his campaign all and more than he expected.
He also assured him that he considered the movement a forlorn hope, made for the purpose of withdrawing from his front and overtaxed army as many men as possible.
In this respect it was eminently successful, as it compelled
General Grant to send to the
Valley three of his best corps of infantry and
Sherman's superb cavalry.
When the Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia left its winter quarters, on the south bank of the
Rapidan, the 4th of May, 1864, it was commanded by
Lieutenant-General Ewell, and had 20,000 men on duty, fully officered.
It fought
Grant on the 5th and 6th of May at the
Wilderness; on the 8th and 10th at the river
Poe, and on the 12th at Spotsylvania Courthouse, where
Jackson's old division, with its artillery of sixteen pieces, was nearly destroyed at the ‘
Bloody Angle’ by
Hancock's Corps.
It fought again at the
North Anna river, and again at Bethesda Church, or second Cold Harbor.
When
General Early assumed command and was ordered to
Lynchburg with this corps, its ranks had been reduced to less than 6,000 effective men. It was not an army; it was a disorganized rabble-divisions commanded by colonels, brigades by majors, regiments by captains and companies by sergeants, and
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a large number of officers were serving in the ranks, carrying muskets.
Received reinforcements.
At
Lynchburg Early was reinforced by
Generals Breckinridge with
Wharton's division of infantry,
Jenkins' and
Vaughan's mounted infantry,
William L. Jackson's and
Morgan's cavalry.
His whole force then numbered 10,000 infantry, and about 3,000 cavalry.
He was further reinforced by
Kershaw's division of infantry and
Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry before the
Battle of Cedar Creek, October 19, 1864.
At no time had his army more than 10,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry.
With this disorganized force, he fought and defeated
Lew Wallace at Frederick City, July 6th, and arrived in front of
Washington on July 11th, about 12 M., making his headquarters at
Silver Springs, the residence of lion.
Francis P. Blair. Being in the enemy's country, he had to march by brigades, each defending its own wagon train, and, it being exceedingly hot, it was nearly dark before he could make a demonstration against
Fort Stevens; and when it was done, it was found that
General Grant had got a corps of his best troops there in its defense.
After consultation,
General Early determined to withdraw his troops again to
Winchester.
The burning of the home of
Montgomery Blair was wholly an accident, caused by its being unoccupied and at the mercy of straggling soldiers.
General Early, during his entire stay, protected private property to the full extent of his power, and and never gave an order to destroy
Blair's home.
General Early, however, concluded not to stay at
Winchester, but proceeded down the
Valley to
New Market.
He, however, left
Major-General Ramseur with his command, with positive instructions not to bring on a fight.
Ramseur took dinner with
Mr. Phil. Dandridge, and when the enemy made a demonstration, started his command to chastise them.
Feeling pretty good, no doubt, from the wine at dinner, he was careless in his movements, and when four miles north of
Winchester, ran into an ambuscade, which came near annihilating his command.
He lost his battery of artillery, and several officers and men, and but for
William L. Jackson's cavalry, which was in his rear, unmounted, the entire command would have been captured.
In
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this fight
Lieutenant F. Calloway, aide to
General Ramseur, was shot through the stomach, receiving a wound from which only one in a thousand recovers.
Early remained at
New Market but a few days, returning to
Winchester, and encamped his army along the
Valley Turnpike as far north as
Martinsburg.
Sheridan at this time had his command strung out along the
Berryville Turnpike from
Charleston to
White Post.
Sheridan's command consisted of three corps of infantry, 33,000 men and
Sheridan's superb cavalry of over 10,000, while
Early had only 13,000 all told.
Here these commands rested for six weeks,
Sheridan during the whole time making no demonstration, while his command was three times as large as
Early's.
Early, however, was not idle.
He ordered
Generals Bradley T. Johnson and
McCausland to meet him, at
Williamsport.
Orders issued.
On the hill overlooking the town
General Early ordered me to write the following with pen and ink:
‘You are hereby ordered to proceed with your commands at once to
Chambersburg, Pa., and in consideration of the destruction by
General David Hunter of the residences of Edmund I,
Lee,
Alexander R. Boteler and
Andrew Hunter,
in Jefferson county, Va., and of the Virginia Military Institute and other property in
Lexington, Va., and also the burning of the iron works and home of
Joseph R. Anderson, in
Botetourt county, you are to demand the immediate payment of $500,000, and if not paid burn the city.’
The General signed these orders, as he said he did not wish it thought he could hide behind his adjutant-General,
A. S. Pendleton.
After making the two orders and delivering them in person to
Johnson and
McCausland, he accompanied them to
Hagerstown, had a dinner at the hotel and returned to camp at
Bunker Hill that night.
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Again a few days later
Early moved on
Shepherdstown and drove
Sheridan's cavalry from
Leetown to the
Potomac, and still
Sheridan declined to fight.
On the 19th of September, urged by the press, and ordered by
General Grant,
Sheridan pushed forward his infantry towards
Winchester, and about sunrise of the 19th the first gun from the enemy was fired at
General Early and his staff at the crossing of the
Opequon Creek, four miles north of
Winchester, From that time until sun down the battle raged with great fury,
Early contesting every fort to the town of
Winchester, and but for the failure of his cavalry on his left to hold their position, he could have won the day.
This failure, however, caused him to withdraw his army near night to Hollingsworth Mills, two miles south of
Winchester.
His losses were heavy in men and officers, among whom were
Generals Rodes and
Godwin.
He left his wounded in town and his dead on the field.
This was one of the most brilliantly and stubbornly fought battles of the war—13,000 against 43,000.
Early carried with him over 1,000 prisoners, who were sent on to
Richmond.
The fight at
Fisher's Hill was nothing more than a skirmish on a large scale.
Here
General Early lost his adjutant-General,
A. S. Pendleton, one of the most promising young officers developed by the
Civil War.
Retreat down Valley.
Retreating down the
Valley, he halted at
Staunton,
Sheridan following to
Middle River, five miles north.
Here
Sheridan ordered a return to
Winchester, without attempting a battle.
On this countermarch the enemy destroyed over 2,000 barns, 100 mills, and every grain, hay and fodder stack for sixty-five miles, and telegraphed
General Grant that a ‘crow flying down the
Valley would have to carry his own rations.’
In the light of burning barns, mills and grain stacks,
Early followed to
Woodstock, and rested his army, his front at
Fisher's Hill.
On the morning of the 18th
General Gordon and
Captain Hotchkiss rode to the signal station on
Massanutton Mountain, and they found that
Wright's army had been weakened by at least a corps, and that it had been removed to
White Post, about
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twelve miles northeast of
Strasburg.
General Early was notified, and also viewed the position.
Returning to camp, he assembled his major-generals, and a council of war determined upon a daylight attack—Gordon in command of the second corps, composed of
Evans',
Ramseur's and
Pegram's divisions.
He was to turn the enemy's left at
Buckton, and
Kershaw, with
Wharton, was to rush the front.
These movements were to be made as the first ray of the rising sun pierced the sky. Early and staff were awaiting on the hills overlooking the position.
It was a most trying moment, and
General Early fully appreciated it, and turning to his chief of staff,
Colonel Moore, said: ‘
Colonel, this is the most trying experience of my life; if I could only pray like
Stonewall Jackson, what a comfort it would be.’
He had hardly uttered the words when
Gordon fired his first gun, which was immediately followed by the entire army, and in a short time the entire force was over the breastworks of the enemy, surprised and routed, in a retreat only equalled by that of
Bull Run.
Had terrible time.
It must be remembered our army was but the remnants of the Second Corps, and other commands, men barefooted and ragged, and but half fed, and our horses broken down, with nothing but grass for food.
The men had been on the move since 6 A. M., with no sleep for thirty hours, and it was not surprising they should straggle and plunder the enemy's well-supplied camps.
General Early followed
Wright's army to the hills overlooking
Middletown, and there calling a halt, he found but 5,000 men for duty, and in the woods north of
Middletown there was the Sixth Corps (
Sedgwick) in line of battle, protected by abattis work 10,000 strong, which had been removed from
White Post during the night to this position.
The officers of this corps had also succeeded in halting and reorganizing at least 10,000 of
Wright's routed army.
As the fates had worked against him
Early determined to hold his position and retreat under the cover of night, and here again he was disappointed, as
Sheridan, about 4 P. M., moved
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forward his command of 20,000 men, overlapping his left flank, which seen by
Doles' brigade, they fled in a panic and without firing a gun from their position.
The other commands followed, and
Early was left with only
Pegram and
Wharton, less than 1,000 men, to combat this overwhelming force, which they did until they reached the bridge, and they, too, retreated in disorder, leaving
Early's twenty-four pieces of artillery, also ambulances and ordnance train, at the mercy of
Custer's Cavalry, which had struck our column at the
Capon Road.
By 8 o'clock P. M., all was lost—Early fell back to
New Market, and then in a few days his scattered forces were collected and reorganized, with the loss of but 2,860 men.
Thus ended one of the most brilliant, and stubbornly fought campaigns of the war, lasting four months.
Sheridan's forces.
in front of
Early from August 2nd to November 1st, numbered over 50,000 men, and his losses, including those of
Wallace, at Frederick City, on the 6th of July, and
Crook at
Winchester on the 24th, exceeded 20,000 men killed, wounded and prisoners.
Early's entire force from the 15th of June until November 1st, with all reinforcements, was but 20,000 men of all arms, and his entire losses in killed, wounded and captured, less than 9,000.
Remarkable character.
Personally
General Early was a remarkable character; he was elected to the Virginia Convention in 1860; he fought secession to the utmost and voted against it.
When
Sumter fell and
Lincoln called for troops to invade the
South, he offered his services to the
State of Virginia, and raised a regiment.
When the ordinance of secession was passed he again voted against it and refused to sign it.
He never accepted his parole or took the oath, or voted after the war. He never wore anything but his Confederate gray, and was buried in it.
The stories of his excessive drinking were malicious lies.
General Early was a man of strong and stubborn disposition, but he was also a sincere friend.
With all his faults and virtues he has passed over the river, and is resting with his beloved
Lee and
Jackson, under the shade of the heavenly trees.
Peace to his ashes.
