book 1 Introduction Importance and Magnitude of the Subject The Starting-point of the History Comprehensive View The Romans in Sicily Roman Dominion in Italy Messene and Rhegium The Rise of Hiero II Hiero Defeates the Mamertines The Mamertines and Rome Rome Supports the Mamertines Appius Drives Off the Carthaginians The First Punic War; Plan of the First Two Books Philinus and Fabius Pictor Misrepresentations of Philinus and Fabius King Hiero and Rome The Siege of Agrigentum Relief Comes from Agrigentum Fall of Agrigentum The Romans Build Ships Gn. Cornelius Scipio Asina Surrenders The Victory of Mylae Operations in Sicily Further Operations in Sicily The Battle of Ecnomus Preparations for Battle The Battle of Ecnomus The Siege of Aspis The Siege of Aspis Regulus in Africa Distress at Carthage Xanthippus of Sparta The Defeat of Regulus Roman Defeat Lessons from the Event Xanthippus Leaves Carthage The Roman Fleet Wrecked The Romans Build More Ships The Carthaginians Prosperous Roman Victory at Panormus Siege of Lilybaeum The Topography of Lilybaeum Treason in Lilybaeum A Fruitless Sortie Running the Blockade Hannibal the Rhodian The Rhodian is Captured The Roman Siege-Works Burnt The Roman Fleet Sails for Drepana The Roman Fleet Meets Resistance Naval Battle Off Drepana Roman Transports for the Camp Carthalo Attackes the Roman Transports Shipwreck of the Roman Fleet The Romans Take Mount Eryx Hamilcar Barcas' Seven Years in Hercte The Two Sides Evenly Matched Hamilcar Besieges the Romans at Eryx The Romans Once More Build a Fleet Battle of the Aegusian Islands The Battle of Aegusa End of the First Punic War The Longest and Harshest War in History Why Rome is No Longer a Naval Power The Sequel of the First Punic War Mischief Brewing Among the Mercenaries The Beginning of the Outbreak The Mercenaries Accept an Arbitration Math��s and Spendius Gesco and His Staff Arrested Despair at Carthage Revolt in the Country The Carthaginians Prepare Failures of Hanno Hamilcar Barcas Becomes Commander in Chief Hamilcar Barcas Defeats Spendius Mathos Harasses Hamilcar Nar��vas Joins Hamilcar The Mutineers Resolve to Murder Gesco The Murder of Gesco Atrocities of the Mutineers Revolt of Hippo Zarytus and Utica Hippo and Utica Join the Rebels Hamilcar's Tactical Superiority Hamilcar Captures Spendius Math��s Captures Hannibal Final Defeat of the Mutineers Aftereffects in Hippo, Utica , and Sardinia book 2 Recapitulation of Book 1 Situation in Illyria The Illyrians Relieve Medion Death of Agron of Illyria Queen Teuta's Pirates The Aetolians and Achaeans Support the Epirotes A Band of Gallic Mercenaries Queen Teuta and Rome Teuta Sends Out Another Fleet Illyrian Victories Corcyra Submits To the Romans Teuta Agrees to Pay Tribute to Rome Jealousy At Rome of Hasdrubal In Spain Cisalpine Gaul Grain Production in Cisalpine Gaul Rivers and Mountains in Northern Italy Gallic Settlements In the Valley of the Po Early Conflicts between Gauls and Romans Gallic Wars The Boii Attack the Romans and Lose War with Insubres and Boii and Gaesatae Several Gallic Tribes Join Forces The Roman Forces Forces Available to the Romans Defeat of the Romans Near Faesulae Aemilius Deters the Gauls Atilius Meets the Gauls The Gauls Defeated On Their Way Home A Peculiar and Surprising Battle Great Slaughter of the Gauls Aemilius Returns Victorious Victory Over the Insubres Tactics Against the Gauls Capture of Mediolanum and End of the War Character of the Gauls Hasdrubal Dies and Hannibal Succeeds Him Greece At This Time Origin of the Name "Achaean" The First Achaean League Unification of the Peloponnese The Second League Policy of the Achaean League Margos First Sole Strategus Death of Demetrius The Aetolians Envy the Achaeans Intrigues of the Aetolians The Cleomenic War Aratus Involves Megalopolis Message to Antigonus Doson from Aratus Antigonus Doson Will Help the League The Achaeans Must Appeal to Antigonus Antigonus Doson at the Isthmus Cleomenes Returns to Sparta after the Achaeans Take Argos Antigonus Doson Appointed Generalissimo Capture of Megalopolis The Credibility of Phylarchus The Treatment of Mantinea The Mantineans Turn Over their City to the Lacedaemonians Execution of Aristomachus Crimes of Aristomachus The Loyalty of the Megalopolitans The Wealth of Megalopolis Cleomenes Invades Argolis Cleomenes Invades Argos Battle of Sellasia The Two Armies Line Up Battle Begins Skill and Gallantry of Philopoemen Defeat of Cleomenes End of the Introductory Period Conclusion of Book 2 book 3 Summary of the Work Plan: Causes of Wars Plan: Events in Greece Extension of the First Plan of the Work The True Theory of Historical Causes Causes of the Second Punic War Fabius Pictor on the Cause of the Punic War The Credibility of Fabius Pictor First Cause of the Second Punic War Second Cause of the War Hannibal's Oath Statesmen Must Pay Attention to Motives Hannibal Succeeds to Command in Spain Hannibal Attacks the Vaccaei Hannibal Defies the Romans War in Illyria Hannibal Takes Saguntum Demetrius Fortifies Dimale Illyrian War Successfully Finished Rome's Reaction to the Fall of Saguntum Romans Demand Surrender of Hannibal Treaties between Rome and Carthage Division of Territory Treaties Between Rome and Carthage The Third Treaty Treaties Between Rome and Carthage The Fourth Treaty No Reasonable Pretext for Rome to Claim Sardinia The Roman Case For War Both Sides Are in the Wrong The Value of Such Discussions This History is Not Difficult to Understand Hannibal's Preparations Hannibal Contacts the Celts Hannibal Crosses the Pyrenees Geography of Hannibal's March Three Geographic Divisions of the World Unknown Areas in the North and the South The Length of Hannibal's March Gauls Attack the Military Colonies The Consuls Set Out to Iberia and Libya The Passage of the Rhone Hannibal's Troops Begin to Cross Hannibal Addresses His Men Skirmish between Reconnoitring Parties The Crossing of the Elephants Previous Histories of this March either False or Inconsistent Absurd Premises of Other Historians Scipio Is Too Late To Stop Hannibal Hannibal Harassed By the Natives The Gauls Attack the Baggage Train Treachery of the Gauls The White Rock The Descent Into Italy Snow Hannibal Reaches the Plains The Limits of History Necessity of Refuting Past Errors Recent Advances in Geography Hannibal Attacks the Taurini Approach of Scipio Gallic Prisoners Harangues of Hannibal and Scipio Scipio Crosses the Ticinus Cavalry Engagement on the Ticinus Scipio Crosses the Po The Gauls Join Hannibal Tiberius Sempronius Joins Scipio A Skirmish Near the Trebia Tiberius Sempronius Plans to Attack Hannibal Prepares An Ambush Preparations for Battle The Battle of the Trebia The Romans Retreat to Placentia Better Success in Spain Gnaeus Scipio in Spain Hannibal's Treatment of Roman Prisoners Hannibal Marches Southward Hannibal Goes Through the Marsh Flaminius in Hannibal's Way A General Must Know his Enemy's Character Flaminius Enticed Out Hannibal Takes a Position in the Valley The Disaster At the Thrasymene Lake Roman Reaction A Second Disaster in Etruria Quintus Fabius Maximus Hannibal Marches Through Iapygia Fabius Defers Battle Hannibal Enters Campania Fertility and Beauty of the Plains Near Capua Hannibal Selects Winter Quarters The Cattle With the Burning Fagots Fabius Returns to Rome Hasdrubal Equips a Fleet Naval Success of the Romans In Spain Spanish Hostages Given Up To the Scipios Treason of Abilyx The Boys are Restored to Their Native Cities Hannibal In Apulia Successes of Minucius The Romans Capture the Carthaginian Foragers Minucius Made Co-Dictator Minucius In Difficulties Cautious Fabius Saves the Day New Consuls Elected Hannibal Occupies Cannae Aemilius Paulus Harangues the Army Paulus's Speech Continued Skirmishes Before Cannae Hannibal Encourages his Troops The Armies Face To Face The Order of Battle Arms of the Libyans, Iberians, and Celts The Battle of Cannae The Slaughter At Cannae Superiority in Cavalry Wins Battles The Consequences of the Battle of Cannae book 4 Review of Achaean History Why Begin With This Period of History Dorimachus In the Peloponnese Dorimachus Leaves Messene The Revenge of Dorimachus Acts of Hostility Against Macedonia, Epirus , and Acarnania . Strength and Weakness of Aratus Character of Aratus Dorimachus Consents To Depart Aratus Dismisses the Achaean Troops Bad Strategy of Aratus The Achaeans Defeated Aratus Denounced For His Failure Aratus is Denounced and Defends Himself Lukewarmness of the Allies The Aetolians and Illyrians Invade Achaia Factions At Cynaetha Treason of the Cynaethans More Aetolian Outrages Music in Arcadia Why the Ancient Arcadians Turned to Music Philip V. In the Peloponnese Differences of Opinion Among the Lacedaemonians the King Decides Not to Punish Sparta War Declared With the Aetolians Opening of the Social War Disingenuous Policy of the Spartans The Wars in Italy , Greece , and Asia Become Interlaced The Illyrians and Acarnanians Join The Acarnanians Enter the War Mistaken Policy of the Messenians The Messenians Too Much Inclined to Peace Troubles In Sparta Machatas Addresses the Spartan Public Restoration of Royalty In Sparta Machatas Proposes Foreign War to Quell Domestic Strife Universal War Byzantium The Black Sea The Black Sea Being Silted Up Flow of the Danube into the Black Sea Concentration of Salt The Site of Byzantium Contrast between Byzantium and Calchedon Disadvantages of Byzantium On Land Byzantium , The Gauls, And Rhodians The Byzantines Institute a Toll Achaeus and Prusias I. of Bithynia Complaints of Prusias The War between Rhodes and Byzantium Begins Byzantium , Rhodes , and Prusias Treaties Cavarus, Gallic King, Negotiates Peace War In Crete Polyrrhen and Lappa Join the Alliance Raid of Aetolians In the Peloponnese Philip Starts for Aetolia The Aetolians Repulsed At Aegira Euripidas Philip Advances Southward Philip Arrives in Epirus Scopas Destroys Dium Philip's Aetolian Campaign Philip Marches Toward Metropolis Philip Takes Paeanium Philip Recalled To Macedonia Philip Returns To the Peloponnese Euripidas Intends to Attack Sicyon Euripidas Deserts the Eleans Philip In Arcadia Philip Captures Psophis The People of Psophis Surrender The Wealth of Elis Peace the Only Unquestioned Blessing Capture of Thalamae Popularity of Philip In the Peloponnese Phillidas and the Aetolian Troops Arrive Continued Success of Philip Surrender of Typanae and Phigalia The People of Lepreum Evict the Garrisons Chilon's Fruitless Attempts In Sparta Intrigue of Apelles Against Aratus Philip Captures the Wall Aratus Defends Himself Apelles Repeats his Accusation to Aratus Before Philip Aratus is Cleared Further Intrigues of Apelles book 5 The Situation in the Summer of B. C. 218 Philip Decides to Fight at Sea Philip In Cephallenia Philip Besieges Palus Philip Invades Aetolia Aristophanes the Acarnanian Joins Forces with Philip A Rapid March To Thermus Thermus Plunder and Sacrilege At Thermus The Present Philip Compared to his Ancestors Philip's Crime and Blunder Philip Should Not Receive All the Blame The Return From Thermus Skirmish at Stratus Megaleas and Crinon Fined Arrival at Leucas Philip Comes to Corinth Philip Appears At Sparta Philip Marches Through Laconia Philip's Return Opposed Lycurgus Goes Out to Resist Position of Sparta and Disposition of Troops Defeat of Lycurgus Near Sparta Philip Proceeds to Tegea Leontius, Megaleas, and Ptolemy Rouse the Guard Leontius Calls In Apelles Execution of Leontius Death of Megaleas Disturbed State of Achaia Aratus Elected Strategus Return to Narrative of the War in Coele-Syria Dimidium Facti Qui Coepit Habet , Well Begun is Half Done Previous "Universal" Histories Not Really Universal Weakness of Ptolemy Philopator Cleomenes Asks for Help from Egypt Cleomenes In Alexandria Sosibius Plots Against Cleomenes Cleomenes Is Arrested Death of Cleomenes Origin of War in Coele-Syria The Royal Family of Syria Antiochus Encouraged to Attack Coele-Syria Revolt of Molon In Media Geography of Media Xenoetas Sent Against Molon Xenoetas Has Early Success Molon Withdraws Toward Media The Fall of Xenoetas Hermeias Overruled Death of Epigenes Antiochus Marches Through Mesopotamia Antiochus Advances Against Molon Disposition of Troops Defeat and Death of Molon Artabazanes Makes a Treaty with Antiochus Death of Hermeias Achaeus Attempts Treason Seleucia Description of Seleucia Capture of Seleucia Theodotus Proposes to Help Antiochus Invasion of Coele-Syria Preparations In Egypt Training of Soldiers Reform of the Egyptian Army Antiochus Puts his Troops in Winter Quarters Claims of Antiochus and Ptolemy Antiochus Attempts to Complete his Conquest Antiochus Forces the Pass of Porphyrion Antiochus Takes More Towns Continued Success of Antiochus Achaeus Sends Aid to Pednelissus Defeat of the Selgians Panic at Selge Achaeus At Selge Death of Logbasis Expedition of Attalus Attalus Conciliates the Gauls Forces Available to Antiochus and Ptolemy Antiochus Advances To Raphia Theodotus Attempts to Assassinate Ptolemy Dispositions For the Battle of Raphia Each King Exhorts His Army The Elephants in the Battle Victory of Ptolemy The Losses on Each Side A Year's Truce Between Antiochus and Ptolemy Earthquake At Rhodes Royal Gifts Generosity of Other Princes Lycurgus Returns to Sparta Lycurgus Cannot Take Messenia Condition of Megalopolis Aetolian Raids More Raids Agetas Leads the Aetolians Against Acarnania Philip Secures His Frontier Importance of Careful Measurement Capture of Thebes In Phthiotis Thebes Renamed Philippopolis Philip Hears of Thrasymene Philip and the Aetolians Discuss Peace Philip Goes to Naupactus The Cloud in the West The Peace is Ratified Greece At the End of the Social War Revolt in Egypt Philip's Preparations Philip Prepares to Invade Italy Philip Withdraws to Cephallenia The Gauls In Asia book 6 Preface: Political Constitutions chapter 2 Classification of Constitutions The Rotation of Polities The Origin of Constitutions Origin of Morality and Rule How Kingship Turns into Tyranny Degeneration of Constitutions How Democracy Arises and Degenerates Lycurgus The Roman Constitution The Consuls The Senate The People Division of Political Power At Rome The Senate Controlled by the People Powers of the Senate Interdependency Brings Strength On the Roman Army Allocation of Men to the Legions Fourfold Division of the Legionaries Arms of the Youngest Roman Soldiers Arms of the Other Soldiers Officers of Infantry and Cavalry Officers and Armour of the Cavalry The Roman Camp How the Camp is Constructed Division by Roads and Squares Placement of Triarii, Principes , and Hastati Placement of the Allies The Camp Market-Place Arrangements When There Are More Men Guard Duty and Other Assignments Daily Orders and Watchwords Night Watches The Tribunes' Court Military Punishments and Rewards Military Decorations The Army On the March Making Camp Roman Camps Designed for Facility and Familiarity The Roman Republic Compared with Others The Athenian Constitution The Cretan Constitution Compared to the Spartan Greed Among the Cretans What Makes a Constitution Good Institutions of Lycurgus The Defect in the Spartan Constitution Sparta Compared with Rome Carthage Compared with Rome The Causes of Roman Superiority Roman Funeral Rites The Glorious Memory of Brave Men Kept Alive Patriotism and Purity At Rome Religion Keeps the Roman Commonwealth Together Conclusion: Dangers Ahead for Rome Even Hannibal Acknowledges the Spirit of the Romans book 7 Capua and Petelia Hieronymus of Syracuse Hieronymus of Syracuse The Treaty with Carthage Hieronymus Decides For War Description of Leontini Fall of Heronymus Character of Hiero II Treaty Between Hannibal and King Philip V. of Macedon Messene and Philip V. in B. C. 215 Philip Dissuaded from Taking Messene Philip's Loss of Popularity Philip Begins to Become a Tyrant Aratus a Moderating Influence on Philip The War of Antiochus with Achaeus Antiochus Takes Sardis The Sack of Sardis Sardis Destroyed book 8 The Necessity of Caution in Dealing with an Enemy Immense Exertions of Rome Rome and Carthage Continue to Covet Sardinia and Sicily History of Universal Supremacy Must Be a Universal History Syracuse 's Defenses Siege of Syracuse Archimedes Other Inventions of Archimedes The Assault By Land Repulsed Philip Devastates Messene Criticism Of Theopompus Philip, Alexander, And the Diadochi Flawed Structure of Theopompus's History Aratus Poisoned Philip Takes Lissus in Illyria , B.C. 213 Philip V. In Illyria Bolis the Cretan Agrees to Rescue Achaeus Bolis Turns Traitor Antiochus Approves the Plan The Final Arrangements are Made Achaeus Takes Precautions Capture of Achaeus Antiochus In Armenia The Gallic King, Cauarus Antiochus the Great at Armosata The Hannibalian War ��� Tarentum A Bargain Made with Hannibal Tarentum Betrayed To Hannibal Gaius Livius Has a Party Hannibal Enters Tarentum Philemenus and his Retinue Get In Too Massacre of Romans In Tarentum The Tarentines Themselves Spared Hannibal Secures Tarentum Additional Fortifications The Tarantines Blockade the Romans Fall of Syracuse , B. C. 212 Beasts of Burden Used as a Defensive Wall book 9 Extract from the Preface Why Focus on Actions The Hannibalian War The Siege of Capua Hannibal Advances Upon Rome Rome Saved by Luck Hannibal In Sight of Rome Epaminondas and Hannibal Compared When Audacity is the Truest Safety The Spoils of Syracuse : Works of Art Taken To Rome Spain On the Art of Commanding Armies Scientific Strategy Generals Also Need to Know Science Mode of Calculating Time Example: Ulysses Failures Arising From Ignorance Cleomenes Tries to Take Megalopolis Example: Why Nicias Failed at Syracuse Need of Some Knowledge of Mathematics The Computation of the Size of Cities Estimate of Hannibal Examples of Actions Contrary to Principles Estimate of Hannibal Hannibal's Greed Hannibal Treats Different Cities in Different Ways Agrigentum Greece : Philip Reduces Thessaly Speech of Chlaeneas Impiety of Philip Conclusion of the Speech Lyciscus Replies To Chlaeneas Defence of Macedonian Policy Contrast Between Alexander and the Aetolians Services of Macedonians To Greece Sparta Should Have Allied Herself with the Macedonians A Mightly Cloud is Coming From the West Contrast of the Aetolian Policy Sparta Must Be On Guard Against Attack from Rome Philip in Thessaly Investment of Echinus by Philip Asia and Egypt Nature of the Euphrates River Embassy from Rome to Ptolemy book 10 The Hannibalian War ��� The Recovery of Tarentum Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus in Spain , B.C. 210 -206. His Character Scipio's First Brilliant Success His Election To the Aedileship Publius and Lucius Become Aediles Speech of Publius Scipio to the Soldiers He Determines To Attack Carthagena Why New Carthage is a Desirable Target Laelius and Scipio Proceed to New Carthage Topography of Carthagena Scipio Briefs His Troops The Attack On Carthagena Begun Double Assault By The Romans Scipio Creates a Distraction Carthagena Captured and Looted How the Romans Distribute Booty Scipio's Treatment of the Prisoners Scipio's Treatment of Women The Money Scipio's Training Regimen Philopoemen of Megalopolis His Birth and Education Philopoemen's Reforms How to Drill a Large Company Philip's Increasing Deterioration Philip V Medea and the Palace at Ecbatana Antiochus the Great In Media Antiochus Moves into Hyrcania Fighting On Mount Labus Antiochus Reaches Tambrax Fall of M. Claudius Marcellus Hannibal's Greatness The Submission of the Edetani to Scipio General Defection to the Romans Difficulty of Making Good Use of a Victory Hasdrubal Comes to a Decision Hasdrubal and Scipio Prepare to Fight Scipio Attacks Hasdrubal Scipio Refuses the Title "King" Affairs in Greece : Philip V. Called In Against the Aetolians Reinforcements Sent to Various Cities Fire signals Methods of Signalling An Improved Method Improvements In Signalling Importance of Practice Antiochus Crosses the Arius Antiochus Engages the Bactrians book 11 Death of Hasdrubal Hasdrubal's Conduct in His Last Battle The Romans Celebrate a Victory A Plea For Union In Greece Dangers of the Treaty With Rome Philip In Aetolia Again Philip Vandalizes Thermus Faults of the Achaean Officers Philopoemen in the Peloponnese , B. C. 207 Philopoemen and Machanidas Arrangement of Forces at Mantinea Battle of Mantinea Efficiency of Mercenaries Machanidas Changes his Plan Defeat of the Lacedaemonians Philopoemen Seizes an Opportunity Army of Machanidas Put to Flight Fall of Machanidas The Hannibalian War Continued Scipio in Spain , After the Battle of the Metaurus Futile Attack by Mago Defeat of Hasdrubal Son of Gesco Scipio Outflanks the Enemy Carthaginians Driven From Spain Scipio Suppresses A Mutiny in Spain Scipio's Plan to Punish the Rebels Suppression of the Mutiny Scipio Harangues the Mutinous Troops Scipio's Speech Continued Execution of the Ringleaders Scipio Proposes to Fight Andobales Scipio Defeats Andobales Scipio's Return To Rome Antiochus Moves from Bactria Through Interior Asia book 12 Geography of Libya The Lotus Timaeus Wrong about Libya The Errors of Timaeus Aristotle's Account of Locri is Correct The Epizephyrian Locrians Timaeus and the Character of a Historian Timaeus Criticises Aristotle Timaeus's Statement of Method The Investigations of Timaeus Timaeus's Use of Chronological Records Timaeus On Divination Timaeus On Demochares and Agathocles No Place in History for Abusive Language Timaeus Blinded by Personal Malignity The Laws of Zaleucus A Criticism on Ephorus and Callisthenes The Battle of Issus Callisthenes Vague on Alexander's Movements Inaccuracies about Tactics Worst Misstatement of Callisthenes Further Absurdities Timaeus Exalts Timoleon To Excess Timoleon. Phalaris General Remarks on Timaeus as an Historian Sophistical Commonplaces An Historian Needs Practical Experience Mere Inquiry Is Insufficient book 13 The Aetolians Scopas Goes to Egypt Philip's Treacherous Conduct, B. C. 204 Philip Intrigues Against Rhodes Distrust between Philip and the Rhodians Nabis, Tyrant of Sparta, B.C. 207 -192 Nabis's Wife Nabis Finds a Pretext for War Antiochus in Arabia, B.C. 205 - 204 book 14 Preface Scipio Plans To Attack the Punic Camp Scipio Prepares to Attack Utica by Sea Syphax and Hasdrubal Are Deluded The Romans Burn the Enemy Camp Dreadful Scene In the Burning Camps Anda Surrenders to Rome Carthaginians Reinforced and Resolute Scipio Determines to Attack Scipio's Victory On the Great Plains Scipio Fears a Carthaginian Attack on the Fleet Women at Alexandria Ptolemy Philopator, B.C. 222 -205 book 15 Speech of Roman Envoys At Carthage Treacherous Attempt on the Lives of the Roman Envoys Last Year of the Second Punic War Scipio Sends the Envoys Home Both Sides Prepare For Battle Meeting of Hannibal and Scipio Conclusion of Hannibal's Speech Scipio's reply Dispositions For the Battle of Zama Scipio's Speech to his Men Hannibal's Preparations and Speech The Battle of Zama Begins Cowardice of the Carthaginians Victory of Scipio and Flight of Hannibal Hannibal Did All He Could Hannibal's Tactics Sound Scipio Unmoved by Carthaginian Laments Terms Made After the Battle of Zama Hannibal Persuades Carthage to Accept These Terms League Against Ptolemy Epiphanes Molpagoras of Cius Philip Rouses the Enmity of the Greeks The Rhodians Object to Philip's Treatment of Cius Philip at Thasos Egypt Ptolemy Epiphanes Succeeds To the Crown Another Murder Committed by Agathocles The Death of Agathocles and his Family Growing Hatred of Agathocles Moeragenes Escapes A Revolt Decided Upon By the Army A Mob Assembles The King Surrendered To the Soldiers The King Conducted to the Stadium The Massacre of Agathocles and Family Why Agathocles Died As He Did Agathocles Not a Good Example of Mutability of Fortune Agathocles Was Not An Important Person Antiochus book 16 Philip V. Wages War with Attalus, King of Pergamum, and the Rhodians. Great Sea-fight Off Chios Between Philip and the Allied Fleets of Attalus and Rhodes, B. C. 201 Incidents of the Sea-Fight The Sea-Battle Undecided Attalus Barely Escapes Capture Attalus Abandons his Ship but Escapes Losses in the Battle Philip Vainly Claims the Victory At Chios Death of Theophiliscus The Indecisive Battle of Chios Was Followed by Another Off Lade, in Which Philip Was Partly Successful Jam cum Rhodiis et Attalo navalibus certaminibus, neutro feliciter, vires expertus. Livy, 31, 14 . Philip's Operations in Caria, B.C. 201 Description of Iassus Affairs in Greece Digression on the Merits of the Historians Zeno and Antisthenes of Rhodes The Battle of Lade According to Zeno and Antisthenes Zeno's Account of the Attack on Messene Some of Zeno's Mistakes Due to Ignorance Zeno's Account of the Battle of Panium Zeno's Description Implausible Zeno Acknowledges His Error Egypt ��� Character of Tlepolemus Intrigues At Alexandria The War in Coele-Syria Scipio's Triumph War Between Rome and Philip V King Attalus At Athens Athens Votes for War Against Philip The Romans Warn Philip Not to Attack Greece Activity and Energy of Philip The Hellespont Compared with Gibraltar The Siege of Abydos The People of Abydos Resolve to Conquer or Die Courage of the Abydenians The Fall of Abydos The Abydenians Carry Out Their Resolution Rhodes Holds to its Friendship With Rome A Muster of Achaeans Against Nabis A Raid Upon Laconia Philip Tries to Rouse the Achaeans Against Rome Coele-Syria book 17 book 18 The War with Philip Congress of Nicaea Speech of Alexander Isius Philip's Response Philip Retorts On His Accusers Philip's Answer to the Rhodians and Attalus A Retort of Flamininus The Dispute Referred To the Senate They Agree to Send Envoys to the Roman Senate Pleadings Before the Senate The Greeks Ask for Help Against Philip Greece Assigned to Flamininus Wise Patriots or Traitors? Comparison with Philip II and Demosthenes The Fate of Traitors Attalus in Sicyon Attalus and the Boeotians Roman and Greek Palisading Flamininus and Philip Nearing Each Other Both Sides Advance on Scotusa The Macedonians Send for Help Skirmishes Before the Main Battle Flamininus Rouses His Troops The Battle of Cynoscephalae The Battle Philip's Defeat and Flight Philip Retreats, the Romans Plunder The Macedonian Phalanx A Well-Formed Phalanx is Irresistible Roman Soldiers in More Open Order Cumbrous Nature of the Phalanx How the Romans Fight Against a Phalanx Philip's Conduct After the Battle Flamininus and the Aetolians At Odds Comparative Incorruptibility of Romans Congress at Tempe Begins Debate In the Congress At Tempe Philip Comes to the Conference Peace Terms Agreed On Foolish Credulity Asia: King Attalus I Italy: Treaty with Philip Confirmed Greece: Murder of Brachylles Decree of the Senate on the Peace with Philip The Freedom of Greece Proclamation At the Isthmian Games The Commissioners Make Detailed Arrangements The Commissioners Carry Word Throughout Greece Asia: Roman Envoys To Antiochus Conference Between Roman Legates and Antiochus The King's Reply Antiochus Demands a Rhodian Court Egypt: Fall of Scopas Scopas and Dicaearchus Punished Anacleteria of Ptolemy Epiphanes book 19 Summary Based on Livy book 20 Greece: Antiochus and the Aetolians Meet The Boeotians Answer Antiochus Epirus and Elis Ask Antiochus for Help The Decline of Boeotia Continued Decline of Boeotia Disorganised State of Boeotia Fortune and Degeneracy of the Boeotians Submission of the Aetolian Officers The Aetolians Seek a Truce The Aetolians Do Not Confirm the Terms The Fate of Nicander Philopoemen's Disinterestedness book 21 Embassy from Sparta Embassy from Philip The Scipios In Greece The Athenians Intercede for the Aetolians Truce With the Aetolians Asia: Factions at Phocaea The Rhodian Firing Apparatus The Aetolian Truce Announced Antiochus At Pergamum Antiochus Proposes Peace Prusias Refuses To Help Antiochus Pirates Antiochus Sends an Envoy To Discuss Peace Antiochus Tries To Negotiate Scipio Scorns Antiochus's Secret Proposal Zeuxis and Antipater Sent to Negotiate Peace The Roman Terms To Antiochus Eumenes Persuaded to Speak King Eumenes In the Senate Eumenes Has Always Been a Friend to Rome Conclusion of Eumenes' Speech The Rhodians Address the Senate Conclusion of the Rhodians' Speech The Decision of the Senate The Aetolian War Fulvius Aims to Fight at Ambracia Siege of Ambracia Smoking Out the Enemy Athens, Rhodes, and Athamania Intercede End of the Aetolian War The Treaty With the Aetolians Terms of the Treaty The War with the Gauls of Asia Moag��Tes of Cibyra Pacification of Pamphylia Conquest of Pisidia The Gauls of Asia A Gallic Woman Takes Vengeance Attempted Treachery By the Gauls Cephallenia Philopoemen Combines What is Right and What is Expedient chapter 42 Settlement of Asia The Roman Commissioners Arrive at Ephesus Treaty With Antiochus The Romans Burn Antiochus's Ships at Patara Ariarathes Declared a Friend of Rome The Commissioners In Asia book 22 Contents Sparta and the League The Murderers of Brachylles Quarrel Between Lycians and Rhodians Egypt Under Ptolemy Epiphanes After the Death of Aristomenes ( 18, 53, 54 ��� Seeds of the Third Macedonian War Origin of the Last Macedonian War The Senate Investigates Philip A Meeting of the Achaean League Parliament Apollonidas and Cassander Urge Rejection of Eumenes' Gifts Offers of Eumenes and Seleucus Declined Caecilius In the Achaean Assembly Philopoemen on Archon Caecilius Reports and Ambassadors Respond Another Commission For Greece Philip and the Massacre At Maroneia Philip Hopes to Defer War With Rome Disputes in Crete Apollonias, Widow of Attalus Ostiagon Tries to Become King of All the Gauls Aristonicus book 23 Demetrius Before the Senate Demetrius in the Senate Philip's Jealousy Roused The Spartan Ambassadors Deinocrates of Messene Ambassadors from the Spartan Exiles Philip and Perseus are Jealous of Demetrius Death of Demetrius The Senate Refuses to Help Either Messene or Achaia Philip's Desperate Measures Philip Addresses his Sons The Fall of Philopoemen Character of Hannibal Character of P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Submission of the Messenians Lycortas Defeats Messene Arguments For and Against Admitting Sparta Sparta Included In the League book 24 The Spartan Exiles Refused Treaty Between the Achaeans and the Messenians Mount Haemus in Thrace Troubles in Crete Attalus Goes to Rome Murder of Apollonides At Sparta Chaeron the Spartan Demagogue Pharnaces Invades Cappadocia Eumenes and Pharnaces Callicrates Sent to Rome Callicrates Turns Traitor Rome and the Achaean League Comparison Between Philopoemen and Aristaenus Aristaenus's Attitude to Rome Philopoemen's Policy book 25 Destruction of Celtiberian Cities The Accession of Perseus First Acts of Perseus as King Character and First Measures of Perseus Lycians Revolt Again The Dardanian Envoys Complain about Perseus book 26 Antiochus Epiphanes book 27 Affairs In Boeotia: The War with Perseus Romans and Perseus Try to Secure Greece Rhodes Prepares to Assist Rome Perseus Sends a Statement to the Greeks Perseus Sends Alexander to Boeotia The Boeotians and Rhodians War With Perseus Begun Perseus Summons a Council Moral Effect of Perseus's Successes The Unthinking Multitude Invention of the Cestros Character of Cotys Indecisive Result of the First Campaign Dispute at Rhodes Charops of Epirus Plot to Kidnap a Roman Consul Pharnaces, King of Pontus Attalus Wants his Brother's Honours Restored Antiochus Protests Ptolemy's War Plans The Need of Promptness and Persistence book 28 Antiochus and Ptolemy Appeal to Rome Embassy from Rhodes Pressure Put On Achaia and Aetolia Discussion of the Aetolian Congress Lycortas Advises Neutrality Council of the Achaeans A Speech of Polybius Perseus Sends Pleuratus to Genthius Unwise Parsimony of Perseus Perseus Blames Hippias for the Failure Heracleum Captured by the Testudo Achaean Aid To Rome Declined Marcius Declines Assistance from the Achaeans Treachery of the Cydonians The Cydonians Ask Help from Eumenes Dissensions In Crete and Rhodes Antiochus Invades Egypt Antiochus IV. Epiphanes Envoys Sent to Antiochus Antiochus Epiphanes In Egypt Eulaeus Convinces Ptolemy to Give Up the Kingdom Antiochus Leaves Alexandria Envoys from Rhodes to Antiochus book 29 Speech of L. Aemilius Paullus Gaius Popilius Laenas Sent to Alexandria Genthius Forms an Alliance with Perseus Genthius Joins Perseus Difficulty of Explaining the Intrigues of Perseus and Eumenes Reasons to Suspect Intrigue between Eumenes and Perseus Eumenes Intrigues With Perseus Struggle between Eumenes and Perseus The Avarice of Perseus Rhodes Decides to Seek Peace Turbulent Assembly at Rhodes Of Proportion In History Character of Genthius Scipio Nasica and Fabius Maximus Volunteer to Outflank the Macedonians A Cretan Deserter Brings Intelligence to Perseus Battle of Pydna Perseus Loses His Resolve Ambitious Youth The Senate Makes an Example of the Rhodian Ambassadors Perseus an Example of the Impermanence of Fortune Uncertainties of Fortune Further Problems for Eumenes The Ptolemies Ask Help From Achaia The Achaeans Agree to Help the Ptolemies Antiochus Forced To Leave Egypt Antiochus Renews the War Popilius Makes Antiochus Stop the War book 30 Attalus Comes to Rome Stratius Sent to Attalus Attalus At Rome Rhodian Ambassadors Argue Against War The Rhodians Try To Excuse Themselves Greek States and the War With Perseus Examples of Three Classes of Statesmen Shameless Conduct of the Supporters of Perseus Polyaratus of Rhodes Statue-bases for Perseus Used by Aemilius The Greek Prisoners In Italy Epirus Also In Turmoil The Romanising Party Takes Command Throughout Greece Noisy Scene In A Roman Theatre How to Hold Good Games Aemilius in Epirus Reaction of the Egyptian Kings Cotys, King of the Odrysae Prusias and Eumenes Eumenes Prevented from Visiting Rome The Athenians and Rhodians Death of Theaetetus of Rhodes Public Hatred of Callicrates and His Faction Delight at Peraea book 31 War in Crete Gauls in Asia Granted Autonomy Grand Festival At Daphne The King's Behavior at the Festival Roman Envoys Come to Antioch Complaints Against Eumenes The Achaean Prisoners Detained Envoys from Achaia in the Senate The Senate Suspicious of Eumenes and Antiochus Sulpicius Gallus Investigates Eumenes Death of Antiochus Epiphanes Demetrius son of Seleucus Ariarathes of Cappadocia Ambassadors from Ariarathes to Rome Rhodes Asks Rome for Calynda Rhodes Assists Calynda The Two Ptolemies The Murder of Octavius Demetrius Appeals Again to the Senate Demetrius Plans To Leave Rome Demetrius Plans His Escape Demetrius Escapes No One Notices Demetrius's Absence Decadence at Rome The Rhodians Lapse in Dignity The Two Ptolemies Ptolemy Physcon Invades Cyrene Gnaeus Merula Comes to Rome book 32 The Senate Breaks its Alliance with Ptolemy Philometor Massanissa Harasses the Carthaginians Prusias Accuses Eumenes Demetrius and Ariarathes Ambassadors from Ariarathes Isocrates Comes to Rome as Ambassador Isocrates the Grammarian Legacy of L. Aemilius Paulus Scipio the Younger and Polybius Polybius Responds to Scipio's Speech Character of the Younger Scipio Scipio's Generosity to his Mother Scipio's Liberality Scipio's Manliness Scipio's Courage Scipio's Success Due to his Character Athens, Delos, Dalmatia, And Aetolia Issa Complains of Raids by the Dalmations Death of Lyciscus Tyranny of Charops in Epirus Charops of Epirus Character of Eumenes War With the Dalmatians Ariarathes Arrives in Rome Orophernes, Attalus, And Prusias The Senate Receives Ambassadors from Epirus Prusias Destroys the Nicephorium Prusias and Attalus book 33 War Against Attalus Prevented Release of Achaeans Refused Character of Aristocrates Suicide of Archias The Prienians Refuse to Give Orophernes' Funds to Ariarathes Marseilles Complains about the Ligurians The Ligurians, Ptolemies, And Prusias The Senate Appoints Commissioners to Stop the War The Ligurians Resist Roman Intervention Ligurian War Roman Commissioners Visit Attalus and Prusias Roman Envoys Make Peace Between Prusias and Attalus Another Embassy from Achaia War Between Rhodes and Crete Crete and Rhodes Ask the Achaeans for Help Unreasonable Actions of the Rhodians Alexander Balas Demetrius's Intemperance The Multitude Will Act on its Feelings Geographical Fragments Introduction Fishing Near Scylla Fishing for Swordfish Pytheas Implausibility of Pytheas's Geography Distances In the Mediterranean Gaul and Spain Portugal and Spain Geography of Celtiberia The Alps Islands Off the Italian Coast The Via Egnatia Eratosthenes a Better Authority than Artemidorus State of Alexandria book 35 The "Fiery War" The Celtiberian Wars The Senate's Instructions to Marcellus Scipio Volunteers For Spain Scipio's Spanish Campaign Cato's Wit book 36 The Third Punic War The Romans Find a Justification for War War With Carthage Resolved Upon Meaning of Surrender Speech of Mago Brettius The Roman Army In Africa Panic at the Envoys' Report Character of Hamilcar Phameas book 37 Views In Greece of Roman Policy Pseudo-Philip Polybius Goes to Lilybaeum to Negotiate Polybius's Self-References Statues Replaced Attalus, Nicomedes, And Prusias Character of Prusias II Museium in Macedonia Depopulation of Greece Death of Massanissa book 38 Character of Hasdrubal Misery In Carthage Consummation of the Misfortunes of Greece Previous Disasters Unjust Misfortune Distinguished from Self-Inflicted Loss Rome and the Achaean League New Commissioners Sent to Achaia The Commissioners Arrive in Achaia Foolish Policy In Achaia Riotous Scene at Corinth Violent Policy of Critolaus book 39 Variety Is Pleasing Digressions in History Scipio Intends to Fight Fall of Carthage Diaeus Succeeds Critolaus Character of Pytheas Diaeus Becomes Strategus Confusion and Terror in Greece Diaeus Rejects Metellus's Offers Safety In Swift Ruin Fall of Corinth Destruction of Art in Corinth Respect for Philopoemen Roman Settlement of Greece Polybius Supports the Constitution Mummius in Greece Ptolemy Philometor Conclusion of the History Shorter Fragments A: Fragments whose reference is known B: Fragments of uncertain reference