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[*] 1493. ὑπό with the genitive of the personal agent is used (1) when the subject is a person, a city, a country, or is otherwise quasi-personal, (2) when the verb is intransitive even if the subject is a thing, as ““τῶν τειχῶν ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων πεπτωκότων” the walls having been destroyed by the barbarians” Aes. 2.172, (3) in a few cases with an impersonal subject, usually for the sake of emphasis, as ““ὡς ἑταίρα_ ἦν . . . ὑπὸ τῶν ἄλλων οἰκείων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν γειτόνων μεμαρτύρηται” that she was an hetaera has been testified by the rest of his relatives and by his neighbours” Is. 3.13. a. νι_κᾶσθαι, ἡττᾶσθαι to be conquered may be followed by the dative of a person, by ὑπό τινος, or by the genitive (1402).
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