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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
e of gunpowder into Europe. The art of making felted fabrics was reintroduced into Europe by the Tartar hordes who took Thrace and Adrianople in 1361, and under Bajazet overran the provinces of the Eastern Empire before the end of that century. The arts of making silk and other fine goods, crystal glasses, and jewelry, were carried to the Netherlands and to England by the Revocation of the Ediet of Nantes, granted by Henry IV. in 1598, confirmed by Louis XI. in 1610, and Louis XIV. in 1652, and revoked by Louis XIV., Oct. 22, 1685. Fifty thousand Protestant families left France for more tolerant countries, and the world is the better off from the diffusion of their skill. The more closely we examine the record, the more do we discover our indebtedness to the East; and the extreme East seems to have been the primary fountain of our industrial civilization. The use of an explosive compound, pulvis nitratus, is mentioned in an Arabic writing in the Escurial collection, datii
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
ducing about two tons per day. The Pioneer furnace at Pottsville was blown July, 1839. The first iron-works in America were established near Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. In 1622, however, the works were destroyed, and the workmen, with their families, massacred by the Indians. The next attempt was at Lynn, Massachusetts, on the banks of the Saugus, in 1648. The ore used was the bog ore, still plentiful in that locality. At these works Joseph Jenks, a native of Hammersmith, England, in 1652, by order of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, coined silver shillings, sixpences, and threepences, known as the pine-tree coinage, from the device of a pine-tree on one face. Of the special processes for treating and purifying, a few may be cited:— Smelting by blast with charcoal, pit-coal, and coke, and with the addition of limestone or shells as a flux, have been noted. See supra; also blastfurnace. Puddling and boiling, somewhat similar operations for burning the carbon of p
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
ve flourished in England as it did on the Continent, as wool continued to be a staple article of export. During the persecutions of the Duke of Alva in Flanders, in the sixteenth century, many Flemish weavers settled in England, and introduced or promoted the manufacture of baizes, serges, crapes, and other descriptions of stuffs. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 (granted to the French Protestants by Henry IV. in 1598, confirmed by Louis XIII. in 1610, and by Louis XIV. in 1652), by Louis XIV. drove from France many ingenious artisans, who carried with them to England and other countries the arts of silk working, making crystal glass, jewelry, etc. In weaving plain cloth the threads which run lengthwise of the fabric constitute the warp. Those in the direction of the width are called the weft, woof, shoot, or tram. The warp is divided into two parts, each containing an alternate thread, which are alternately raised and lowered, allowing the weft-thread to pas
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
previously been attempted, and in part accomplished, by enlarging the instrument so as to enable the measurements of smaller arcs. The first micrometer on record is that of Gascoigne of England, constructed about 1640, and used by him in measuring the diameters of the moon and some of the planets. The inventor perished in the civil war, 1644. The instrument had nicely ground parallel edges of brass plate, and parallel hairs were substituted by the renowned Dr. Hooke. Huyghens, about 1652, measured the diameter of a planet by inserting in the tube of the telescope, at the focus of the object-glass and eye-glass, a slip of metal which covered exactly the image of the planet, and then deduced the diameter by the breadth of the slip compared with the breadth of the field. Malvasia, shortly after, employed a network of fine silver wire, making a reticulated or filar micrometer. The wires were stretched across a diaphragm in his telescope, crossing each other at right angles and
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
it is on a cash basis. That country is rapidly drifting into the hands of a few proprietors. Thanks to the much-maligned French Revolution, the land of France is held in small freeholdings. The Hebrew land polity is the best yet. Passing over a long interval, we find that the modern plow originated in the Low Countries, so called. Flanders and Holland gave to England much of her husbandry and gardening knowledge, field, kitchen, and ornamental. Blythe's Improver improved, published in 1652, has allusions to the subject. Lummis, in 1720, imported plows from Holland. James Small of Berwickshire, Scotland, made plows and wrote treatises on the subject, 1784. He made cast-iron mold-boards and wroughtiron shares, and introduced the draft-chain. He made shares of cast-iron in 1785. The importation of what is known as the Rotherham plow was the immediate cause of the improvement in plows which dates from the middle of the last century. Whether this name is derived from Rotterdam
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
ing about two tons per day. The Pioneer furnace at Pottsville was blown in July, 1839. The first iron-works in America were established near Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. In 1622, however, the works were destroyed, and the workmen, with their families, massacred by the Indians. The next attempt was at Lynn, Massachusetts, on the banks of the Saugus, in 1648. The ore used was the bog ore, still plentiful in that locality. At these works Joseph Jenks, a native of Hammersmith, England, in 1652, by order of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, coined silver shillings, sixpences, and threepences, known as the pine-tree coinage, from the device of a pine-tree on one side. Early in the eighteenth century, a smeltingfur-nace was erected in Virginia by Sir Alexander Spottswood, governor of Virginia, who lived at the Temple Farm, near Yorktown, Va. He had been wounded at Blenheim, where he served with Marlborough. He was the first to cross the Blue Ridge and see the Shenandoah Valley.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
h, they fasten their forke, which they hold in their other hand upon the same dish so that whosoever he be that sitting in the company of others at meate, shoul vnaduisedly touch the dish of meate with his fingers from which all others at the table doe cut, be will give occasion of offence unto the company as hauing transgressed the laws of good manners, in so much that for his error he shall be at least broue-beaten, if not reprehended in words. Even when Heylin published his Cosmography, 1652, they appear to have been a novelty in England, as, after speaking of the chopsticks used by the Chinese, he adds, The use of silver forks, which is by some of our spruce gallants taken up of late, came from thence into Italy, and from thence into England. In a curious class of knives of the sixteenth century, the blades have on one side the musical notes to the benediction of the table, or grace before meat, and on the other, the grace after meat. (See carving-knife, page 492.) The s
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
der an ink-roller, and then passes between rollers, simultaneously with the wire to be marked. American wire and screw gage. Caliper, rule, and wire gage. Wire-mi-crom′e-ter. A comparison of authorities shows that two other forms of micrometer were used before the wire-micrometer was introduced by Malvasia, about 1654. These were the micrometer by Gascoigne, 1640, which consisted of nicely ground parallel edges of adjustable brass plates; and the slip of metal used by Huyghens, 1652. The latter was made to cover the image of the object in the focus of the lenses, and then compared with the breadth of the field. Hooke substituted parallel hairs for the parallel edges. Malvasia constructed a micrometer having two parallel series of crossing silver wires, which divided the field of view into squares of equal size. Machine for making skirt-wire. The fiar, or wire-micrometer, has spider-lines, or fine wires, across the field of the instrument, and these are capabl