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A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Crati'nus (search)
ans, who give to Cratinus only twenty-one plays, may be reconciled on the supposition that some of these plays had been lost when the grammarians wrote, as, for example, the *Sa/turoi and *Xeimazo/menoi, which are mentioned only in the Didascalia of the Knights and Acharnians. Dateable Plays The following are the plays of Cratinus, the date of which is known with certainty :-- B. C. >About 448. *)Arxi/loxoi. In 425. *Xeimazo/menoi, 2nd prize. Aristophanes was first, with the Acharnians. 424. *Sa/turoi, 2nd prize. Aristophanes was first, with the Knights. 423. *Puti/nh, 1st prize. 2nd. Ameipsias, *Ko/nnos. 3rd. Aristoph. *Nefe/lai. Ancient Commentators The chief ancient commentators on Cratinus were Asclepiades, Didymus, Callistratus, Euphronius, Symmachus, Aristarchus, and the Scholiasts. Edition Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. i. pp. 43-58, ii. pp. 13-232. Further Information Bergk, Comment. de Reliq. Com. Alt., the first part of which is upon Cratinus only.
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), or Dareius Nothus (search)
e his sister Parysatis, the daughter of Xerxes I. When SOGDIANUS, another bastard son of Artaxerxes, had murdered the king, Xerxes II., he called Ochus to his court. Ochus promised to go. but delayed till he had collected a large army, and then he declared war against Sogdianus. Arbarius, the commander of the royal cavalry, Arxames, the satrap of Egypt, and Artoxares, the satrap of Armenia, deserted to him, and placed the diadem upon his lead, according to Ctesias, against his will, B. C. 424-423. Sogdianus gave himself up to Ochus, and was put to death. Ochus now assumed the name of Dareius. He was completely under the power of three eunuchs, Artoxares, Artibarxanes, and Athoiis, and of his wife, Parysatis, by whom, before his accession, he had two children, a daughter Amistris, and a son Arsaces, who succeeded him by the name of Artaxerxes (II. Mnemon). After his accession, Parysatis bore him a son, Cyrus [Cyrus the Younger], and a daughter, Artosta. He had other children, all of w
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Eupo'lemus (search)
Eupo'lemus （*Eu)po/lemos), an Argive architect, who built the great Heraeun at Mycenae, after its destruction by fire in B. C. 423. The entablature was ornamented with sculptures representing the wars of the gods and giants, and the Trojan war. A full description of the other works of art connected with this temple is given by Pausanias. (Paus. 2.17.3; Thuc. 4.133.) [P.
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Euri'pides (search)
on which the present tragedy was intended as an improvement, and in which the criminal love of Phaedra appears to have been represented in a more offensive manner, and as avowed by herself boldly and without restraint. For the conjectuad reasons of the title *Kalupto/menos, applied to this former drama, see Wagner, Fragm. Eurip. p. 220, &c.; Valcken. Praef. in Hippol. pp. 19, 20; comp. Hartung. Eurip. Rest. pp. 41, &c., 401, &c. Hecuba. Hecuba. This play must have been exhibited before B. C. 423, as Aristophanes parodies a passage of it in the Clouds (1148), which he brought out in that year. Müller says that the passage in the Hecuba (645, ed. Pors.), ste/nei de\ kai/ tis k. t. l., " seems to refer to the misfortunes of the Spartans at Pylos in B. C. 425." This is certainly possible ; and, if it is the case, we may fix the refresentation the play in B. C. 424. Heracleidae. Heracleidae. Müller refers it, by conjecture, to, B. C. 421. Supplices. Supplices. This also he refe
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Ischa'goras (search)
Ischa'goras （*)Isxago/ras), commanded the reinforcements sent by Sparta in the ninth year of the Peloponnesian war, B. C. 423, to join Brasidas in Chalcidice. Perdiccas, as the price of his new treaty with Athens, prevented, by means of his influence in Thessaly, the passage of the troops. Ischagoras himself, with some others, made their way to Brasidas, but how long he staid is doubtful; in B. C. 421 we find him sent again from Sparta to the same district, to urge Clearidas to give up Amphipolis, according to the treaty, into the hands of the Athenians. (Thuc. 4.132, 5.21.) [A.H.
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Magnes (search)
native of the deims of Icaria or Icarius, in Attica. (Suid. s. v.) He is mentioned by Aristotle (Aristot. Poet. 3) in such a manner as to imply that he was contemporary, or nearly so, with Chionides. An anonymous writer on comedy (p. 28) places him intermediate between Epicharmus and Cratinus. Suidas states that he was contemporary, as a young man, with Epicharmus in his old age. His recent death, at an advanced age, is referred to in the Knights of Aristophanes (524), which was written in B. C. 423. From these statements it may be inferred that he flourished about Ol. 80, B. C. 460, and onwards. The grammarian Diomedes is evidently quite wrong in joining him with Susarion and Myllus (iii. p. 486). Works The most important testimony respecting Magnes is the passage of the Knights just referred to, in which Aristophanes upbraids the Athenians for their inconstancy towards the poet, who had been extremely popular, but lived to find himself out of fashion (vv. 520-525): tou=to me\n
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Ni'cias (search)
, a success gained with the greater facility, as he had previously had negotiations with some of the Cytherians. He stationed an Athenian garrison in the island, and ravaged the coast of Laconia for seven days. On his return he ravaged the territory of Epidaurus in Laconia, and took Thyrea, where the Spartans had settled the Aeginetans after their expulsion from their own island. These Aeginetans having been conveyed to Athens were put to death by the Athenians. (Thuc. 4.54; Diod. l.c.) In B. C. 423, Nicias and Nicostratus were sent with an army to Chalcidice to check the movements of Brasidas. They obtained possession of Mende, and blockaded Scione; while thus engaged they entered into an agreement with Perdiccas. Having finished the circumvallation of Scione, they returned home. (Thuc. 4.130-- 132.) The death of Cleon removed out of the way of Nicias the only rival whose power was at all commensurate with his own, and he now exerted all his influence to bring about a peace. He had
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), (search)
el of his own with Arrhibaeus, prince of Lyncestis. But Brasidas, though he at first joined his forces with those of the Macedonian king, interposed rather as a mediator than an auxiliary, and soon concluded a treaty with Arrhibaeus, by which proceeding he so much offended Perdiccas, that the latter withdrew a part of the supplies which he had engaged to furnish to the Lacedaemonian army, and took little part in the operations of Brasidas in Chalcidice and Thrace. But the following spring (B. C. 423) the conclusion of a truce for a year between the Athenians and Lacedaemonians having suspended the operations of Brasidas, Perdiccas induced him once more to join in a campaign against Arrhibaeus. The king had also reckoned on the cooperation of a body of Illyrians, but these expected allies suddenly joined the enemy, and the Macedonian troops, alarmed at their defection, were seized with a panic, and compelled Perdiccas to make a hasty retreat, leaving his Spartan auxiliaries at the merc
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Philo'nides (search)
han one name) as to the practice of Aristophanes with respect to several of his plays. There is, therefore, no reason for the violent and arbitrary alteration of the words of the grammarian, who, as above quoted, expressly says that the play was exhibited dia\ kallistra/tou. There is, therefore, no evidence that Aristophanes exhibited under the name of Philonides previous to the date of the Knights ; but that he did so afterwards we know on the clearest evidence. His next play, the Clouds (B. C. 423), we might suppose to have been brought out in the name of Philonides, on account of the statement of the grammarian, that Aristophanes assigned to him the plays against Socrates and Euripides, coupled with the known fact that the Frogs were exhibited in the name of Philoides ; but, however this may be, we find that, in the following year, B. C. 422, Aristophanes brought oult two plays, the Proagon and the Wasps, both in the name of Philonides, and gained with them the first and second pri
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith), Plato (search)
is there are no fragments). *Ni=kai *Nu\c makra/ *Ca/ntriai h)\ *Ke/rkwpes *Paida/rion *Pei/sandros *Perialgh/s *Poihth/s *Pre/sbeis *Skeuai/ *Sofistai/ *Summaxi/a *Su/rfac *(Upe/rbolos *Fa/wn. The following dates of his plays are known : the Cleophon gained the third prize in Ol. 93. 4, B. C. 405, when Aristophanes was first with the Frogs, and Phrynichus second with the Muses ; the Phaon was exhibited in Ol. 97. 2, B. C. 391 (Schol. in Aristoph. Plut. 179); the Peisander about Ol. 89, B. C. 423; the Perialges a little later; the Hyperbolus about Ol. 91, B. C. 415; the Presbeis about Ol. 97, B. C. 392. The Laius seems to have been one of the latest of his plays. Assessment It has been already stated that some grammarians assign Plato to the Middle Comedy; and it is evident that several of the above titles belong to that species. Some even mention Plato as a poet of the New Comedy. (Atlen. iii. p. 103c., vii. p. 279a.) Hence a few modern scholars have supposed a second Plato, a
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