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Richmond, VA. 1878.
post bellum history; but this is a period of great importance as exhibiting the fruits of the doctrines of the
The causes that have made it necessary to compile a separate history of the
higher law
party.
But this peace was afterwards rudely and unnecessarily broken through the wicked ambition of men who had no honorable agency in the great war, and great capitulation, which had resulted in peace in
Arms in the hands of the soldiery were the forces which executed the decrees that were flashed upon the eyes of a helpless people from the swords of their masters.
habeas corpus; to release without trial such as were accused of crime; and to seize and confiscate estates without asking the aid of a court of justice.
habeas corpus.
traitors to the blood that coursed in their veins
were licensed, by nominal elections to office, to steal and plunder at will.
Faithfully and honestly they stood by us in every trial, and under the influence of their counsels and example we took courage and resolved to outlive the revolution, and finally to vote it down.
builded wiser than they knew,
and finding in the hearts of the people of the country an honest and abiding faith in the true principles of the
Peace is the fruit of reconciliation.
with healing in its wings,
and cures the grief and bitter memories of the past.
It has been reached through the only means that were possible to men who have any self-respect, the manly recognition of the fact that the war was not on either side a crime.
dwell together in unity
and as brethren with those who are virtuous and good.
sin of slavery
they never felt.
Then our condition will be worse than it has ever been.
But who, of all this host of oppressors, can now stand up before the world and dare to claim its honest judgment on the history of his official life?
These men in the
role. They are now Nationalists-artfully concealing behind a name the design that struggles in their hearts, and impatiently waiting for an opportunity for action, they would sweep out of
rich man's war and a poor man's fight,
and, as the rich did not all desire to fight, the poor should not be allowed to continue the struggle.
When the cause of war is removed, it is a crime in any people to refuse to make peace.
the wish was father to the thought
and refused to make or to suffer war to establish a presidential succession, they taunted us with a want of spirit and decried our boasted chivalry.
back seats,
and they took them cheerfully, until the people required them to come to the front.
The Confederate cause had a place in the hearts of the women of the
poor men of the
the poor men of the
--which, though applied by those who knew you not as a badge of your inferiority and poverty of spirit, is yet the highest proof that your glory which the world cannot take away
was earned in a struggle that involved honor, justice and liberty only, and in which you had neither gold nor slaves to protect, to gain, or to lose.
When the lord of the log cabin had passed beyond the view of the lonely watchers at its door a brief prayer was uttered, a quaint musical voice sang the old hymn of faith, How firm a foundation ye saints of the lord,
and with a deft and busy hand, and a fortitude worthy of an honest mother's faith in
No sting of dishonor, no shame for past delinquencies of duty, no sense of humiliation in the presence of those who were victorious in the war, makes you or them reluctant to meet our former enemies face to face in frank, open, manly and honest agreement for the future.
A union of hearts and a union of hands
has made them again
able and eloquent address,
and a copy requested for publication.
high authority, not only in the inestimable value to the cause of truth; and yet there remains in private hands much that ought to be on our shelves.character of our publications we have steadily pursued the policy announced in our last annual report, and unanimously approved by our last annual meeting; and we are gratified to Papers handsomely bound; (the Confederate view of the treatment of prisoners,
which we beg our friends to help us to circulate, and especially to place in every public library in the country.
to give us in exchange any copies of documents, or to allow us any thing in return, save the doubtful advantage of advance sheets of the publication they propose to make, when they shall be ready for the press, we could not see that we would be justified in acceding to their proposition.originals of documents which it is proposed to publish.
Papers.
now, the material for a true history of our great struggle for Constitutional freedom, and we earnestly appeal to all who can add anything of value to our collection, to do so at once.
Southern Historical Society Papers the brigade-reports of that great battle, I hope you will also publish mine, which I herewith enclose.
I shall ever believe ifwhen the facts are,had remained on his horse half an hour longer we would have carried the enemy's position, General Pender
On the morning of the3d the divisions of my corps occupied the same positions as on the. 2d I was directed to hold my line with and the half of 's division Anderson 's, now commanded by Pender , and to order Gen. Lane , commanded by 's division Heth , and Pettigrew 's and Lane , of ' brigades Scales , to report to 's division Pender , as a support to his Lieutenant-General Longstreet corps in the assault on the enemy's lines.
had directed General Ewell to attack in concert with General Rodes , covering his right, and had requested Early , then commanding Brigadier-General Lane , to co-operate on the right of 's division Pender . Rodes was prepared to give the assistance required of him, and so informed General Lane ; but the latter deemed it useless to advance after the failure of General Rodes 's attack. Early
In this engagement our loss in men and officers was large.and Major-Generals Hood , Pender , Brigadier-Generals Jones , Semmes , and G. T. Anderson , and Barksdale (commanding Col. Avery ) were wounded, the last 's brigade Hoke two mortally.and Generals Pender died after their removal to Semmes Virginia .
Memorandum
( Southern Historical Society Papers),
Hadand Hood followed or supported McLaws , and Pickett andPettigrew Anderson have been advanced, the design of theComn manding-General would have been carried out — the world would not be so at a loss to understandwhat was designedby throwing forward, unsupported, against the enemy's stronghold, so small a portion of the army.
(second paper
finally took position about theConfederate centre, on an elevated point, from which he could survey the field and watch the result of the movement.
toone who observed the charge, itappearedthat's line was not a continuation of that of Pettigrew 's, but that it advanced in Pickett echelon.
The assaulting column really consisted of's divisiontwo brigades in front, and Pickett one in thesecond line as a support, with thebrigade of in the rear of its right to protect that flank; whileWilcox moved forward on 's division Heth 's left in Pickett echelon, or with the alignment so imperfect andso drooping on the leftas toappearinechelon, with's and Lane in rear of its right. ' brigades Scales
being about Pickett three -fourths of a mile andPettigrew one mile anda quarter from the enemy's line.
the charge was made down a gentle slope, and then up to the enemy's lines, a distance of over half a mile, denuded of forests, and in full sight of the enemy and perfect range of their artillery.
from the causes enumerated, should have been the to falter and finally retire,
upon natural effectknow, however, personally, that my old brigade, in all its glorious achievements, never behaved more gallantly than on that terrible and bloody battle-field.
the truth is,
and as he also adds, from close personal observation, notwithstanding the losses as we advanced, the men (in
heroes of
as any other troops that took part in it, and when we were driven back we were among the first to re-form, and we did so immediately in rear of the artillery, and not at the hospitals.
report to .
On the morning of the
They did get to the road, and drove the opposing line from it. They continued there some minutes, discharging their pieces at the enemy.
when both brigades sent up a hearty shout, on which I said to my aid,
That is right, my brave fellows; stand your ground, and we will presently serve these chaps as they have us.
trans-Potomac
campaign was
Southern Historical Society Papers, in which occurs the following statement by
My rank and position during that campaign was colonel of artillery, commanding a battalion ofsix batteries attached as reserve to; 's corps Longstreet and on the field at.Gettysburg , I was placed byin command of all his artillery on the field, as chief of artillery for the action Gen. Longstreet
placed by
at
And on the
the following, as the order of march for Hlagerstown via
Reserve Artillery (
to and beyond the peach orchard.
etc., and the following order before day on the
Will you please send .
of all the artillery of the as chief of artillery for the action.
in
Our artillery,
etc., should read: On the On the , after seeing that the batteries were most advantageously posted,
as that of an engineer staff officer, more than
and was not called forth by our enquiry for detailed narratives by active participants, nor by anything which we have published.
Times announced that it had engaged copy an article which has
Times comes opportunely, for the appeal just made through the press by a distinguished foreigner for all information that will develope the causes of the failure of that campaign has provoked anew its partisan and desultory discussion, and renders a plain and logical recital of the facts both timely and important.
At length, while we were discussing the idea of a western forward movement, he asked me if I did not think an invasion of we sometimes fail to drive the enemy from a position; they always fail to drive us.
Select your ground and make your enemy attack you.
two full corps (for
On thea large force of Federal cavalry, strongly supported by infantry, crossed the 9th Rappahannock atBeverly's Ford and attacked. General Stuart A severe engagement ensued, continuing from early in the morning until late in the afternoon, when the enemy was forced to recross the river with heavy loss, leaving four hundred prisoners ,three pieces of artillery, and several colors in our hands.
Find me, wherever I am, when you have the desired information.
No report had been received (on the
Preparation had been made to advance upon
I cannot think what has become of
If the enemy is there to-morrow, we must attack him.
If he is there, it will be because he is anxious that we ahould attack him — a good reason in my judgment for not doing so.
the hunt was up,
and threatened his superb equipoise.
He told the father of the writer (his brother) that he was controlled too far by the great confidence he-felt in the fighting qualities of his people, who begged simply to be
turned loose,
and by the assurances of most of his higher officers.It had not been intended to fight a general battle at such a distance from our base unless attacked by the enemy; but finding ourselves unexpectedly confronted by the
to envelop the enemy's left and begin the attack there, following up as near as possible the direction of the
en echelon, and that
The importance of en echelon with it. point d'appui was not appreciated until alter my attack.
if practicable,
but in such slighting manner as to show that he did not deem it of great importance.
The troops engaged with me in the fight of the
He then began a heavy fire on GazetteIt was believed from the terrific attack that the whole rebel army,
World
feather.
echelon movements, as directed, there is little to be said.
A strong fire was poured upon our right flank, which had become detached from
But having become separated from
General, I have had my scouts out all night, and I find that you still have an excellent opportunity to move around to the right of
The enemy is there, and I am going to strike him.
General, I have been a soldier all my life.
pointing to
Our artillery was in charge of If the artillery fire does not have the effect to drive off the enemy or greatly demoralize him, so as to make our efforts pretty certain, I would prefer that you should not advise
I will only be able to judge the effect of our fire upon the enemy by his return fire, for his infantry is but little exposed to view, and the smoke will obscure the whole field.
Let the batteries open.
If you are coming at all you must come at once, or I cannot give you proper support; but the enemy's fire has not slackened at all; at least
General, shall I advance?
I shall lead my division forward, sir.
General, why didn't you stop all that thing that day.
morale of the victory might have dispirited the It is all my fault,
meant just what it said.
Had I taken your advice at
Another important circumstance which I distinctly remember was in the winter of
The enemy had fallen back to a commanding position that was known to us as
The attack was not pressed that afternoon, the enemy's force being unknown and it being considered advisable to await the arrival of the rest of our troops.
pell-mell
is sometimes justified in a mere retreat.
the enemy had been routed.
had received orders through Hays from Early (though General Ewell 's general instructions were subsequently the reverse) to halt at Lee Gettysburg and advance no further in case he should succeed in capturing that place.But now saw that the enemy were coming around by what is known as the Hays Baltimore road, and were making for the heights — theCemetery Ridge .This ridge meant life or death, and for the possession of it the battles of the 2d and3d were fought.Owing to the long detour the enemy was compelled to make, it was obvious that he could not get his artillery in position on the heights for one ortwo hours . The immediate occupation of the heights by theConfederates , who were in position to get them at the time referred to, was a matter of vital importance.recognized it as such and presently sent for Hays . Early The latter thought as , but declined to disobey orders. Hays At the urgent request of , however, he sent for General Hays . General Ewell When the latter arrived many precious moments had been lost. But the enemy, who did not see its value until the arrival of , had not yet appeared in force. Hancock
could have seized the heights without the loss often men.
the sunrise attack
you were to have made as charged by
Southern fHistorial Society Maqgazine sub-stantially as follows: That
has been received.
To-morrow, gentlemen, we will not move to
daybreak,
or some earlier hour, next morning.
after sunrise looking at the enemy on
Upon approaching
On the
I arrived with my staff in front of the heights of
The enemy is here, and if we do not whip him he will whip us.
Having thus disproved the assertions of Southern Historical Papers for
No; it is not more than
making this attack at daylight,
Just before the time fixed for
On the morning of the
If I remember correctly,
Hence we see that spirited contest;
that this contest had continued several hours before
echelon movement that was to protect
here by offensive operations, unless we are strong enough to cross the
I am indebted to
While lying in camp near
I cannot imagine how they can charge you with being late in your attack, as you were the only
Times which contained
Now that the war is over, and we have the privilege of reviewing the conduct of both armies, we can see more clearly what would have been the effect of this proposed movement around the
If not attacked, and I can get any positive information of the position of the enemy which will justify me in doing so, I will attack.
A reading of the testimony before the committee on the conduct of the war (page 408) will show that
he would throw the
Southern Magazine, and the report of
I cannot say how valuable, how interesting for
Want of confidence, misapprehensions, and mistakes were the consequences, less of
my opinion about that affair.
Committee on the
which made the officers of our army smile.The eyes
by which he saw these things, as my friend e. g., before the both man and wife are necessary to keep up the hosehold.by , who, like a father when the mother dies, seeks to fill both her place and his own in the house.
one concentrated and combined attack on the enemy's position.
number, please ask him, with our compliments, if he has sent on his
round
read moved
; page 246, line above
read alone
; page 248, line Brownsboroa
read
; page 259, line our
read
; page 259, line force
before strongly
read part
; page 272, line northwest
read southwest
; page 273, line argued
read agreed
:; page 281, line Jenlac
read Senlac
; page 288, line morning
read evening
; page 291, line sabre-hilt
read sabre-belt
; page 299, line
read
; page 300, line
read
; page 301, line our
read
; page 279, line
should be the
the error being in the manuscript.
in
for on,
and of these
for those.
judicious in his donations, and it adds to the pleasure of this gift to receive it as a token of his continued interest in the work we are doing and his confidence in the management of our affairs.
prison question,
and does us the honor to quote the summing up of the discussion of this question in our Papers.
and then commanded most successfully the Whisper,
the
and the Chameleon.
general get-up of the book that it is in the best style of those masters of the art of book-making,
From the time that
inside history of our grand old army, we expected tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth
concerning the great events of which he writes.
settled beyond all dispute.
how we are not told)
at
full history of the campaigns of the
Times, in which Southern Historical Society Papers, with this explanation of the delay in its publication.]
The publication, in the Weekly Times of
unwritten historyor unimagined fiction.
On the
Richmond on the
one positive truth in the whole passage.
with self-possession or dignity,
but that he left the house with tremulous and nervous haste, like a weak man in the hour of misfortune,
is that which I have classified as perhaps not capable of being tested by positive proof; and this not from any doubt as to its entire untruth, but on account of the subjective character of the only evidence that can be applied to it.
falsehood at all applicable to this case.]
He left the house of worship and hurried home.
&c. He and his more resolute wife spent the rest of the day in packing their personal baggage,
packing
and of the rage and disappointment
of at this very time either in Raleigh or Charlotte, North Carolina. The
packingof
He drove rapidly to the train,
accompanied by his family.
three members of his Cabinet, .
five members of his Cabinet,
and scarcely consistent with known facts, are improbablepacked among the baggage,
which from the context seems to be intended to mean that it was packed among the it is said,
was more ignoble freight.
With regard to the packed
it, I am not informed; but it is not at all likely that it was packed among the baggage.
to through it, on the way to Southern Historical Society Papers for
it is said,but the on
the most careful and exacting preparations for his escape, discussing the matter fully with his Cabinet in profound secrecy, and deciding that, in order to secure the escape of himself and principal officers, the
they might soon obtain an asylum on a foreign shore.
From a subsequent remark of what appears to be good authority.
authority
for some of his statements-perhaps for this, among others — is that of authority,
that the more intelligent and respectable, even of
off the coast of--a coast of more than aFlorida
in profound secrecyby a government, the members of which have never been charged, even by their enemies, with total insanity.
When
The lost cause.
not expect not sent to confer with
nor did he find him only in time to assist in drawing up the terms of his celebrated capitulation to
capitulation,
but in the armistice which the
plan
, fatuous or not fatuous, as represented by the last council of the
possibility of having to abandon the capital had been considered by the until the roads were hardened,
(to use his own expression,) and continued to entertain that hope until his attenuated lines were broken at
flight
from the country, there is not even the pretence of any evidence to support it. It is a mere calumny, without any basis of truth whatever.
his if
he (escape from the country
of the quite accurate and correct,
says therefore, he wished them to escape.
if
but
escape, but as the best and safest route to the
--he refused, on the ground that it would require him to leave the country, although it were only for a few days.
instead of observing the armistice, was making his way toward the I still felt certain, from what I could learn, that
notwithstanding the armistice and capitulation.until the forty-eight hours were completed, when he mounted his horse and rode off, having scrupulously observed it to the letter and the minute.
the troops underwhich certainly did not include the, 's command General Johnston
underand who had no part whatever in the transaction., 's command General Johnston
Leaving Cycle of
upon a pontoon bridge
(which was really only a ferry flat), by the
detour to the southward of the parts of the country occupied by the enemy, across the Transmississippi Department,
until the
surrender.
I never surrender to a band of thieves.
as he quietly turned back and seated himself upon a fallen tree, near which a camp-fire was burning.
garb,
means of rapid locomotion,
&c.,) as is there attributed to
petticoat story,
he says:
Between the
water-proof
was buttoned down,
had been accustomed to wear.
water-proof
of exactly the same sort, except in color, and that he turned this over to after his capture, to supply the place of that of which he had been robbed.
) by which covering his entire person except the feet
--he being a man of nearly
It is also positively untrue that he carried a small tin pail.
not in company with him,) as it might serve a purpose.
any guise whatever.
pilgrim-although the attempt was a failure, and he was detected and imprisoned.
Scotch cap and cloak,
which, according to the current accounts, he assumed, on the way to his own inauguration, as a means of escaping recognition by a band of real or imaginary conspirators, and in which he slipped through clandestinely and like a hunted fugitive.
ignoble
beginning of a bloodstained administration, which was to have a pitiful termination
amidst the desecration of a day hallowed by the sanctity of
treachery,
dishonor,
disgrace,
applied by foul, dishonoring words,
but the reader needs not to be told who it is that they dishonor.
paroled men, not arrested in any violation of their parole, but merely acting as an escort to a party of women and children, for their protection from the thieves and marauders who were roaming through the country.
--that is to say, the private stores of's wines and other Jeff amenities
stealingtwo geese out of a pen.
brigade bandto the illustrious prisoner, of which — if it ever occurred — the object of it was happily unconscious.
whereas the true and manifest cause of her anxiety was the wifely apprehension that some pretext might be devised for his assassination.was very watchful lest some disrespect should be shown her husband; Mrs. Davis
impossible that it could have occurred under the circumstances.
I have,
was the answer, and there is
By
rejoined I presume you mean some
I do,
answered I mean the man [
he knows that I would a him.
treason, as trouble to disprove,
is manifestly absurd.
nolle prosequi.
ask nothing of his captors; nor did he say or intimate to dignity and self-possession,
or express regret
for anything said or done at the time of his capture.
petticoat story,
which, with some modification of its original draft, Southern Historical Society Papers for
Times, entirely corroborating the statements hereunto appended, and giving emphasis (if that were possible) to their exposure of the untruthfulness of
You will have the facts of our retreat and capture from many sources.
animus, not to say virus. It is in no sense historical. It bears upon calumny.
all the account of the preparations for flight
is purely fictitious.
negative, but in so far as it goes will probably aid you. My understanding was that we were to part with It is true-every negro in
run and wake the
I believe, captured This is a bad business, sir.
I would have heaved the scoundrel off his horse as he came up, but
she caught me around the arms.how he had proposed to dismount the trooper and get his horse, for he had taught me the trick.
It would have been useless.
(I believe they were so called,) a light aquascutum or spring overcoat, sometimes called a water-proof.
You have an armed escort.
You have our whole camp; I
know your men are fighting each other.
their conduct was not that of gentlemen, but ruffians.
that he (
and walked away.
or some such rude familiarity.
never heard of Herald
Weekly Times, of
were duly received, but my engagements with the courts have prevented an earlier reply.Timestremulous and nervous,
as without self-possession and dignity.
energy and determination,
the rage and disappointment
of It is stated, upon what appears to be good authority, that
the most careful and exacting preparations for his escape, discussing the matter fully with his Cabinet
good authority
is we are left to conjecture; but these orders were sent,
as he does not quote even a dubious authority for that.
the fugitives
?careful and exacting preparations for escape,
and no preparations of any kind until the fall of
When this point was reached, seeing that the troops in the front line were already falling back, and fearing the effect on my own, and seeing, also, now that the attack had begun, the importance of pressing it at once, I rode forward and ordered the whole division to move on without halting.
Southern Historical Society Papers, page 201). I am not and cannot be mistaken as to what I state.
land of flowers
may have been led into an error; he could not purpose an injustice.
Southern Historical Society Papers is
I saw them around
Southern Historical Magazine, that might be construed to reflect upon that regiment.
Give me those colors, I wish to lead this regiment and brigade to drive back the enemy.
No, general, it is not necessary to expose yourself in that way; point in the direction you desire these colors to be borne, and we will carry them forward as long as there is a shred of them or a man left.
These are the best men I have ever seen.
gap
affords communication between Old dominion
abounded.
give the meat to their own people.
monarque.
a crow flying over the
banditti,
and solicited permission of his Government to deal with them as such.
morale.
We, your
Papers simply because their time is out and they have failed to renew their subscriptions.
per annum in advance. We beg that subscribers in every locality will stir up the pure minds of their neighbors by way of remembrance,
and will send us new subscribers or the renewals of old ones.
Southern confined mainly
to the general history of the Recollections,
&c., of the
The truth is that our Society was originally started in New Orleans by officers of the Western army — that we have on our shelves a large mass of material which illustrates the gallant deeds of our comrades of the West-and that while we hail the Annals as a valuable co-worker and helper, we shall still claim the privilege of asking our friends in the
copy their papers; but, whether we can publish or not, we are always glad to place in our scrap-book or on our shelves anything bearing on the War between the
morning
should be moving.
Philadelphia Weekly Times, which, through accidental delays in transmission, did not appear until the
torpedo service,by
in its gallant night attack on the New Ironsides in the outer harbor ofDavid
streamers
on the surface, destined to foul the screw propeller of any steamer which might attempt to pass over the obstruction.
Since writing the above I have been informed by
In compliance with your orders, I submitted the drawing of my torpedo and a vessel with which I propose to operate them, to the spar-torpedo
as an attachment to vessels, now in general use in the burnt district
of the city.
spar-torpedo
in the spar-torpedoes
as designed by
bow on
as was proposed, she ran alongside of the New Ironsides and entangled her spar in the anchor-chain of that vessel.
charged with
reached the New Ironsides about , striking her with a torpedo about
disabled,
lying outside of the rest of the fleet.
a heavily-armed gunboat which was captured in the
fish torpedo-boat.
diver,
examining the wreck of the
Galaxy, entitled,
The real application of submarine warfare dates from the efforts of the
Confederates during the late war. In, a October ,1862 torpedo bureauwas established atRichmond , which made rapid progress in the construction and operations of these weapons until the close of the war in. 1865 Seven Union ironclads,eleven wooden war vessels, andsix army transports were destroyed by Southern torpedoes, and many more were seriously damaged.This destruction occurred, for the most part, during the last two years of the war, and it is suggestive to think what might have been the influence on theUnion cause if theConfederate practice of submarine warfare had been nearly as efficient at the commencement as it was at the close of the war. It is not too much to say, respecting the blockade of theSouthern ports, that if not altogether broken up, it would have been rendered so inefficient as to have commanded no respect fromEuropean powers, while thecommand of rivers, all important to the Union forces as bases of operations, would have been next to impossible.Think of the destruction this infernal machine effected, and bear in mind its use came to be fairly understood, and some system introduced into its arrangement, only during the last part of the war. During a period when scarcely any vessels were lost, and very few severely damaged by the most powerful guns then employed in actual war, we find this long list of disasters from the use of this new and, in the beginning, much despised comer into the arena of naval warfare.
But it required just such a record as this to arouse naval officers to ask themselves the question, Is not the days of great navies gone forever?If such comparatively rude and improvised torpedoes made use of by the Confederates caused such damage and spread such terror among theUnion fleet , what will be the consequence when skilful engineers, encouraged by governments, as they have never been before, diligently apply themselves to the perfecting of this terrible weapon?The successes of the Confederates have made the torpedo, which before was looked on with loathing — a name not to be spoken except contemptuously — a recognized factor in modern naval warfare.On all sides we see the greatest activity in improving it.
armors
would thenceforth create in naval architecture and armaments.
The battery,
at the immediate mouth of
In the year rack and lever
to the wheels of the chassis of the guns; and I sent drawings of the improvement to the
great
has always occupied a prominent position in the mind of the rebel yell
of triumph would have resounded along some
in
(General iHeth, in a late paper to the Times), viz: the absence of our cavalry;
but such language implies an accusation against giant.
on the
Times. To whom, therefore, it may be asked, can the loss of the
within a stone's throw of peace
at Gettysburg-and although in numbers as
The letter from Times of
jingling spur
not even a bright sabretache,
but only a poor record, were it not my good fortune to have known long and intimately the
absence of our cavalry.
(our infantry being upon the western side of the mountains.
Leaving the brigade before mentioned to hold the position, discretion given him by over one-half of the cavalry was left in position to be used by
This cavalry force has hitherto prevented me from obtaining satisfactory information as to the whereabouts of the enemy; they had masked all their movements.
Southern Historical Society Papers, p. 76,) estimated
)'s Mr. Bachelder long study of the field has given him a fund of accurate information in great detail, which I believe is not possessed by any one else.
When I arrived and took the command, I extended the lines.
At this time the Orders were at once given to establish a line of battle on
Conduct of the war
on that point-Vol.
page 82, fixing them at
present for duty,
as follows:
The
that
works
were some holes (not deep) dug to sink the wheels and trains of the pieces.
You ask, How many troops would have oppposed
one brigade that had not been engaged:
By this brief explanation you will see that the best chance for a successful attack was within the great mistake of the battle was the failure to follow the
to reform some of the
and that when he arrived there, about , there were only some
This includes all troops except those afterwards collected in
a little more marching, perhaps a little more fighting,
would have gained for us the possession of the heights on the evening of the
Southern Historical Society Papers, gives some strong reasons, which at the time prevented a further advance, made more convincing by the fact of its being well known that he desired to move on after the retreating Federals.
Young man, why did you not tell me that before the battle?
even as stupid a man as I am can see it all now,illustrates the point.
Times in its issue of
I concede the conscientious adoption of such opinions by sang froid about him which made all feel he could be depended upon to hold fast to his, campaign should be
and that therefore gave the order of march.
strategically offensive tactically defensive,
as charged by objective point
was the those people
the strategically offensive and tactically defensive,
to the contrary notwithstanding.
Times is called out by the fact that he has been so repeatedly and rancorously assailed by those whose intimacy with the
just after the war to early in the morning of the
sly under-current of misrepresentation
of his course, why did he not ask his chief to correct their statements, and set him right upon the record?
On the night of
Well, if I attack from my right,
had ordered
that it was
Southern Historical Society Papers for
's impatience became so urgent that he proceeded in person to hasten the movements of General Lee ; that he was met by the welcome tidings that Longstreet 's troops were in motion; and that, after further annoying delays, at Longstreet 's impatience again urged him to go in quest of General Lee . Longstreet
it is generally conceded thatthat he had been urged the day before byon this occasion was fairly chargeable with tardiness; General Longstreet
to hasten his march;and, that, on the morning of the
was chafed by the non-appearance of the troops, until he finally became restless and rode back to meet General Lee and urge him forward. General Longstreet
strong impression that I heard there instead of hurrying into position on the right.
Do you know where
seemed resolved to attack,
so says
Previous to his joining [the italics are mine] I received instructions from the that was up, to gain the fearing that my force was too weak to venture to make an attack, I delayed until
Times, by writing that after receiving from ap, and that .
became very impatient at this delay and determined to take the responsibility of hurrying the troops forward,
which he did by what he seems to regard an ingenious flanking of by the most direct route
to the position assigned him. If the military principle here established by
Engineers sent out by the
(italics mine). It contains no hint that he lost move — some delay ensued in seeking a more convenient routeseveral hours by the blundering
of Times with some surprise, particularly that portion where reference is made to the part I took in the operations of the
and says that he had no idea that I (he) had the confidence of the great
After no little delay [I quote
several hours
were lost by his taking the wrong road.
several hours
cannot be attributed to
several hours.
then up. Mark the point-the the
was impressed with the idea that by attacking the
(italics mine). he could whip them in detailI could see the enemy's line of battle.
the key-point of my whole position,
if they had succeeded in occupying that, it would have prevented me from holding any of the ground I subsequently held until the last.
whip the
and selected the very point admitted by his able opponent to be his key-point.
a disposition too
epicene.key-point,
but in view of the unwillingness of the commander of the troops he had determined to begin the battle with, and who was at his headquarters at daylight arguing against, instead of making the attack, he may not have put his orders in that positive shape from which there could be no evasion, no appeal.
I did not hear
It is all my fault,
as he had said in like spirit to The victory is yours, not mine,
will excite only surprise and not carry conviction to the minds of the old soldiers of
That any subject involving the possession or exercise of intellect should be clear to
Everything, therefore, points to the advantages to be derived from a new commander, and I the more anxiously urge the matter upon yourExcellency , from my belief that a younger and abler man than myself can readily be obtained.I know that he will have as gallant and brave an army as ever existed to second his efforts, and it would be the happiest day of my life to see at its head a worthy leader-one who could accomplish more than I could perform, and all that I have wished.1 hope yourExcellency will attribute my request to the true reason, the desire to serve my country.
But suppose, my dear friend, that I were to admit, with all their implications, the points which you present, where am I to find that new commander who is to possess the greater ability which you believe to be required?I do not doubt the readiness with which you would give way to one who could accomplish all that you have. wished; and you will do me the justice to believe that if Providence should kindly offer such a person, I would not hesitate to avail myself of his services.To ask me to substitute you by some one , in my judgment, more fit to command or who would possess more of the confidence of the army or of the reflecting men of the country, is to demand an impossibility.
Times,) and which Had I taken your advice at
upon my arrival there
Very many of us were not able to reconcile these reported utterances of Times, once again appears the same sentence, only that and nothing more.
If I had hadat Stonewall Jackson Gettysburg , we should have won a great victory.
key-pointon
I had such implicit confidence inJackson 's skill and energy that I never troubled myself to givehimdetailed instructions — the most general instructions were all that he needed.
the weak points of the campaign ofin attempting to show theGettysburg ,
mistakes committed byeight
that the battle would have been gained if He said further,
, when once in a fight, was a most brilliant soldier; but he was the hardest man to move I had in my army. General Longstreet
Does this testimony prove that Times, I rode up to him, and after congratulating him on the splendid conduct of his Army I said,
A Sandwich Islander, knowing nothing about the war except what he might read in these papers of General, I will give you half an hour to show yourself a great
they did not command their respective armies lest the historic feat of the Kilkenny Cats
should have been eclipsed by not even leaving to the public their
younger and abler man,
whoever he might be, assumed command, the mummies of the
Aye, as certain as that the day will roll around, when the secrets of all hearts shall be disclosed,
so sure would the Traveller
to ride away from his people.
the younger and abler man!
a most gallant and esteemed officer, was part of the price of this victory. six men killed and
en route for via
Commanding-General en route himself for a survey of the ground.
In the defensive measures directed for the
Southern Historical Society Papers, compels me, very reluctantly, to intrude upon your readers with a brief personal explanation.
found wagon and put there by you during the night.
You placed my battalion in position just to left of peach orchard before dawn of day, and at dawn corrected my position to prevent an enfilade fire from the enemy.
I received an order from you to bring some batteries from the right to the peach orchard and to report to you. You were in command of the line as far as I knew anything about it and
I saw you frequently on the lines, as I supposed, commanding all the artillery.
My battery was put in position by yourself in front of
That up to the time of the
Confederate Army.-According to the return of the
Federal Army.-The effective strength of the
consolidated. The figures given by
Reduction by Straggling.-There were stragglers on both sides, but the
Losses on Both Sides.-We have now the official figures, which preclude any further discussion on that subject; I acknowledge my mistake pointed out by
the fame of
when he wrote ,
who was, at the time alluded to, the,Louvois
Index Weekly Times, is an exceedingly graphic, entertaining, and valuable paper.
On the morning of Wednesday the About I received through
no offence was intended
by the offensive,
or otherwise, each man will decide for himself, according to his standard of personal and official honor.a flight,
and states in
&c.
--like plunge the most prized of his country's possessions-i. e., himself-prevented
by keeping far from the field, where the defenders of his State were gallantly contending against its invaders.the
embarrassed the commissioners in their progress to report fully a conversation of which, when it ended, he never expected to hear again.
prompt reply.
topping.
Southern Historical Society Papers, which I have just read for the
Southern Historical Society Papers for
After we separated I scarcely expected to hear more from this conversation; but soon, perhaps the next day after, I heard it was bruited all over
war, not politics.
Southern Historical Society Papers, for
After we separated I scarcely expected to hear more from the conversation; but soon, perhaps the next day after, I heard it was bruited all over
Amongst others the President's aids were said to be freely discussing these matters. How did they get hold of them?
and was most intimately and cordially associated with him and the remaining members of his official family; and I beg to say, that he never spoke a word to me on the theme suggested by aids
implying any disparagement of hold of
respecting the alleged or any other interview with
accommodation
became known to the public, I know not — it is not at all unlikely that the views of so distinguished a gentleman were divined by his compeers and associates in Congress.
It may be that the course claimed by wiser not to have fought at all, but to have surrendered at
and justly, as I think,) by the army and the people as the inspiration of either pusillanimity or treason.
ingenious historians who accompained the
While I cannot agree with the extravagant estimate of the leaping bar,
the dragoons in attendance would lift the bar from the
on to
until, at last,
principle of attrition
; and being a newly-announced principle of war, may be appropriately discussed in a paper like this.
principle of attrition.
I never manoeuvre.
never fought when he could avoid it, except at
more head
than some critics are willing to accord to him; but this is a great mistake.
head
enough to conceive his own plans, with nerve and ability to accomplish them.
deus ex machina of
march to the sea.
When I heard, sir, that your government had removed
generals seriatim, and always, except at on to
under another experimental general.
I shall at once change the plan of campaign, and make my base of operations upon the
No, you must operate from the other direction.
But,
said if I do it will cost us
Well,
said you shall have the
If you furnish me the men to do it I will execute your plan.
A fair review of
stage effect
exultations over his grand victory.
republican court
became the focus of the chief gift-givers and gift-takers of the land; and from the moment of his acceptance of the supreme power it was evident there had been no sweetness for him in the uses of adversity
for having been born never intended to be poor any more.
his days will be few and evil.
Times and to us. We exceedingly regret that its publication in our Papers has been unavoidably delayed until now:]
field return,
made twice a month (on the monthly return,
made on the last day of each month.
officers present for duty,
and enlisted men present for duty
; the sum of the effective total
as generally understood — that is, the fighting strength.
effective total,
which embraced only the enlisted men present for duty — that is, the non-commissioned staff, sergeants,
effective total,
or the sum of the officers and enlisted men present for duty,
effective total.
field returns
was readily determined by adding together the officers and enlisted men present for duty; but in the case of the monthly reports
it was a very natural error for effective total
as representing the effective strength.
monthly report of the field return. I, therefore, took the total amount of the column headed effective total
--viz.,
effective total,
inasmuch as, excluding the cavalry, the strength of the army as taken from the field return of the At that date the effective strength of Total effective of all arms,
Of course this number was not available to him at any whole force of
enlisted men present for duty would not exceed
enlisted men present for duty, perhaps the figures originally given by me as the strength of enlisted men present for duty.
The returns of both armies were alike in this, viz.: in each there was a column for the officers The trains of the
somewhat more taan
officers and enlisted men present for duty,
a clear understanding is had of what is meant.
present for duty,
and present for duty.
present,
were separate columns for extra or special duty,
sick,
and in arrest.
men present for duty.
Federal officers gave as what they called their
I would call attention to the fact that, in his official correspondence with the effective strength the figures representing all the men present, and not only those present for duty,whole force of
enlisted men present for duty would not exceed effective strength,
but enlisted men present for duty.
enlisted men present for duty.
might be no misunderstanding,
he informs his superior that his whole force of enlisted men present for duty will not exceed
of all arms of the service, a little under upon that battle-field,the ranks of the cavalry were much reduced by its long and arduous march, repeated conflicts, and insufficient supplies of food.
a little under
After reading Southern Historical Society Papers on the defence of
Considerable delay was occasioned in the pursuit from the fact that the ground was unknown to the
and
Old Mag.
Southern Historical Society Papers, page 136,
the
the
as the company was called, marched on the Give me the
one year for which this company had enlisted had expired the time of enlistment was unanimously extended to
the
the
at
home
for the widows and daughters of Confederate soldiers, who gave their lives or were disabled in the cause of Southern Independence.
in Home
Home is under the management of a Board of control,
consisting of Gentlemen's Auxiliary Association,
composed of annual members, who pay
who died for us-ought to command the cheerful help of every true son of the
Errata are troublesome, but some errors crept into our last issue which must be corrected.
occupied
should read unoccupied. On page 188, instead of
it should read Chief of Engineers. Page 192,
should readconcluded
and on same page, instead ofcouched;
unlocked.
the
at Postinterview
of has always been the rule of the Department. Now, we will do
to give the Depart-
These points I supported with the most particular proof.
It seems from recent publications that my column of attack on the copying articles which are published in other periodicals, in order that we may give Times. We now copy from the Times his Times and the petition of the motif of that campaign and the true reasons of its failure.
pursuit pell-mell
; Times. Upon such trifling casuals as this do my enemies purpose to build their histories and amend mine.
the following paragraph (page 310): The number of infantry present for duty in
concentrated at
at all; over
and thus have left no margin in the estimate that My strength was a little under
I used in my narrative the lowest figures that he gave.
My extreme right flank was then held by a single brigade of the
detachments
were.
only a single brigade
on his right.
that my
will not be abandoned until the report of detachments
of other corps sent forward may not have been exactly morale of their presence in reinforcing the position and threatening our flanks as we pressed on, was about as effective as their actual bloody work could have been.
GazetteWorldthe best
There is no position there.
a sunrise attack.
Immediately upon the opening of the batteries (which began the battle), I sent several staff officers to hurry up the column under
On to the.
On to the
On to the
if practicable
; but it was not occupied in force when my battle opened, and was made strong as the fight progressed, as much by the fragments of the enemy's broken lines that took shelter behind its boulders as by any definite plan to seize it. It is needless to say that the same thing would have happened had the battle taken place either earlier or later.
a strong force,
was enabled to drive us from it and secure it to the at'sunrise,
He said the mistake they made was in not concentrating the army more and making the attack on the
If not attacked, and I can get any positive information of the enemy which will justify me in doing so, I will attack.
But having become separated from
etc., were compelled to retire.
A strong fire was poured upon our right flank, which had become detached from
The next day the
found anything better than reinforcing
letter of the
I hope you will be able to send me a report of your operations around
evening,
when, of course, it should have been morning.
There is an incidental matter to which I shall refer in this connection.
he gives the history of a meeting which he says took place on the Ultimo Suspiro
during the crisis of the campaign lost the matchless equipoise that usually characterized him, and that whatever mistakes were made were not so much
; that he, himself, alone understood the requirements of the occasion, and if he had been allowed to control the operations of the army, a brilliant victory would have ensued; and that every other officer in any responsible position, outside of his own immediate command, was grossly derelict, or terribly blundered.
the
because he is the only living person who could explain the
motif of that campaign and the true reasons of its failure.
The battle was not made as I would have made it. My idea was to throw ourselves between the enemy and general historian
in regard to the demerits and deficiencies of
As
the ill-natured and splenetic attacks
of certain wordy soldiers,
in a tom-tom warfare.
the professional writer
of the Times; but when
Everything therefore points to the advantages to be derived from a new commander, and I the more anxiously urge the matter upon your a full and free conversation
with him,
His [Longstreet's] letter was published owing to its corroborative and sympathetic relations to Republican
corroborative and sympathetic relations
is the passage given — that is,
Had I taken your advice at
Republicantom-tom warfare,
in which the leading part on our side was borne by me, and Times; and I will take occasion here to say, that I did not suspect him of having employed another to write the
Times, professing to be from him, that the diction was not his, and that he had manifestly been curbed in the expression of his comments on
The mistakes of
published in the Times of the
Times. Upon such trifling casuals as this do my enemies propose to build their histories and amend mine.
professional writer
for the Times. I cannot believe that old soldier
for sympathy.
Times.
At this late date the official relations of The mistakes of
Times seems to have been to claim for
The letter from Papers, from a distinguished gentleman to himself, that Times, of which the latter gives the substance, as follows:
Times gives it, and it is very probable that the letter itself, which is withheld, made it in more emphatic language.
When the head of my column reached that field it was about on the
The next day the
found anything better than reinforcing
found anything better than reinforcing
? Let us see what
mes.
About , the enemy having massed his troops in front of
Will
? Is it to be wondered that
After some desultory skirmishing and heavy cannonading during the day, the Times, says that
while Their repeated efforts to rally were unavailing, and
Times.
These points I supported with the most particular proof.
that the battle would have been gained if
The General is a little nervous this morning; he wishes me to attack; I do not wish to do so without
did the best
the claim will be allowed to pass without challenge, that much being conceded to the admissable pride of a commander in his troops; but when he asserts that his troops virtually charged against the whole Federal army,
the idea at once suggests itself, that, if those troops, who came so near success under such circumstances, had had.a leader competent to the occasion, and had been led to battle in the early morning or at any time in the forenoon, when all of the not cite, could not have speeded them enough to secure their arrival at the
Let us briefly review the situation on the morning of the
There is no position there.
a sunrise attack.
In his testimony,
At a very early hour on
About in the afternoon — it having been reported to me about that the
Soon afterwards I rode out with
The troops under
had the attack been made earlier or later, we should have seen the
argues a degree of obtuseness on the part of the writer of the above passage, or of reliance upon the credulity of his readers, which is marvellous.
our line of battle having been broken through the advice of
In my
his council agreed should be defensive in tactics, while of course it was offensive in strategy.
I recall these points simply because I desire to have it distinctly understood that, while I his council
to fix attention upon them, and the question very naturally arises: who constituted this council
that exercised or claimed to exercise powers co-equal with those of the council
? It is a novel proposition that there existed any such body or person.
I was never persuaded to yield my argument against the Gettysburg campaign, except with the understanding that we were not to deliver an offensive battle, but so to manoeuvre that the enemy should be forced to attack us-or, to repeat, that our campaign should be
corroborative and sympathetic relations
to the council
of
offensive in strategy but defensive in tactics,
which settles the whole question as to the propriety of the attack on damnable iteration
that may serve to confuse and delude those unskilled in warfare, but when applied to the
to throw ourselves between the enemy and
was entirely impracticable, as well as unsustained by sound logic or wisdom, I hold to be fully demonstrable:
If not attacked and I can get any positive information of the enemy which will justify me in doing so, I will attack.
any right-thinking man, if we add that
Statement.-It appears of record that in the The
Governmental Law-The Confederate States of America-A Government de jure.-The Government of
Thewas organized and called into real active existence in the most solumn and formal mode; and was an integral, independent government, complete in its several departments — was clothed with all the powers and discharged all the functions incident to a Sovereign State.Confederate States of America
Same.-Allegiance-juris et de jure.-Obedience to its authority in civil and local matters was not only a necessity, but a duty.
International Law.-Belligerent Rights.-Gunpowder.-The use of gunpowder is a belligerent right of primal importance:--the right to use carries with it the right to purchase or manufacture, and in the manufacture the right to the means requisite for its achievement.
State.-Right.-A State having a right may employ the means necessary for its perfection and enjoyment, and to this end may engage its citizens, or they may voluntarily contribute to it.
Case at Bar.-In the present case the contract was freely and voluntarily entered into, and was, therefore, legal and binding.
If the officers of the
We have already seen that the people of the insurgent States, under the
at the making of the note in suit?
the condition of things created by the acts of the governing power,peoples in convention assembled, or by overwhelming majorities at the ballot box, withdrawn from the
--complete in its several deepartments, clothed with all the powers, and discharging all the functions incident to a The Confederate States of America,
The State is obliged to defend and preserve all its members, and the
the powers that were.
it results that the interpreting and enforcing the contract with reference to the condition of things created by the acts of the governing power,
and its constituent members had the power, and exercised it, of making laws for their own government and that of its citizens:--that the citizen had no escape from them :--that this contract was made freely and voluntarily, and was lawful,--The Confederate States of America
interpreted with reference to the condition of things
asmade,
obedience to its authority in civil and local matters, not only a necessity, but a duty.
de facto, with belligerent rights.
That although municipal rights of sovereignty remained in the
voluntarily do so.
Dear sir: The sketch which I send herewith has been prepared at the urgent request of several of the survivors of the
Greatly did officers and men marvel as morning, noon, and afternoon passed in inaction — on our part, not on the enemy's, for, as we well knew, he was plying axe and pick and shovel in fortifying a position which was already sufficiently formidable.
nearly twenty-four hours after we had gotten into position. We were to storm the eastern face of
It was dark, and from a letter written after the battle.
Fire on them, boys; fire on them IAt that moment
They are our own men.
Let me tell you the character of their works.
front.-Extract from a letter.
the fast-coming darkness drew its curtains around the vulnerable parts everywhere spread out.
Again and again did the rebels attack in front and flank; but as often as they approached they were stricken down and disappeared.-on the flank were those of the
--Vol.moved under cover of the woods and deepening twilight, and expected an easy conquest by which a way would be opened for the remainder of Johnson to the 's corps Ewell National rear; but he found a formidable antagonist in. 's brigade Greene The assault was made with great vigor, but for more than two hours , assisted by a part of Greene , fought the assailants, strewing the wooded slope in front of the works with the 's command Wadsworth Confederate dead and wounded, and holding his position firmly.Finally, his antagonist penetrated the works near Spangler's Spring , from which the troops had been temporarily withdrawn.
withdrawn--but
I find a similar statement in Atlantic llfonthly, ronm these works part of the But these were not the works occupied by H
Passing over the abandoned breastworks further to the right, the enemy found nothing to oppose him, and pushed out through the woods in their rear over the stone fences that skirt the fields farther to the south, and had nearly gained theBaltimore pike .Indeed, the reserve artillery and ammunition, and the headquarters of, the commander of the General Slocum right wing of the army, were within musket-range of his farthest advance.
Southern Historical Society Papers for
The troops of the former () moved steadily up the steep and rugged ascent under a heavy fire, driving the enemy into his entrenchments, part of which were carried by Johnson , and a number of prisoner's taken. 's brigade Steuart
How was it dear-bought
if occupied without opposition? Verily, unoccupied breastworks must have been fatal spots in that battle.The ground was rough, and the woods so thick that their generals did not realize till morning what they had gained.
This might have proved disastrous to us had it not occurred at so late an hour.
a position which, if held by him, would enable him to take .
Had he known the advantage which was open to him, and all that we now know, he might, with the troops he had, have played havoc with the trains, and set the whole army in retreat; but he was ignorant of the prize which was within his grasp.
--Page 140.
The enemy was evidently before us in immense numbers, and posted behind During the night,
says a powerful artillery was accumulated against the point entered by the enemy.
To
The troops of the
says had returned from the left, and the
Extract from a letter.The crest of the hill to the right was still more difficult of approach.
We emptied each box into a blanket and swung the blanket on a rail, and so carried it to the front.
As the day wore on, the heat from the fire and smoke of battle, and the scorching of the
--page the battle raged furiously, and was maintained with desperate obstinacy on both sides.
terrible slaughter
of our men. I went over the ground
From
--page The batteries began to open again on points along our outer line.
--Page 143.aiming apparently in the same direction. Other batteries along the inner line, just to the left of the Still no artillery response from the rebels. Atlantic Monthly,
My memoranda says that
reinforced by the brigades of subsequentlycaptured works were held by the men who captured them from ,
They were confident of their ability to sweep him away and take the whole Union line in reverse.
line.-
In this work of death, a battery of artillery placed on a hill to the right of the
--Page 40.
Left-face,and afterwards,
File right.
Charge bayonets!
Since writing the above I have met with the following account of this memorable charge in Suddenly the quiet was broken by a yell bursting from
some of the most desperate coming within twenty paces of the Union front.
It cannot be denied,says
that they behaved courageously.
The end soon came.
As soon as we were unmasked a most terrific fire was opened upon us from
--Extract from a letter describing the battle. I give it just as I find it, adding that if the tattered battle-flag of the driven from our position.
it was carried by a charge of
New troops were brought on, and fighting continued until now (
Total loss in the brigade (killed, wounded, and missing)
What a field was this!
We came upon numberless forms clad in grey, either stark and stiff or else still weltering in their blood. .... Turning whichever way we chose, the eye rested upon human forms lying in all imaginable positions. . . . We were surprised at the accuracy as well as the bloody results of our fire.
--
to maintain the high character of our publications.
Papers are not only deeply interesting, but indispensible to a full knowledge of the truth of Confederate history.
, of
Stonewall
Memorial day
has not been forgotten this year at the who died for us,
or to teach our children to cherish their memories and emulate their virtues.
to deck the graves and honor the memories of the braves who sleep beneath its sod.
bivouack of the dead,
and noted that all (from every State of the boys who wore the gray
and freely gave their lives in her defence.
unknown heroes
of the rank and file, or to linger around the resting-place of
hill; the boy artillerist,
whose record lives in the hearts of the whole army, and whose last words were: I have done my duty, and now I turn to my Savior
; go in with the boys,
musket in hand; the fearless tribune of the people,
who claimed no exemption from hardship and danger on account of his age or long service; whose merit was only equalled by his modesty
;
a monument to be erected in
inalienable
rights.they believed they were right..
where the wicked cease from troubling and the weary are at rest.
fought and lost than never to have fought at all.
refugeeing,
the brutality of