Introduction to the Historical Overview in Perseus Geographical and Historical Introduction The Landscape Natural Resources Diet The Highway of the Sea Climate Earlier History Mycenaean Civilization The End of Mycenaean Civilization The Early Greek Dark Age and Revival in the Near East The Loss of Writing The Question of a Dorian Invasion The Poverty of the early Greek Dark Age The Reconstruction of Social Hierarchy Remaking Greek Civilization The Start of Economic Revival Technological Change: Using Iron Agricultural Resurgence Repopulation The Definition of Aristocracy Homer and the Social Values of Greek Aristocrats The Male Ethic A Woman's Excellence The Recovery of Writing and Homer The Olympic Games of Zeus and Hera Competition and Community Religion, Myth, and Community The Mythical Origin of Justice Justice in Dark-Age Life Tensions between Leaders and Followers The Injustice of Chiefs to Peasants The Archaic Age The Characteristics of the City-state (Polis) Citizenship and the City-state Geography and the Population of City-states Aristotle on the City-state Early Colonization Economic Motives for Colonization Mother-city and Colony Demographic Motives for Colonization The Tensions of Colonization Contact with Eastern Mediterranean Civilizations International Commerce The Oracle at Delphi and Colonization The Emergence of the City-State Aristocrats and Non-aristocrats in the City-state Inequality and Women in the City-state The so-called Hoplite Revolution Non-hoplites as Citizens The Contribution of the Poor Communal Decision Making Slavery in Dark-Age Greece The Synergy between Slavery and Freedom Sources of Slaves The Extent of Slavery The Occupations of Slaves Public Slaves The Lives of Slaves Women and the Household Women Outside the Home Marriage and Divorce Paternalism and Women The Late Archaic City-State The Power of Sparta The Early History of Sparta Spartan Oligarchy The Laws of Sparta The Dangerous Situation of Sparta Spartan Neighbors and Slaves The Helots of Messenia The Contribution of Helots The Existence of Spartan Boys The Equals The Spartan Common Messes Women at Sparta Land Ownership at Sparta Reproduction at Sparta The Obligations of Spartans Tyranny in the City-States Tyranny at Corinth Tyrants and Popular Support Theseus and Democracy at Athens The Athenian Population in the Dark Age The Beginnings of Athenian Democracy The Institutions of Incipient Democracy The Laws of Draco Economic Crisis and Subsistence Agriculture The Reforms of Solon Solon and Democracy Opposition to Democracy Tyranny at Athens The Struggle between Isagoras and Cleisthenes The Democratic Reforms of Cleisthenes Persuasion and Cleisthenic Democracy Lyric poetry The Ionian Thinkers Near Eastern Influence on the Ionian Thinkers The Cosmos and Logos Rational Thinking Introduction to the Fifth Century The Major Conflicts of Fifth-Century Greece Sources of Strife betweeen Athens and Sparta Clash Between Greeks and Persians Athenian Mission for a Persian Alliance Mutual Ignorance Sowing a Seed of Conflict between Athens and Persia The Kingdom of Persia The Resources of Persia Persian Religion Persian Religious Non-Interference The Beginning of the Persian Wars Croesus of Lydia and the Ionian Greeks Revolt in Ionia Persian Vengeance against Athens The Battle of Marathon Announcing the Victory Aftereffects of the Battle of Marathon The Great Invasion of 480-479 B.C. Greek Courage at Thermopylae The Naval Battle of Salamis End of the Persian Wars Political Freedom and Greek Courage Athenian Empire in the Golden Age The Establishment of an Athenian Empire The Misconduct of Pausanias the Spartan Spartan Approval of Athenian Leadership A Permanent Structure for the Alliance The Finances of the Alliance (Delian League) The Warships of the Delian League The Rebellion of Thasos The Military and Financial Success of the Delian League Athenian Self-Interest in Empire The Democratic Reform of the Athenian System of Justice Helot Revolt at Sparta The Reforms of Ephialtes Athenian Radical Democracy Ostracism The Ostracism of Aristides Ostracism and personal prominence The Policies of Pericles The Citizenship Law of Pericles Periclean Foreign Policy The Breakdown of Peace The Periclean Building Program Athenian Private Dwellings City Houses Liturgies and Benefactions Benefactions by Cimon and his family Public Funding of Buildings The Scale of Athenian Public Buildings Pericles' Acropolis The Controversial Cost of the Periclean Program The Parthenon The Parthenon's design The Parthenon's special architecture Sculpture on the Parthenon The Significance of the Parthenon Frieze Athenian Religious and Cultural Life in the Golden Age The Outlines of Greek Religion in the Classical Period The Nature of the Gods The Gods and Human Behavior Sacrifices and Offerings The Character of Sacrifices Occasions for Sacrifice and Festivals Large Animal Sacrifice Hero Cults The Eleusinian Mysteries The Mystery of the Mysteries Belief and Ritual The Development of Athenian Tragedy The Nature of Tragedy The Performance of Tragedy The Spectacle of Tragedy Tragedians Tragedy and the Polis Sophocles' Success Sophoclean Tragedies and Athenian Empire Sophocles' Sophocles' Developments in Free-Standing Sculpture Sculptors Private Sculptural Commissions The Emergence of a New Sculptural Style Sculpture in Bronze The Sculpture of Myron and Polyclitus Continuity and Change in Athenian Social and Intellectual History Property, Social Freedom, and Athenian Women Women's Responsibilities and Property Rights Inheritance and Dowry Heiresses Women's Lives at Home and at Work Restrictions on the Lives of Upper-Class Women Standards of Beauty Paternity and Women's Social Standing The Value of Sons Prostitutes and ���Companions��� ���Companions��� and Freedom of Speech with Men Education, the Sophists, and New Intellectual Developments Schools and Teachers Literacy and the Poor Mentorship in the Education of Males Homosexuality and Mentorship The Sophists Protagoras The Subjectivism of Protagoras The Perceived Dangers of Relativism Unsettling Cosmologies Herodotus' New Kind of Historical Writing Hippocrates' New Direction in Medicine Tension Between Intellectual and Political Forces in the 430s The Peloponnesian War and Athenian Life The course of the Peloponnesian War Thucydides, historian of the Peloponnesian War Thucydides on the causes of the Peloponnesian War Immediate causes of the war Deeper causes of the war Athenian strategy in the Peloponnesian War Losses through Spartan invasions The effects of epidemic Athenian resilience after the epidemic The success of Cleon at Pylos The unexpected tactics of Brasidas The Peace of Nicias An uneasy peace Attack on Melos Launching the Expedition to Sicily The mutilation of the Herms Athenian defeat in Sicily The aftermath of the defeat in Sicily Revolts among the allies of Athens Athenian resilience after defeat in Sicily The oligarchic coup of 411 The restoration of democracy The end of the war The rule of the Thirty Tyrants Social and cultural life at Athens in war time Crowding in the city of Athens The economic problems of farmers, workers, and business owners The economic effects of war on Athenian women War and the finances of Athens Athenian comedy during the war The humor and plots of Athenian comedy Comedy as criticism of official policy The of Aristophanes Introduction to the Fourth Century The Aftermath of the Peloponnesian War Economic Strains on the Family Manufacture and Trade Agriculture and Private Property The Daily Diet The Loss of Slaves Socrates Socratic Ways Socrates' Search for Justice The Effect of Socrates Aristophanes on Socrates Socrates' Guilt by Association The Prosecution of Socrates The Execution of Socrates The Struggle for Dominance after the Peloponnesian War The Corinthian War and the King's Peace Spartan Aggression and Athenian Resurgence Stalemate after the Battle of Mantinea New Directions in Philosophy and Education The Life of Plato Plato's Academy The Dialogues of Plato Platonic Doctrines Platonic Forms The Platonic Demiurge Plato's Republic Guardians in the Republic Philosophy and Life Aristotle, Scientist and Philosopher Aristotle's Interests Aristotle's Methods Aristotle's Teleology Aristotle on Slaves and Women Aristotle on Just Behavior Aristotle on Human Happiness Practical Education and Rhetoric Isocrates on Rhetoric Isocrates on Panhellenism The Creation of Macedonian Power Macedonian Monarchy Macedonians and Greeks The Ambitions of Philip II Philip's Reorganization of the Macedonian Army Philip and the Greeks The Aftermath of the Battle of Chaeronea Alexander's Rise to Power Alexander's Hopes The Attack on the Persian Empire The Siege of Tyre Alexander in Egypt The Conquest of Persia Alexander's March to the East Alexander in Afghanistan and India The Return of Alexander Alexander's Last Plans The Aims of Alexander The Death of Alexander The Effect of Alexander