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joined Hannibal soon after he landed in Africa, but he was not present at the battle of Zama, as he was probably engaged in collecting forces in his own dominions. He arrived very soon after the battle at the head of a considerable army, but was attacked by the Romans and defeated with great loss. Fifteen thousand of his men were slain and twelve hundred taken prisoners; Vermina himself escaped with difficulty accompanied by only a few horsemen. He had now no alternative but submission. In B. C. 200 he sent an embassy to Rome, praying for forgiveness, and begging that the senate would call him a king, an ally, and a friend. The senate replied that he must first sue for peace, and that they would send commissioners into his kingdom to dictate the terms on which it would be granted. When the commissioners arrived in Africa, they were received by Vermina with the greatest respect. A peace was concluded with him, the terms of which are not mentioned, but we know that the greater part of h
tten by a grandson of Aaron. The book of the law in all synagogues is thus mounted. Another ancient mode, the precursor of the more modern system, is found in the mode of stringing leaves together by several cords passing through holes near one edge. This is practiced in India with pieces of leaves neatly cut to a size. See paper; pen. The present plan of fastening the leaves to a back and sides is believed to have been invented by Attalus, of Pergamus, or his son Eumenes, about 200 B. C. This king, or somebody for him, invented parchment, hence called pergamena, from Pergamus. It was devised as a substitute for papyrus, on which an embargo had been laid by Ptolemy of Egypt, who thus sought to embarrass the rival library in Asia Minor. The oldest bound book known is the volume of St. Cuthbert, circa 650. Ivory was used for book covers in the eighth century; oak in the ninth. The Book of Evangelists, on which the English kings took their coronation oath, was bound in
The volumes composing this latter were written largely on parchment, and, according to the old story, this material was invented or discovered by Eumenes, about 200 B. C., in consequence of a prohibition laid on the exportation of papyrus from Egypt, due to the fact that one of the Ptolemies wished to have no rivals in the matter ined the matter for his Persian history from the royal parchments or skins. The invention of parchment is, however, ascribed to Eumenes, king of Pergamos, about 200 B. C. For notices of papyrus and parchment, see paper. The former instances particularly concern the use of the stylus. That of the pen proper will now claim Orrery and obtained celebrity. It received its name from Steele, who wrote a description of it. The first recorded planetarium was made by Archimedes, about 200 B. C. It must have been constructed after the geocentric system, which then obtained, — the earth in the center, and so on. A planetarium constructed at Florence in
Cambridge History of American Literature: volume 1, Colonial and Revolutionary Literature: Early National Literature: Part I (ed. Trent, William Peterfield, 1862-1939., Erskine, John, 1879-1951., Sherman, Stuart Pratt, 1881-1926., Van Doren, Carl, 1885-1950.), Chapter 2: the early drama, 1756-1860 (search)
759. It was not performed at this time, but was acted on 24 April, 1767, at the Southwark Theatre, in Philadelphia, according to an advertisement in The Pennsylvania journal and weekly Advertiser of 23 April, which contains a list of the players who were to take part. Godfrey did not live to see his play, but died in 1763, two years before it was published. This play, the first written by an American to be produced by a professional company, is a romantic tragedy, laid in Parthia about 200 B. C., and is written in blank verse of a flexible and dignified character. It is no unworthy beginning for American dramatic poetry, but it led at the time to no school of writing. It is interesting, however, to note that at a later period the most significant literary drama in this country was produced in the field of tragedy to which The Prince of Parthia belongs. The Pre-Revolutionary period was purely a tentative one. The work of Charlotte Lenox, who was born here but whose plays were