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A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology (ed. William Smith) 79 79 Browse Search
Frank Frost Abbott, Commentary on Selected Letters of Cicero 18 18 Browse Search
M. Tullius Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares (ed. L. C. Purser) 16 16 Browse Search
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight) 12 12 Browse Search
M. Tullius Cicero, Letters to Atticus (ed. L. C. Purser) 4 4 Browse Search
Frank Frost Abbott, Commentary on Selected Letters of Cicero 3 3 Browse Search
Samuel Ball Platner, Thomas Ashby, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 2 2 Browse Search
M. Annaeus Lucanus, Pharsalia (ed. Sir Edward Ridley) 1 1 Browse Search
C. Julius Caesar, Gallic War 1 1 Browse Search
M. Tullius Cicero, De Officiis: index (ed. Walter Miller) 1 1 Browse Search
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Browsing named entities in Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight). You can also browse the collection for 50 BC or search for 50 BC in all documents.

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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
ep a little in advance of civilization. Huber wrote on bees in 1796, and the bee-anatomists and physiologists are but his followers. Samson found a swarm of bees in the land that flowed with milk and honey. Honey was prohibited as an offering on the altar under the Levitical law, but its first-fruits were presented for the use of the priests. (Lev. II. 11, 12.) Honey was a favorite article of food in ancient Egypt, but the tombs are silent as to the treatment of the bees. Varro (50 B. C.) recommends that hives be made of basket-work, wood, bark, hollow trees, pottery, or reeds, and be contractible according to the size of the swarm. He recommends a pane of transparent stone (lapis specularis), so as to enable the apiarian to see the bees at work. Sallust recommends cork; a very good suggestion. They are yet made of cork in some parts of Southern Europe; the wood being removed, leaves the cork-bark as a cylinder. In Greece and Turkey earthenware hives are in common us
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
when taken out of the vat of the scourer, is used for making mattresses, an invention, I fancy, of the Gauls. The gausapa [a thick cloth, shaggy on one side, and used for coverlets and cloaks] has been brought into use in my father's memory, and I myself recollect the amphimalla [napped on both sides] and the long shaggy apron [ventrale] being introduced; but at the present day, the laticlave [broad-striped] tunic is beginning to be manufactured into an imitation of the gausapa. Varro [50 B. C.] informs us that he himself was an eyewitness that in the temple of Sancus, the wool was still preserved on the distaff and spindle of Tanaquil [wife of Tarquinius Priscus, 616 B. C., and a native of Etruria], who was also called Caia Caecilia; and he says that the royal waved [watered] toga formerly worn by Servius Tullius [578 B. C.], and now in the temple of Fortuna, was made by her. Tanaquil was the first who wove the straight tunic [tunica recta, woven in a perpendicular loom]. Such as
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), O. (search)
re. The eye-piece of a telescope or microscope. Odd-side. （Founding.) When many castings are required from one pattern, or from a number of patterns, molded in the same flask, the false-part is prepared with care in an odd-flask, and is preserved indefinitely. By the use of a good odd-part, much time is saved in making the parting. O-dom′e-ter. The machine for measuring distances when traveling, Vitruvius says, was discovered by the ancients and is yet found very useful. （50 B. C.) When adapted for a chariot or traveling carriage, the wheels were made of such a diameter that every revolution would advance the vehicle 12 1/2 feet. Thus 400 revolutions passed over 5,000 feet, or a Roman mile. The diameter of the wheels was therefore nearly 4 feet. A drum-wheel was fixed to the inner side of the hub of the wheel, and had one small projecting tooth, which, at each revolution, turned one tooth of a cog-wheel journaled in a box above and having 400 teeth. This cogwheel h<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
15, 1830, has a pair of rollers, between which the leather is run, flattening down the plaster upon it. Blisters were made by Hippocrates, 400 B. C. Cantharides are commonly found in Spain, and their use is ascribed to Aretaeus of Cappadocia, 50 B. C. Sticking-plaster is made as follows: Two solutions are first made: one, an ounce of isinglass in eight ounces of hot water; and the other, of two drachms of gum-benzoin in two ounces of rectified spirits. These solutions are to be strained aht acres of good land. The interest on money was about six per cent per annum at that time; the rate was fluctuating, and not legally prescribed. A good yield from the land at this time was 21 to 32 bushels of wheat per acre. In Varro's time (50 B. C.) wheat was worth from 32 to 44 cents per bushel. For convenience, the figures are rendered into our currency and measures. In Columella's time, wheat was worth $1.68 per bushel in Rome. Money invested in land yielded about four per cent per a
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
steel. The forgers of the latter were in Celtiberia, now New Castile and Arragon. The town of Bilbilis and the little river Salo, a tributary of the Ebro, are celebrated as the center of the iron district. Diodorus, a Greek, who wrote about 50 B. C., describes the Celtiberians as armed with weapons of excellent temper. He states that they buried the iron till part was consumed by rust, and that the remainder made swords strong enough to cleave a shield or helmet, or cut through a bone. Soh in Egypt and in Greece. Asclepias in the former, or Esculapius, in the latter, were demi-gods, the latter being reputed to be the son of Apollo, and to have accompanied Melampus and Chiron as surgeons on a warlike expedition, about 1242 B. C., fifty years before the fall of Troy. Machaon and Podalirius, two sons of Esculapius, were army surgeons with the Greeks in the Troad. Damocedes, 600 B. C., was taken prisoner by the Persians, and became court physician in Persia, reducing a dislocati
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
thus formed as those portions of the periphery came in turn to be submerged. As the wheel revolved, such portions of water were carried up and flowed along the partition toward the axis around which the water was discharged, being elevated to a hight nearly equal to the radius of the wheel. The wheel was driven by floats on the periphery or side of the wheel, or by means of animal or manual power, and had several modifications. The Roman form of the tympanum is described by Vitruvius, 50 B. C., and was derived from Egypt. The partitions were 8 in number, and were radial; the holes, 6 inches in diameter, were made in the drum-like, cylindrical surface, which was otherwise closely boarded up; the wheel was mounted so as to rotate over the side of a vessel which was moored, and was driven by a tread-wheel on board the vessel; the water lifted by the buckets was discharged at the axis of the wheel. What is known as De la Faye's pump is constructed on this plan. This wheel is oft
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), U. (search)
15, 1864; Barnare, No. 93,513, August 10, 1869. See log. d. Vanes actuated by current. St. John, No. 8,085, May 13, 1851; Pierce, No. 128,324, June 25, 1872. e. A flap-valve opening against the current, and oscillated on its axis with a force proportionate to the speed of the vessel, actuating a rod and a pointer on a dial. Walker, No. 14,328, February 26, 1856; Hinman and Tournier, No. 17,349, May 19, 1857; Thompson, No. 14,035, January 1, 1856. A velocimeter, Vitruvius says (50 B. C.), was used by the ancients, and useful in his own time for indicating the distance traveled by sea and by land. The device for attachment to a land-carriage is described under odometer (which see). In navigation, an axle was placed athwart the vessel, having at each end a paddle-wheel four feet in diameter, which dipped into the water and was rotated by the motion of the vessel. That part of the axle within the vessel had a wheel with a single tooth standing out beyond its face, at whi
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
cask coalesce in a single tube. An adjusting-ball B′ is provided for graduating the preponderance of the ends of the box, to adapt the meter for liquids of different gravities. See also Fig. 2973. Wa′ter-mill. Water-mills were probably invented in Asia. One is described near one of the palaces of Mithridates of Pontus, 70 B. C. See grinding-mill. Strabo speaks of one on the Tiber, 70 B. C. Antipater, the contemporary of Cicero, alludes to one in an epigram. Vitruvius, 50 B. C., describes their construction as similar to the tympanum, with circumferential floats or paddles which were acted upon by the force of the stream, driving the wheel round. On the axis of the water-wheel was another wheel with cogs, which meshed into the cogs of a horizontal wheel, on the upper head of whose axis was a tenon inserted in the millstone. Pliny refers to water-mills (died A. D. 79). Public water-mills were established in Rome in the time of Honorius and Arcadius (A. D. 39
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), Y. (search)
ed thong secured the yoke to the pole of the chariot of Gordius, king of Phrygia. It was a complicated tie, and formed the famous Gordian knot which was cut asunder by the sword of Alexander; his favorite mode of solving a difficulty. Varro (50 B. C.) recommends that in breaking oxen their necks should be put between forked stakes, one for each bullock, and be gentled while thus fastened by hand-feeding. Then join an unbroken one with a veteran ; load light at first. Virgil says, begin with them when calves. They were yoken by the horns or neck, the latter being preferred by the writers of the day. Cheetah-cart. Columella (50 B. C.) condemns yoking by the horns, and states that they can pull better by the neck and breast, which is true. His directions for the treatment of oxen are full and excellent. In Tuscany, oxen are guided by reins attached to rings passing through the cartilage between the nostrils. In Africa, a straight stick takes the place of the ring, an