<foreign lang="greek">μ</foreign>

DATIVE AS A MODIFIER OF THE SENTENCE DATIVE OF INTEREST

The person for whom something is or is done, or in reference to whose case an action is viewed, is put in the dative.

a. Many of the verbs in 1461 ff. take a dative of interest. 1476 ff. are special cases.

After verbs of motion the dative (usually personal) is used, especially in poetry: χεῖρας ἐμοὶ ὀρέγοντας reaching out their hands to me <foreign lang="greek">μ</foreign> 257, ψυ_χὰ_ς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν hurled their souls on to Hades (a person) A 3; rarely, in prose, after verbs not compounded with a preposition: σχόντες (scil. τὰ_ς ναῦς) Π̔ηγίῳ putting in at Rhegium T. 7.1. Cp. 1485.

Dative of the Possessor.—The person for whom a thing exists is put in the dative with εἶναι, γίγνεσθαι, ὑπάρχειν, φῦναι (poet.), etc., when he is regarded as interested in its possession.

ἄλλοις μὲν χρήματά ἐστι, ἡμῖν δὲ ξύμμαχοι ἀγαθοί others have riches, we have good allies T. 1.86, τῷ δικαίῳ παρὰ θεῶν δῶρα γίγνεται gifts are bestowed upon the just man by the gods P. R. 613e, ὑπάρχει ἡμῖν οὐδὲν τῶν ἐπιτηδείων we have no supply of provisions X. A. 2.2.11, πᾶσι θνα_τοῖς ἔφυ_ μόρος death is the natural lot of all men S. El. 860.

So with verbs of thinking and perceiving: τὸν ἀγαθὸν ἄρχοντα βλέποντα νόμον ἀνθρώποις ἐνόμισεν Cyrus considered that a good ruler was a living law to man X. C. 8.1.22, θαρροῦσι μάλιστα πολέμιοι, ὅταν τοῖς ἐναντίοις πρά_γματα πυνθάνωνται the enemy are most courageous when they learn that the forces opposed to them are in trouble X. Hipp. 5.8.

In the phrase ὄνομά (ἐστί) τινι the name is put in the same case as ὄνομα. Thus, ἔδοξα ἀκοῦσαι ὄνομα αὐτῷ εἶναι Ἀγάθωνα I thought I heard his name was Agathon P. Pr. 315e. ὄνομά μοί ἐστι and ὄνομα (ἐπωνυμία_ν) ἔχω are treated as the passives of ὀνομάζω. Cp. 1322 a.

Here belong the phrases (1) τί (ἐστιν) ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί; what have I to do with thee?; cp. τί τῷ νόμῳ καὶ τῇ βασάνῳ; what have the law and torture in common? D. 29.36. (2) τί ταῦτ᾽ ἐμοί; what have I to do with this? D. 54.17. (3) τί ἐμοὶ πλέον; what gain have I? X. C. 5.5.34.

The dative of the possessor denotes that something is at the disposal of a person or has fallen to his share temporarily. The genitive of possession lays stress on the person who owns something. The dative answers the question what is it that he has?, the genitive answers the question who is it that has something? The uses of the two cases are often parallel, but not interchangeable. Thus, in Κῦρος, οὗ σὺ ἔσει τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦδε Cyrus, to whom you will henceforth belong X. C. 5.1.6, ᾧ would be inappropriate. With a noun in the genitive the dative of the possessor is used (τῶν ἑκατέροις ξυμμάχων T. 2.1); with a noun in the dative, the genitive of the possessor (τοῖς ἑαυτῶν ξυμμάχοις 1. 18).

Dative of Advantage or Disadvantage (dativus commodi et incommodi).—The person or thing for whose advantage or disadvantage, anything is or is done, is put in the dative. The dative often has to be translated as if the possessive genitive were used; but the meaning is different.

ἐπειδὴ αὐτοῖς οἱ βάρβαροι ἐκ τῆς χώρα_ς ἀπῆλθον after the barbarians had departed (for them, to their advantage) from their country T. 1.89, ἄλλο στράτευμα αὐτῷ συνελέγετο another army was being raised for him X. A. 1.1.9, ἄλλῳ ὁ τοιοῦτος πλουτεῖ, καὶ οὐχ ἑαυτῷ such a man is rich for another, and not for himself P. Menex. 246e, στεφανοῦσθαι τῷ θεῷ to be crowned in honour of the god X. H. 4.3.21, Φιλιστίδης ἔπρα_ττε Φιλίππῳ Philistides was working in the interest of Philip D. 9.59, τὰ χρήματ᾽ αἴτι᾽ ἀνθρωποῖς κακῶν money is a cause of misery to mankind E. Fr. 632, οἱ Θρᾷκες οἱ τῷ Δημοσθένει ὑστερήσαντες the Thracians who came too late (for, i.e.) to help Demosthenes T. 7.29, ἥδε ἡ ἡμέρα_ τοῖς Ἕλλησι μεγάλων κακῶν ἄρξει this day will be to the Greeks the beginning of great sorrows 2. 12, ἄ_ν τίς σοι τῶν οἰκετῶν ἀποδρᾷ if any of your slaves runs away X. M. 2.10.1.

a. For the middle denoting to do something for oneself, see 1719.

b. In the last example in 1481, as elsewhere, the dative of a personal pronoun is used where a possessive pronoun would explicitly denote the owner.

A dative, dependent on the sentence, may appear to depend on a substantive: σοὶ δὲ δώσω ἄνδρα τῇ θυγατρί to you I will give a husband for your daughter X. C. 8.4.24. Common in Hdt.

With verbs of depriving, warding off, and the like, the dative of the person may be used: τὸ συστρατεύειν ἀφελεῖν σφίσιν ἐδεήθησαν they asked him to relieve them (lit. take away for them) from serving in the war X. C. 7.1.44, Δαναοῖσιν λοιγὸν ἄμυ_νον ward off ruin from (for) the Danai A 456. So ἀλέξειν τινί τι (poet.). Cp. 1392, 1628.

With verbs of receiving and buying, the person who gives or sells may stand in the dative. In δέχεσθαί τί τινι (chiefly poetic) the dative denotes the interest of the recipient in the donor: Θέμιστι δέκτο δέπας she took the cup from (for, i.e. to please) Themis O 87. So with πόσου πρίωμαί σοι τὰ χοιρίδια; at what price am I to buy the pigs of you? Ar. Ach. 812.

With verbs of motion the dative of the person to whom is properly a dative of advantage or disadvantage: ἦλθε τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ἡ ἀγγελία_ the message came to (for) the Athenians T. 1.61. Cp. 1475.

Dative of Feeling (Ethical Dative).—The personal pro nouns of the first and second person are often used to denote the interest of the speaker, or to secure the interest of the person spoken to, in an action or statement.

μέμνησθέ μοι μὴ θορυβεῖν pray remember not to make a disturbance P. A. 27b, ἀμουσότεροι γενήσονται ὑ_μῖν οἱ νέοι your young men will grow less cultivated P. R. 546d, τοιοῦτο ὑ_μῖν ἐστι ἡ τυραννίς such a thing, you know, is despotism Hdt. 5.92 η, Ἀρταφέρνης ὑ_μῖν Ὑστάσπεός ἐστι παῖς Artaphernes, you know, is Hystaspes' son 5. 30. The dative of feeling may denote surprise: ὦ μῆτερ, ὡς καλός μοι ὁ πάππος oh mother, how handsome grandpa is X. C. 1.3.2. With the dative of feeling cp. “knock me here” Shakesp. T. of Sh. 1. 2. 8, “study me how to please the eye” L. L. L. i. 1. 80. τοὶ surely, often used to introduce general statements or maxims, is a petrified dative of feeling (= σοί).

a. This dative in the third person is very rare (αὐτῇ in P. R. 343a).

b. This construction reproduces the familiar style of conversation and may often be translated by I beg you, please, you see, let me tell you, etc. Sometimes the idea cannot be given in translation. This dative is a form of 1481.

ἐμοὶ βουλομένῳ ἐστί, etc.—Instead of a sentence with a finite verb, a participle usually denoting inclination or aversion is added to the dative of the person interested, which depends on a form of εἶναι, γ<*>γνεσθαι, etc.

τῷ πλήθει τῶν Πλαταιῶν οὐ βουλομένῳ ἦν τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἀφίστασθαι the Plataean democracy did not wish to revolt from the Athenians (= τὸ πλῆθος οὐκ ἐβούλετο ἀφίστασθαι) T. 2.3 (lit. it was not for them when wishing), ἂ_ν βουλομένοις ἀκούειν ᾖ τουτοισί_, μνησθήσομαι if these men (the jury) desire to hear it, I shall take the matter up later (= ἂ_ν οὗτοι ἀκούειν βούλωνται) D. 18.11, ἐπανέλθωμεν, εἴ σοι ἡδομένῳ ἐστίν let us go back if it is your pleasure to do so P. Ph. 78b, εἰ μὴ ἀσμένοις ὑ_μῖν ἀφῖγμαι if I have come against your will T. 4.85, Νι_κίᾳ προσδεχομένῳ ἦν τὰ παρὰ τῶν Ἐγεσταίων Nicias was prepared for the news from the Egestaeans 6. 46, ἦν δὲ οὐ τῷ Ἀ_γησιλά_ῳ ἀχθομένῳ this was not displeasing to Agesilaus X. H. 5.3.13. Cp. quibus bellum volentibus erat.

Dative of the Agent.—With passive verbs (usually in the perfect and pluperfect) and regularly with verbal adjectives in -τός and -τέος, the person in whose interest an action is done, is put in the dative. The notion of agency does not belong to the dative, but it is a natural inference that the person interested is the agent.

ἐμοὶ καὶ τούτοις πέπρα_κται has been done by (for) me and these men D. 19.205, ἐπειδὴ αὐτοῖς παρεσκεύαστο when they had got their preparations ready T. 1.46, τοσαῦτά μοι εἰρήσθω let so much have been said by me L. 24.4, ἐψηφίσθαι τῇ βουλῇ let it have been decreed by the senate C.I.A. /lref>

a. With verbal adjectives in -τός and -τέος (2149): τοῖς οἴκοι ζηλωτός envied by those at home X. A. 1.7.4, ἡμῖν γ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐλευθερία_ς ἀγωνιστέον we at least must struggle to defend our freedom D. 9.70. For the accus. with -τέον, see 2152 a.

The usual restriction of the dative to tenses of completed action seems to be due to the fact that the agent is represented as placed in the position of viewing an already completed action in the light of its relation to himself (interest, advantage, possession).

The dative of the agent is rarely employed with other tenses than perfect and pluperfect: λέγεται ἡμῖν is said by us P. L. 715b, τοῖς Κερκυ_ραίοις οὐχ ἑωρῶντο the ships were not seen by (were invisible to) the Corcyraeans T. 1.51; present, T. 4.64, 109; aorist T. 2.7.

The person by whom (not for whom) an action is explicitly said to be done, is put in the genitive with ὑπό (1698. 1. b).

The dative of the personal agent is used (1) when the subject is impersonal, the verb being transitive or intransitive, (2) when the subject is persal and the person is treated as a thing in order to express scorn (twice only in the orators: D. 19.247, 57. 10).

ὑπό with the genitive of the personal agent is used (1) when the subject is a person, a city, a country, or is otherwise quasi-personal, (2) when the verb is intransitive even if the subject is a thing, as τῶν τειχῶν ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων πεπτωκότων the walls having been destroyed by the barbarians Aes. 2.172, (3) in a few cases with an impersonal subject, usually for the sake of emphasis, as ὡς ἑταίρα_ ἦν . . . ὑπὸ τῶν ἄλλων οἰκείων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν γειτόνων μεμαρτύρηται that she was an hetaera has been testified by the rest of his relatives and by his neighbours Is. 3.13.

a. νι_κᾶσθαι, ἡττᾶσθαι to be conquered may be followed by the dative of a person, by ὑπό τινος, or by the genitive (1402).

When the agent is a thing, not a person, the dative is commonly used whether the subject is personal or impersonal. If the subject is personal, ὑπό may be used; in which case the inanimate agent is personified (see 1698. 1. N. 1). ὑπό is rarely used when the subject is impersonal. ὑπό is never used with the impersonal perfect passive of an intransitive verb.

DATIVE OF RELATION

The dative may be used of a person to whose case the statement of the predicate is limited.

φευγειν αὐτοῖς ἀσφαλέστερόν ἐστιν ἢ ἡμῖν it is safer for them to flee than for us X. A. 3.2.19, τριήρει ἐστὶν εἰς Ἡρά_κλειαν ἡμέρα_ς μακρᾶς πλοῦς for a trireme it is a long day's sail to Heraclea 6. 4. 2. Such cases as δρόμος ἐγένετο τοῖς στρατιώταις the soldiers began to run X. A. 1.2.17 belong here rather than under 1476 or 1488.

a. ὡς restrictive is often added: μακρὰ_ ὡς γέροντι ὁδός a long road (at least) for an old man S. O. C. 20, σωφροσύνης δὲ ὡς πλήθει οὐ τὰ τοιάδε μέγιστα; for the mass of men are not the chief points of temperance such as these? P. R. 389d.

Dative of Reference.—The dative of a noun or pronoun often denotes the person in whose opinion a statement holds good.

γάμους τοὺς πρώτους ἐγάμει Πέρσῃσι ὁ Δα_ρεῖος Darius contracted marriages most distinguished in the eyes of the Persians Hdt. 3.88, πᾶσι νι_κᾶν τοῖς κριταῖς to be victorious in the judgment of all the judges Ar. Av. 445, πολλοῖσιν οἰκτρός pitiful in the eyes of many S. Tr. 1071. παρά is often used, as in παρὰ Δα_ρείῳ κριτῇ in the opinion of Darius Hdt. 3.160.

The dative participle, without a noun or pronoun, is frequently used in the singular or plural to denote indefinitely the person judging or observing. This construction is most common with participles of verbs of coming or going and with participles of verbs of considering.

ἡ Θρᾴκη ἐστὶν ἐπὶ δεξιὰ εἰς τὸν Πόντον εἰσπλέοντι Thrace is on the right as you sail into the Pontus X. A. 6.4.1, ἔλεγον ὅτι ἡ ὁδὸς διαβάντι τὸν ποταμὸν ἐπὶ Λυ_δία_ν φέροι they said that, when you had crossed the river, the road led to Lydia 3. 5. 15, οὐκ οὖν ἄτοπον διαλογιζομένοις τὰ_ς δωρεὰ_ς νυ_νὶ πλείους εἶναι; is it not strange, when we reflect, that gifts are more frequent now? Aes. 3.179, τὸ μὲν ἔξωθεν ἁπτομένῳ σῶμα οὐκ ἄγα_ν θερμὸν ἦν if you touched the surface the body was not very hot T. 2.49, πρὸς ὠφέλειαν σκοπουμένῳ ὁ ἐπαινέτης τοῦ δικαίου ἀληθεύει if you look at the matter from the point of view of advantage, the panegyrist of justice speaks the truth P. R. 589c. So (ὡς) συνελόντι εἰπεῖν (X. A. 3.1.38) to speak briefly (lit. for one having brought the matter into small compass), συνελόντι D. 4.7.

a. The participle of verbs of coming or going is commonly used in statements of geographical situation.

b. The present participle is more common than the aorist in the case of all verbs belonging under 1497.

Dative of the Participle expressing Time.—In expressions of time a participle is often used with the dative of the person interested in the action of the subject, and especially to express the time that has passed since an action has occurred (cp. “and this is the sixth month with her, who was called barren” St. Luke i. 36).

ἀποροῦντι δ᾽ αὐτῷ ἔρχεται Προμηθεύς Prometheus comes to him in his perplexity P. Pr. 321c, Ξενοφῶντι πορευομένῳ οἱ ἱππεῖς ἐντυγχάνουσι πρεσβύ_ταις while Xenophon was on the march, his horsemen fell in with some old men X. A. 6.3.10. The idiom is often transferred from persons to things: ἡμέραι μάλιστα ἦσαν τῇ Μυτιλήνῃ ἑα_λωκυίᾳ ἑπτά, ὅτ᾽ ἐς τὸ Ἔμβατον κατέπλευσαν about seven days had passed since the capture of Mytilene, when they sailed into Embatum T. 3.29. This construction is frequent in Hom. and Hdt. The participle is rarely omitted (T. 1.13.).

a. A temporal clause may take the place of the participle: τῇ στρατιᾷ, ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἐξέπλευσεν εἰς Σικελία_ν, ἤδη ἐστὶ δύο καὶ πεντήκοντα ἔτη it is already fifty-two years since the expedition sailed to Sicily Is. 6.14.

DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES, ETC.

Adjectives, adverbs, and substantives, of kindred meaning with the foregoing verbs, take the dative to define their meaning.

βασιλεῖ φίλοι friendly to the king X. A. 2.1.20, εὔνους τῷ δήμῳ well disposed to the people And. 4.16, τοῖς ϝόμοις ἔνοχος subject to the laws D. 21.35, ἐχθρὸν ἐλευθερίᾳ καὶ νόμοις ἐναντίον hostile to liberty and opposed to law 6. 25, ξυμμαχίᾳ πίσυνοι relying on the alliance T. 6.2, φόρῳ ὑπήκοοι subject to tribute 7. 57, ἢν ποιῆτε ὅμοια τοῖς λόγοις if you act in accordance with your words 2. 72, στρατὸς ἴσος καὶ παραπλήσιος τῷ προτέρῳ an army equal or nearly so to the former 7. 42, ἀδελφὰ τὰ βουλεύματα τοῖς ἔργοις plans like the deeds L. 2.64, ἀλλήλοις ἀνομοίως in a way unlike to each other P. Tim. 36d. For substantives see 1502.

a. Some adjectives, as φίλος, ἐχθρός, may be treated as substantives and take the genitive. Some adjectives often differ slightly in meaning when they take the genitive.

With ὁ αὐτός the same.—τὴν αὐτὴν γνώμην ἐμοὶ ἔχειν to be of the same mind as I am L. 3.21, τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐμοὶ πατρός of the same father as I am D. 40.34, ταὐτὰ φρονῶν ἐμοί agreeing with me 18. 304.

With adjectives and adverbs of similarity and dissimilarity the comparison is often condensed (brachylogy) : ὁμοία_ν ταῖς δούλαις εἶχε τὴν ἐσθῆτα she had a dress on like (that of) her servants X. C. 5.1.4 (the possessor for the thing possessed, = τῇ ἐσθῆτι τῶν δουλῶν), Ὀρφεῖ γλῶσσα ἡ ἐναντία_ a tongue unlike (that of) Orpheus A. Ag. 1629.

a. After adjectives and adverbs of likeness we also find καί, ὅσπερ (ὥσπερ). Thus, παθεῖν ταὐτὸν ὅπερ πολλάκις πρότερον πεπόνθατε to suffer the same as you have often suffered before D. 1.8, οὐχ ὁμοίως πεποιήκα_σι καὶ Ὅμηρος they have not composed their poetry as Homer did P. Ion 531 d.

The dative after substantives is chiefly used when the substantive expresses the act denoted by the kindred verb requiring the dative: ἐπιβουλὴ ἐμοί a plot against me X. A. 5.6.29, διάδοχος Κλεάνδρῳ a successor to Cleander 7. 2. 5, ἡ ἐμὴ τῷ θεῷ ὑπηρεσία_ my service to the god P. A. 30a. But also in other cases: φιλία_ τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις friendship for the Athenians T. 5.5, ὕμνοι θεοῖς hymns to the gods P. R. 607a, ἐφόδια τοῖς στρατευομένοις supplies for the troops D. 3.20, ἧλοι ταῖς θύραις nails for the doors (1473).

a. Both a genitive and a dative may depend on the same substantive: ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ δόσις ὑ_μῖν the god's gift to you P. A. 30d.

INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE

The Greek dative, as the representative of the lost instrumental case, denotes that by which or with which an action is done or accompanied. It is of two kinds: (1) The instrumental dative proper; (2) The comitative dative.

When the idea denoted by the noun in the dative is the instrument or means, it falls under (1); if it is a person (not regarded as the instrument or means) or any other living being, or a thing regarded as a person, it belongs under (2); if an action, under (2).

Abstract substantives with or without an attributive often stand in the instrumental dative instead of the cognate accusative (1577).

INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPER

The dative denotes instrument or means, manner, and cause.

Instrument or Means.—ἔβαλλέ με λίθοις he hit me with stones L. 3.8, ἵ_ησι τῇ ἀξί_νῃ he hurls his ax at him (hurls with his ax) X. A. 1.5.12, ταῖς μαχαίραις κόπτοντες hacking them with their swords 4. 6. 26, οὐδὲν ἤνυε τούτοις he accomplished nothing by this D. 21.104, ἐζημίωσαν χρήμασιν they punished him by a fine T. 2.65, ὕ_οντος πολλῷ (ὕδατι) during a heavy rain X. H. 1.1.16 (934). So with δέχεσθαι: τῶν πόλεων οὐ δεχομένων αὐτοὺς ἀγορᾷ οὐδὲ ἄστει, ὕδατι δὲ καὶ ὅρμῳ as the cities did not admit them to a market nor even into the town, but (only) to water and anchorage T. 6.44. Often with passives: ᾠκοδομημένον πλίνθοις built of bricks X. A. 2.4.12.

a. The instrumental dative is often akin to the comitative dative: ἀλώμενος νηί τε καὶ ἑτάροισι wandering with his ship and companions <foreign lang="greek">λ</foreign> 161, νηυσὶν οἰχήσονται they shall go with their ships <foreign lang="greek">Ω</foreign> 731, θυ_μῷ καὶ ῥώμῃ τὸ πλέον ἐναυμάχουν ἢ ἐπιστήμῃ they fought with passionate violence and brute force rather than by a system of tactics T. 1.49.

b. Persons may be regarded as instruments: φυλαττόμενοι φύλαξι defending themselves by pickets X. A. 6.4.27. Often in poetry (S. Ant. 164).

c. Verbs of raining or snowing take the dative or accusative (1570 a).

Under Means fall:

a. The dative of price (cp. 1372): μέρει τῶν ἀδικημάτων τὸν κίνδυ_νον ἐξεπρίαντο they freed themselves from the danger at the price of a part of their unjust gains L. 27.6.

b. Rarely, the dative with verbs of filling (cp. 1369): δάκρυσι πᾶν τὸ στράτευμα πλησθέν the entire army being filled with tears T. 7.75.

c. The dative of material and constituent parts: κατεσκευάσατο ἅρματα τροχοῖς ἰσχυ_ροῖς he made chariots with strong wheels X. C. 6.1.29.

χρῆσθαι use (strictly employ oneself with, get something done with; cp. uti), and sometimes νομίζειν, take the dative. Thus, οὔτε τούτοις (τοῖς νομίμοις) χρῆται οὔθ᾽ οἷς ἡ ἄλλη Ἑλλὰς νομίζει neither acts according to these institutions nor observes those accepted by the rest of Greece T. 1.77. A predicate noun may be added to the dative: τούτοις χρῶνται δορυφόροις they make use of them as a body-guard X. Hi. 5.3. The use to which an object is put may be expressed by a neuter pronoun in the accus. (1573); τί χρησόμεθα τούτῳ; what use shall we make of it? D. 3.6.

The instrumental dative occurs after substantives: μί_μησις σχήμασι imitation by means of gestures P. R. 397b.

The instrumental dative of means is often, especially in poetry, reinforced by the prepositions ἐν, σύν, ὑπό: ἐν λόγοις πείθειν to persuade by words S. Ph. 1393, οἱ θεοὶ ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς ἐσήμηναν the gods have shown by the victims X. A. 6.1.31; σὺν γήρᾳ βαρεῖς heavy with old age S. O. T. 17; πόλις χερσὶν ὑφ᾽ ἡμετέρῃσιν ἁλοῦσα a city captured by our hands B 374.

Dative of Standard of Judgment.—That by which anything is measured, or judged, is put in the dative: ξυνεμετρήσαντο ταῖς ἐπιβολαῖς τῶν πλίνθων they measured the ladders by the layers of bricks. T. 3.20, τῷδε δῆλον ἦν it was plain from what followed X. A. 2.3.1, οἷς πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους πεποίηκε δεῖ τεκμαίρεσθαι we must judge by what he has done to the rest D. 9.10, τίνι χρὴ κρί_νεσθαι τὰ μέλλοντα καλῶς κριθήσεσθαι; ἆρ᾽ οὐκ ἐμπειρίᾳ τε καὶ φρονήσει καὶ λόγῳ; by what standard must we judge that the judgment may be correct? Is it not by experience and wisdom and reasoning? P. R. 582a. With verbs of judging ἐκ and ἀπό are common.

Manner (see also 1527).—The dative of manner is used with comparative adjectives and other expressions of comparison to mark the degree by which one thing differs from another (Dative of Measure of Difference).

κεφαλῇ ἐλά_ττων a head shorter (lit. by the head) P. Ph. 101a, οὐ πολλαῖς ἡμέραις ὕστερον ἦλθεν he arrived not many days later X. H. 1.1.1, ἰόντες δέκα ἡμέραις πρὸ Παναθηναίων coming ten days before the Panathenaic festival T. 5.47, τοσούτῳ ἥδι_ον ζῶ ὅσῳ πλείω κέκτημαι the more I possess the more pleasant is my life X. C. 8.3.40, πολλῷ μείζων ἐγίγνετο ἡ βοὴ ὅσῳ δὴ πλείους ἐγίγνοντο the shouting became much louder as the men increased in number X. A. 4.7.23. So with πολλῷ by much, ὀλίγῳ by little, τῷ παντί in every respect (by all odds).

a. With the superlative: μακρῷ ἄριστα by far the best P. L. 858e.

With comparatives the accusatives (1586) τί, τὶ, οὐδέν, μηδέν without a substantive are always used: οὐδὲν ἧττον nihilo minus X. A. 7.5.9. In Attic prose (except in Thuc.) πολύ and ὀλίγον are more common than πολλῷ and ὀλίγῳ with comparatives. Hom. has only πολὺ μείζων.

Measure of difference may be expressed by ἔν τινι; εἴς τι, κατά τι; or by ἐπί τινι.

The dative of manner may denote the particular point of view from which a statement is made. This occurs chiefly with intransitive adjectives but also with intransitive verbs (Dative of Respect). (Cp. 1600.)

ἀνὴρ ἡλικίᾳ ἔτι νέος a man still young in years T. 5.43, τοῖς σώμασι τὸ πλέον ἰσχύ_ουσα ἢ τοῖς χρήμασιν a power stronger in men than in money 1. 121, ἀσθενὴς τῷ σώματι weak in body D. 21.165, τῇ φωνῇ τρα_χύς harsh of voice X. A. 2.6.9, φρονήσει διαφέρων distinguished in understanding X. C. 2.3.5, τῶν τότε δυνάμει προύχων superior in power to the men of that time T. 1.9, ὀνόματι σπονδαί a truce so far as the name goes 6. 10.

a. The accusative of respect (1600) is often nearly equivalent to the dative of respect.

Cause.—The dative, especially with verbs of emotion, expresses the occasion (external cause) or the motive (internal cause).

Occasion: τῇ τύχῃ ἐλπίσα_ς confident by reason of his good fortune T. 3.97, θαυμάζω τῇ ἀποκλῄσει μου τῶν πυλῶν I am astonished at being shut out of the gates 4. 85, τούτοις ἥσθη he was pleased at this X. A. 1.9.26, ἠχθόμεθα τοῖς γεγενημένοις we were troubled at what had occurred 5. 7. 20, χαλεπῶς φέρω τοῖς παροῦσι πρά_γμασιν I am troubled at the present occurrences 1. 3. 3. Motive: φιλίᾳ καὶ εὐνοίᾳ ἑπόμενοι following out of friendship and good will X. A. 2.6.13. Occasion and motive: οἱ μὲν ἀπορίᾳ ἀκολούθων, οἱ δὲ ἀπιστίᾳ some (carried their own food) because they lacked servants, others through distrust of them T. 7.75, ὕβρει καὶ οὐκ οἴνῳ τοῦτο ποιῶν doing this out of insolence and not because he was drunk D. 21.74.

Some verbs of emotion take ἐπί (with dat.) to denote the cause; so always μέγα φρονεῖν to plume oneself, and often χαίρειν rejoice, λυ_πεῖσθαι grieve, ἀγανακτεῖν be vexed, αἰσχύ_νεσθαι be ashamed. Many verbs take the genitive (1405).

The dative of cause sometimes approximates to a dative of purpose (1473): Ἀθηναῖοι ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς ὥρμηνται Λεοντί_νων κατοικίσει the Athenians have set out against us (with a view to) to restore the Leontines T. 6.33. This construction is common with other verbal nouns in Thucydides.

Cause is often expressed by διά with the accusative, ὑπό with the genitive, less frequently by ἀμφί or περί with the dative (poet.) or ὑπέρ with the genitive (poet.).

COMITATIVE DATIVE

The comitative form of the instrumental dative denotes the persons or things which accompany or take part in an action.

Prepositions of accompaniment (μετά with gen., σύν) are often used, especially when the verb does not denote accompaniment or union.

Dative of Association.—The dative is used with words denoting friendly or hostile association or intercourse. This dative is especially common in the plural and after middle verbs.

a. κακοῖς ὁμι_λῶν καὐτὸς ἐκβήσῃ κακός if thou associate with the evil, in the end thou too wilt become evil thyself Men. Sent. 274, ἀλλήλοις διειλέγμεθα we have conversed with each other P. A. 37a, τῷ πλήθει τὰ ῥηθέντα κοινώσαντες communicating to the people what had been said T. 2.72, δεόμενοι τοὺς φεύγοντας ξυναλλάξαι σφίσι asking that they reconcile their exiles with them 1. 24, εἰς λόγους σοι ἐλθεῖν to have an interview with you X. A. 2.5.4, μετεσχήκαμεν ὑ_μῖν θυσιῶν we have participated in your festivals X. H. 2.4.20, ἀλλήλοις σπονδὰ_ς ἐποιήσαντο they made a truce with one another 3. 2. 20, αὐτοῖς διὰ φιλία_ς ἰέναι to enter into friendship with them X. A. 3.2.8. So with verbs of meeting: προσέρχεσθαι, προστυγχάνειν and ἐντυγχάνειν, ἀπαντᾶν.

b. πολλοῖς ὀλίγοι μαχόμενοι few fighting with many T. 4.36, Κύ_ρῳ πολεμοῦντες waging war with Cyrus 1. 13, ἀμφισβητοῦσι μὲν δι᾽ εὔνοιαν οἱ φίλοι τοῖς φίλοις, ἐρίζουσι δὲ οἱ διάφοροι ἀλλήλοις friends dispute with friends good-naturedly, but adversaries wrangle with one another P. Pr. 337b, δίκα_ς ἀλλήλοις δικάζονται they bring lawsuits against one another X. M. 3.5.16, διαφέρεσθαι τούτοις to be at variance with these men D. 18.31 (and so many compounds of διά), οὐκ ἔφη τοὺς λόγους τοῖς ἔργοις ὁμολογεῖν he said their words did not agree with their deeds T. 5.55. So also τινὶ διὰ πολέμου (διὰ μάχης, εἰς χεῖρας) ἰέναι, τινὶ ὁμόσε χωρεῖν, etc.

N. 1.—πολεμεῖν (μάχεσθαι) σύν τινι (μετά τινος) means to wage war in conjunction with some one.

N. 2.—Verbs of friendly or hostile association, and especially periphrases with ποιεῖσθαι (πόλεμον, σπονδά_ς), often take the accusative with πρός.

Dative of Accompaniment.—The dative of accompaniment is used with verbs signifying to accompany, follow, etc.

ἀκολουθεῖν τῷ ἡγουμένῳ to follow the leader P. R. 474c, ἕπεσθαι ὑ_μῖν βούλομαι I am willing to follow you X. A. 3.1.25. μετά with the genitive is often used, as are σύν and ἅμα with the dative.

With αὐτός.—The idea of accompaniment is often expressed by αὐτός joined to the dative. This use is common when the destruction of a person or thing is referred to. Thus, τῶν ϝεῶν μία αὐτοῖς ἀνδράσιν one of the ships with its crew T. 4.14, εἶπεν ἥκειν εἰς τὰ_ς τάξεις αὐτοῖς στεφάνοις he bade them come to their posts, crowns and all X. C. 3.3.40. The article after αὐτός is rare; and σύν is rarely added (X. C. 2.2.9). Hom. has this dative only with lifeless objects.

Dative of Military Accompaniment.—The dative is used in the description of military movements to denote the accompaniment (troops, ships, etc.) of a leader: ἐξελαύνει τῷ στρατεύματι παντί he marches out with all his army X. A. 1.7.14. σύν is often used with words denoting troops (T. 6.62).

a. An extension of this usage occurs when the persons in the dative are essentially the same as the persons forming the subject (distributive use): ἡμῖν ἐφείποντο οἱ πολέμιοι καὶ ἱππικῷ καὶ πελταστικῷ the enemy pursued us with their cavalry and peltasts X. A. 7.6.29.

b. The dative of military accompaniment is often equivalent to a dative of means when the verb does not denote the leadership of a general.

Dative of Accompanying Circumstance.—The dative, usually of an abstract substantive, may denote accompanying circumstance and manner.

a. The substantive has an attribute: πολλῇ βοῇ προσέκειντο they attacked with loud shouts T. 4.127, παντὶ σθένει with all one's might 5. 23, τύχῃ ἀγαθῇ with good fortune C.I.A. /lref>So παντὶ (οὐδενὶ, ἄλλῳ, τούτῳ τῷ) τρόπῳ. Manner may be expressed by the adjective, as βιαίῳ θανάτῳ ἀποθνῄσκειν to die (by) a violent death X. Hi. 4.3 (= βίᾳ).

b. Many particular substantives have no attribute and are used adverbially: θεῖν δρόμῳ to run at full speed X. A. 1.8.19, βίᾳ by force, δίκῃ justly, δόλῳ by craft, (τῷ) ἔργῳ in fact, ἡσυχῇ quietly, κομιδῇ (with care) entirely, κόσμῳ in order, duly, κύκλῳ round about, (τῷ) λόγῳ in word, προφάσει ostensibly, σι_γῇ, σιωπῇ in silence, σπουδῇ hastily, with difficulty, τῇ ἀληθείᾳ in truth, τῷ ὄντι in reality, ὀργῇ in anger, φυγῇ in hasty flight.

N.—When no adjective is used, prepositional phrases or adverbs are generally employed: σὺν κραυγῇ, σὺν δίκῃ, μετὰ δίκης, πρὸς βία_ν (or βιαίως).

c. Here belongs the dative of feminine adjectives with a substantive (ὁδῷ, etc.) omitted, as ταύτῃ in this way, here, ἄλλῃ in another way, elsewhere, πῇ, ᾗ in what (which) way. So δημοσίᾳ at public expense, ἰδίᾳ privately, κοινῇ in common, πεζῇ on foot.

N.—Some of these forms are instrumental rather than comitative, e.g. ταύτῃ.

Space and Time.—The dative of space and time may sometimes be regarded as comitative.

a. Space: the way by which (qua), as ἐπορεύετο τῇ ὁδῷ ἣν πρότερον ἐποιήσατο he marched by the road (or on the road?) which he had made before T. 2.98; b. Time: κατηγόρει ὡς ἐκείνη τῷ χ<*>όνῳ πεισθείη she charged that she had been persuaded in (by) the course of time L. 1.20. Some of these uses are instrumental rather than comitative.

WITH ADJECTIVES, ETC.

Many adjectives and adverbs, and some substantives, take the instrumental dative by the same construction as the corresponding verbs.

σύμμαχος αὐτοῖς their ally D. 9.58, χώρα_ ὅμορος τῇ Λακεδαιμονίων a country bordering on that of the Lacedaemonians 15. 22, ἀκόλουθα τούτοις conformable to this 18. 257. So κοινός (cp. 1414), σύμφωνος, συγγενής, μεταίτιος, and διάφορος meaning at variance with.—ἑπομένως τῷ νόμῳ conformably to the law P. L. 844e, ὁ ἑξῆς νόμος τούτῳ the law next to this D. 21.10. Many of the adjectives belonging here also take the genitive when the idea of possession or connection is marked.—ἅμα chiefly in the meaning at the same time.—κοινωνία_ τοῖς ἀνδράσι intercourse with men P. R. 466c, ἐπιδρομὴ τῷ τειχίσματι attack on the fort T. 4.23.

LOCATIVE DATIVE

The dative as the representative of the locative is used to express place and time.

a. On the instrumental dative of space and time, see 1528.

Dative of Place.—In poetry the dative without a preposition is used to denote place.

a. Where a person or thing is: στὰ_ς μέσῳ ἕρκεϊ taking his stand in the middle of the court <foreign lang="greek">Ω</foreign> 306, γῇ ἔκειτο she lay on the ground S. O. T. 1266, ναίειν ὄρεσιν to dwell among the mountains O. T. 1451. Often of the parts of the body (Hom. θυ_μῷ, καρδίῃ, etc.). With persons (generally in the plural): ἀριπρεπὴς Τρώεσσιν conspicuous among the Trojans Z 477. τοῖσι δ᾽ ἀνέστη A 68 may be rose up among them or a dative proper (for them).

b. Place whither (limit of motion): πεδίῳ πέσε fell on the ground E 82, κολεῷ ἄορ θέο put thy sword into its sheath <foreign lang="greek">κ</foreign> 333.

After verbs of motion the dative, as distinguished from the locative, denotes direction towards and is used of persons (1485), and is a form of the dative of interest.

Many verbs capable of taking the locative dative in poetry, require, in prose, the aid of a preposition in composition. The limit of motion is usually (1589) expressed by the accusative with a preposition (e.g. εἰς, πρός).

In prose the dative of place (chiefly place where) is used only of proper names: Πυ_θοῖ at Pytho, Ἰσθμοῖ at the Isthmus, Σαλαμῖνι at Salamis, Ὀλυμπία_σι at Olympia, Ἀθήνησι at Athens (inscr.); especially with the names of Attic demes, as Φαληροῖ, Θορικοῖ, Μαραθῶνι. But ἐν Μαραθῶνι and ἐν Πλαταιαῖς occur. Some deme-names require ἐν, as ἐν Κοίλῃ.

Many adverbs are genuine locatives, as οἴκοι, πάλαι, πανδημεί, Φαληροῖ; Ἀθήνησι, Πλαταιᾶσι; others are datives in form, as κύκλῳ, Πλαταιαῖς.

With names of countries and places, ἐν is more common than the locative dative, and, with the above exceptions, the place where is expressed in Attic prose with ἐν.

Verbs of ruling often take the dative, especially in Homer: Μυρμιδόνεσσιν ἄνασσε <foreign lang="greek">Α</foreign> 180, Γιγάντεσσιν βασίλευεν η 59, ἦρχε δ᾽ ἄρα σφιν Ἀγαμέμνων Ξ 134. Rarely in prose: ἡγεῖσθαί τινι to serve as guide (leader) to some one, ἐπιστατεῖν τινι to be set over one; ἄρχειν τινί means only = to be archon (Πυ_θοδώρου ἄρχοντος Ἀθηναίοις T. 2.2). Cp. 1371.

a. Only when stress is not laid on the idea of supremacy is the dative, instead of the genitive (1370), used with verbs of ruling.

It is not clear whether the dative with verbs of ruling is a dative proper (for), a locative (among; cp. ἐν Φαίηξιν ἄνασσε η 62), or an instrumental (by). ἄρχειν, ἡγεῖσθαι may take the dative proper, ἀνάσσειν, βασιλεύειν, κρατεῖν may take the locative dative.

Dative of Time.—The dative without a preposition is commonly used to denote a definite point of time (chiefly day, night, month, year, season) at which an action occurred. The dative contrasts one point of time with another, and is usually accompanied by an attributive.

The dative denotes the time at which an action takes place and the date of an event.

ταύτην μὲν τὴν ἡμέρα_ν αὐτοῦ ἔμειναν, τῇ δὲ ὑστεραίᾳ κτλ. throughout that day they waited there, but on the day following, etc. X. H. 1.1.14. So τῇ προτεραίᾳ the day before, τῇ δευτέρᾳ the second day, Ἐλαφηβολιῶνος μηνὸς ἕκτῃ (ἡμέρᾳ) φθίνοντος on the sixth of waning Elaphebolion Aes. 2.90, ἕνῃ καὶ ϝέᾳ on the last of the month D. 18.29; τρίτῳ μηνί in the third month L. 21.1, περιιόντι τῷ θέρει when summer was coming to an end T. 1.30, ἐξηκοστῷ ἔτει in the sixtieth year 1. 12; also with ὥρᾳ (χειμῶνος ὥρᾳ in the winter season And. 1.137).

The names of the regular recurring festivals which serve to date an <*>ccurrence stand in the dative: Παναθηναίοις at the Panathenaea D. 21.156, <*>οῖς Διονυ_σίοις at the Dionysia 21. 1, ταῖς πομπαῖς at the processions 21. 171, τοῖς <*>οαγῳδοῖς at the representations of the tragedies Aes. 3.176. ἐν is rarely added.

ἐν is added:

a. To words denoting time when there is no attributive: ἐν τῷ χειμῶνι in winter X. O. 17.3; cp. 1444. b. When the attributive is a pronoun (sometimes): (ἐν) ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ. c. To statements of the time within the limits of which an event may take place (where ἐντός with the genitive is common); to statements of how much time anything takes; with numbers, ὀλίγος, πολύς, etc. Thus, ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις for (during) three days X. A. 4.8.8, οὐ ῥᾴδιον τὰ ἐν ἅπαντι τῷ χρόνῳ πρα_χθέντα ἐν μιᾷ ἡμέρᾳ δηλωθῆναι it is not easy to set forth in a single day the acts of all time L. 2.54, ἐξελέσθαι τὴν διαβολὴν ἐν οὕτως ὀλίγῳ χρόνῳ to clear myself of calumny in so brief a time P. A. 19a. ἐν is rarely omitted in prose, and chiefly when there is an attributive: μιᾷ νυκτὶ T. 6.27. d. Always with adjectives or adverbs used substantively: ἐν τῷ παρόντι, ἐν τῷ τότε. e. To words denoting the date of an event, not a point of time: ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ πρεσβείᾳ in the first embassy Aes. 2.123. Thuc. employs ἐν, as ἐν τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ ἐκκλησίᾳ in the assembly held the day after 1. 44, but usu. the simple dative, as μάχῃ in the battle 3. 54, ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἐσβολῇ in that incursion 2. 20, τῇ προτέρᾳ ἐκκλησίᾳ in the first assembly 1. 44.

The dative and genitive of time are sometimes employed with only a slight difference (1447 a).

DATIVE WITH COMPOUND VERBS

Many compound verbs take the dative because of their meaning as a whole. So ἀντέχειν hold out against, ἀμφισβητεῖν dispute with (1523 b).

The dative is used with verbs compounded with σύν (regularly), with many compounded with ἐν, ἐπί, and with some compounded with παρά, περί, πρός, and ὑπό, because the preposition keeps a sense that requires the dative.

ἐμβλέψα_ς αὐτῷ looking at him P. Charm. 162d, ἐλπίδας ἐμποιεῖν ἀνθρώποις to create expectations in men X. C. 1.6.19, αὐτοῖς ἐπέπεσε τὸ Ἑλληνικόν the Greek force fell upon them X. A. 4.1.10, ἐπέκειντο αὐτοῖς they pressed hard upon them 5. 2. 5, συναδικεῖν αὐτοῖς to be their accomplice in wrong-doing 2. 6. 27, ξυνίσα_σι Μελήτῳ ψευδομένῳ they are conscious that Meletus is speaking falsely (i.e. they know it as well as he does) P. A. 34b, οὗτοι οὐ παρεγένοντο βασιλεῖ these did not join the king X. A. 5.6.8, παρέστω ὑ_μῖν ὁ κῆρυξ let the herald come with us 3. 1. 46, Ξενοφῶντι προσέτρεχον δύο νεα_νίσκω two youths ran up to Xenophon 4. 3. 10, ὑποκεῖσθαι τῷ ἄρχοντι to be subject to the ruler P. G. 510c.

a. So especially with verbs of motion and rest formed from ἰέναι, πί_πτειν, τιθέναι, τρέχειν, εἶναι, γίγνεσθαι, κεῖσθαι, etc.

Some verbs of motion compounded with παρά, περί, ὑπό take the accusative (1559).

Some verbs have an alternative construction, e.g. περιβάλλειν: τινί τι <*>nvest a person with something, τί τινι surround something with something.

Compounds of σύν take the instrumental, compounds of ἐν take the locative dative.

When the idea of place is emphatic, the preposition may be repeated: ἐμμείναντες ἐν τῇ Ἀττικῇ remaining in Attica T. 2.23; but it is generally not repeated when the idea is figurative: τοῖς ὅρκοις ἐμμένων abiding by one's oath I. 1.13. μετά may be used after compounds of σύν: μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ συνέπλει he sailed in company with me L. 21.8.

The prepositions are more frequently repeated in prose than in poetry.