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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
piston-valve is regulated by the eccentrics on the paddle-shaft. These eccentrics give motion to the rods h h, which, by intermediate levers, operate upon the pistons in the small cylinder. This is one of the numerous devices intended to obviate the use of the beam in marine engines. In-clined′ plane. An artificial slope forming an ascent for vehicles; the climbing passes for pedestrians perhaps hardly deserve the name. Stevinus, in his work on the principles of equilibrium, 1586, established the fundamental property of the inclined plane, and solved the value of forces acting obliquely. Galileo's treatise on Mechanics appeared a few years later. In various parts of the old countries of Europe and Asia are the remains of vast engineering works on the main routes of travel and conquest. It is supposed that the grade on the great canal of Sesostris (1500 B. C.), which united the Red Sea and the Nile, was overcome by a sluice; probably an inclined plane down which
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
r of the same size throughout. They printed but few copies at once, for 200 or 300 were then esteemed a large edition. Catchwords at the foot of pages were first used at Venice by Vindeline de Spori. They have but lately been abolished. Signatures to sheets were used by Zorat in Milan in 1470. The first press in America was in Mexico. The Manual for adults was printed on it in 1550 by Juan Cromberger, who was probably the first printer in America. The second press was at Lima, in 1586. The press at Cambridge, Massachusetts, was established in January, 1639, by Stephen Daye. It still exists as the University press, and at that establishment this Dictionary has the honor to be set up. The Faculty of Harvard College was censor till 1662, when licensers of the press were appointed. In 1755 the press was free. A Psalter in the English and Indian languages was printed at the University press in 1709. A printing-press was established in New London, Conn., in 1709; the firs
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
(Nautical.) The painted moldings on a ship's side. Ribbon-brake. Rib′bon-brake. A brake having a band which nearly surrounds the wheel whose motion is to be checked. One end is made fast and the other is attached to the short arm of a bent lever, by means of which it may be at once applied to the greater part of the periphery of the wheel, exerting a frictional pressure proportionate to the force applied to the lever. Rib′bon-loom. The ribbon-loom first appeared at Dantzic in 1586, and the inventor is said to have been strangled to prevent the spread of what would throw so many mechanics out of employment. It was prohibited in Holland for that reason in 1623. It is first noticed in England in 1674. In 1780, the mode of ornamentation (watering) by pressing between figured steel plates was adopted. Steel cylin- ders were afterward substituted. See narrow-ware loom. Ribbon-map. Rib′bon-map. A map printed on a long strip which winds on an axis within the cas<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
-crane; traveling-crane. The square timber-scaffolding was, however, used on the Cologne Cathedral from the commencement of its building, A. D. 1248, and probably will be for several hundred years to come on the same structure, in the rebuilding and extension which seem to be progressing simultaneously. A precedent for the Nelson Column erection is found in the more complex and difficult work of raising the Egyptian Obelisk in the Plaza of St. Peter's at Rome, by Domenic Fontano, A. D. 1586. The Arc de l'etoile and the Eglise de la Madeleine are triumphs of the first Napoleon. on which the same style of scaffolding was used. The tendency in the United States is to the use of the derrickcrane, whose simplicity and efficiency leave little to be desired. The extension of the Treasury Building in Washington, under the conduct of A. B. Mullet, was made by colossal stones; its monolithic character is said to be second only to the Church of St. Isaac's at St Petersburg, Russia.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
s to the Solanaceoe, which includes the nightshade, potato, and tomato. The name Nicotiana is derived from Jean Nicot, the minister of France in Portugal, 1660, who first made the plant known in France. It has been conjectured that the Asiatic variety is derived from China, which has been regarded as another center of production. The probabilities are against the supposition. It was introduced into England by Sir John Hawkins in 1565, and by Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Drake in 1586. The practice was made the butt of the wits, the object of denunciation by the clergy, and the subject of a pamphlet by the silly King James I., who published his Counterblaste to tobacco. Its use was condemned by kings, popes, and sultans, and smokers were condemned to various cruel punishments. The manufacture of tobacco depends upon the kind of tobacco and the article required. Cigars are made of the best, which is grown on soils peculiarly adapted to produce the delicate flavor; a p
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Book and heart: essays on literature and life, Chapter 18: the future of polite society (search)
sicians were all equally considered as profligate vagrants. Thus various are the habits of nations. With Americans, again, the brewer sinks in comparative standing, and the musician rises. Once accept the fiction of hereditary nobility, and it leads you to extend its traditions over all your circle. The first effort of acquired wealth is to supply itself with a coat of arms — to sail, that is, under the flag of the old families. A Scotch antiquarian, Ferne, writing The Blaen of Gentry in 1586, carrying the process a little further, affirms that the Twelve Apostles of Christianity, although apparently humble fishermen, were undoubtedly gentlemen of high blood, in temporary poverty, but entitled to bear coat armour. Many of them, he is satisfied, were descended from that worthy conqueror Judas Maccabaeus. But the truth is that the distinction between a newly enriched family and a family descended even from Judas Maccabaeus is a mere matter of a century or two. Every family has
The Cambridge of eighteen hundred and ninety-six: a picture of the city and its industries fifty years after its incorporation (ed. Arthur Gilman), Cambridge town, 1750-1846. (search)
e held. The distribution of the population in the three parishes in 1750 is largely a matter for conjecture. We have, however, the means of forming an approximate opinion. In 1765, the inhabitants numbered 1571. Eleven years later, there were 1586. There can be but little doubt that in 1750 the population was in the neighborhood of 1500, of whom about one half lived in the body of the town, one third in Menotomy, and one sixth south of the Charles. Manufactures were unknown. Laborers foueginning of this sketch as the point in the history of the town where a marked change in its career began. Down to this time there had been little or no fluctuation in the population. The number of inhabitants in 1776 was said to have been only 1586, and at that time both Menotomy and the parish south of the Charles were parts of the town. Cambridgeport and East Cambridge could have been described in 1780, in conveyancer's language, as woodlands, pastures, swamps, and salt marsh. The little
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, A book of American explorers, chapter 9 (search)
we durst not adventure on any thing, although there was no cause of doubt; for a more kind and loving people there cannot be found in the world, as far as we have hitherto had trial. Iii.—Adventures of the first Virginia colony. In the year of our Lord 1586, Sir Walter Raleigh, at his own charge, prepared a ship of an hundred tons, freighted with all manner of things in most plentiful manner, for the supply and relief of his colony then remaining in Virginia. But, before they set sail fence we went through the woods to that part of the island directly over against Dasamonguepeuk; and from thence we returned by the water-side round about the north point of the island, until we came to the place where I left our colony in the year 1586. A mistake of the pen. It was 1587. In all this way we saw in the sand the print of the savages' feet, of two or three sorts, trodden [in] the night; and as we entered up the sandy bank, upon a tree, in the very brow thereof, were curiously
Lucius R. Paige, History of Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1630-1877, with a genealogical register, Genealogical Register (search)
d. 20 June 1674; Moses, b. 17 Feb. 1675-6; Mary, b. 9 Mar. 1678-9, d. 15 Ap. 1679; Andrew, The record has Aaron, but I think it should be Andrew, who is named in his father's will, and who sold lands in Camb. bequeathed by his father. He was a saddler, resided in Roxbury, and had three children living in 1714, Mary, Moses, and Aaron. He m. second w. Sarah Goddard, at Rox., 20 Oct. 1715. b. 21 June 1681; Martha, b. 9 Nov. 1683, m. Stephen Willis of Medf. 30 Sept. 1708; Aaron, b. 18 Ap. 1586; Mary, b. 6 May 1689, m. Ebenezer Dorr of Roxbury 16 Feb. 1709-10. Aaron the f. was a locksmith; was appointed to take charge of the College clock, and also to serve as College Smith, 1675; and succeeded his brother as College Cook and Steward. He inherited his father's estate on the westerly side of Dunster Street, to which he made large additions, and became an extensive land-holder in the town. He d. 15 Jan. 1702-3, a. 53; his w. Mary was living in 1717. 4. Andrew, s. of Andrew (2),
Lucius R. Paige, History of Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1630-1877, with a genealogical register, B. (search)
d. 20 June 1674; Moses, b. 17 Feb. 1675-6; Mary, b. 9 Mar. 1678-9, d. 15 Ap. 1679; Andrew, The record has Aaron, but I think it should be Andrew, who is named in his father's will, and who sold lands in Camb. bequeathed by his father. He was a saddler, resided in Roxbury, and had three children living in 1714, Mary, Moses, and Aaron. He m. second w. Sarah Goddard, at Rox., 20 Oct. 1715. b. 21 June 1681; Martha, b. 9 Nov. 1683, m. Stephen Willis of Medf. 30 Sept. 1708; Aaron, b. 18 Ap. 1586; Mary, b. 6 May 1689, m. Ebenezer Dorr of Roxbury 16 Feb. 1709-10. Aaron the f. was a locksmith; was appointed to take charge of the College clock, and also to serve as College Smith, 1675; and succeeded his brother as College Cook and Steward. He inherited his father's estate on the westerly side of Dunster Street, to which he made large additions, and became an extensive land-holder in the town. He d. 15 Jan. 1702-3, a. 53; his w. Mary was living in 1717. 4. Andrew, s. of Andrew (2),
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