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our. Fairbairn's bail-scoop. Bait-mill. A machine used by the Bank fishermen for cutting fish into bait. It is an oblong wooden box, standing on one end, and contains a roller armed with knives, and turned by a crank on the outside. It resembles in form and operation a sausage-cutting machine, but delivers a coarser product. Baize. (Fabric.) A coarse woolen fabric with a long nap, principally used for covering tables, screens, etc. First made at Colchester, England, in 1660. Bought me a new black baize waistecoate, lined with silk. — Pepys, 1663. Sir Thomas Clifford talked much of the plain habits of the Spaniards: how the king and lords themselves wear but a cloak of Colchester bayze, and the ladies mantles, in cold weather, of white flannell; and that the endeavours frequently of setting up the manufactory of making these stuffs there, have only been prevented by the Inquisition. — Ibid., February, 1667. Ba-la-lai′ka. (Music.) A musical instru
ar. My lord [Sandwich] called for the lieutenant's cittern, and with two candlesticks with money in them for symbols (cymbals), we made barber's music. —Pepys, 1660. Civ′er-y. (Architecture.) A bay or compartment of a vaulted ceiling. A severy. Civ′il En-gi-neering. See under the following heads:— Adobe.Bucklpulling a string was invented by Barlow, 1676. The endless cord, to continue the clock in regular motion, during the time of winding up, was invented by Huyghens, 1660. This was otherwise effected by Harrison, 1735, by means of his auxiliary spring and additional ratchet. See going-wheel. Huyghens was also the contriver of the skins of the West. My lord called for the lieutenant's cittern, and with two candlesticks with money in them for symbols (sic), we made barber's music. — Pepys, 1660. Cys′to-tome. (Surgical.) An instrument for cutting into a cyst, natural or morbid, such as opening the bladder for the extraction of urinary calc
s of the form of a right-angled triangle, the angles of which were made in accordance with the pitch of the proposed screw. The perpendicular being wrapped around the rod at right angles to the axis, the hypoteneuse gave the spiral of the screw, and the base the pitch. The subject of originating screws, which is closely connected with the dividing-engine, may be pursued in Holtzapffel (Vol. II. pp. 635 – 655). The methods of graduating instruments received much attention from Tompion (1660), Sharp (1689), the Sissons, and Bird (1745), the latter receiving pound 500 from the Board of Longitude for his method of dividing. Hindley, in 1740, constructed an engine for dividing circles, which also served to cut clock-wheels. Ramsden, in 1766, contrived his dividing-engine, and in 1777 received a reward of pound 615 from the Board of Longitude. Following Ramsden were the Troughtons, father and son, the latter of whom received the Copley medal of the Royal Society of England for h
ording to a presented pattern. The Jacquard is the principal loom used in weaving figured fabrics. See damask; Jacquard. Hohlfield, of Hennerndorf, in Saxony, 1711 – 71, invented a loom for weaving figured fabrics, the model of which is preserved in the collection of the Berlin Academy. Fig′ure-head. (Nautical.) The ornament on the head or prow of a ship. Fi′lar-mi-crom′e-ter. A micrometer having threads or wires across its field of view. It was invented by Malvasia about 1660, who applied a network of fine silver wires crossing each other at right angles, and dividing the field of the telescope into squares. See wire-micrometer. File. A steel instrument for abrading or smoothing surfaces, and having raised cutting edges (teeth) made by the indentations of a chisel. Files are mentioned in 1 Samuel XIII. 21, 1093 B. C. They had a file for the mattocks and for the colters, and for the forks and for the axes, and to sharpen the goads. Files are grad
the track through Spain. The modern Arabs have an instrument called the 'ood (c, Fig. 2336), which may be considered the Syrian guitar. The head is bent over as in the European guitar; the neck appears to be destitute of frets. The strings are seven, and are made of catgut. Guitars. The Peruvians had a guitar with five or six strings, called a tinga. They also possessed the syrinx, flute, tambourine, and trumpet. The guitar was introduced into England by Francis Corbeta, about 1660, and was a novelty to the writers of the day. I heard a Frenchman play upon the guitar most extreme well, though at best methinks it is but a bawble. — Pepys's Diary, 1661. My Lord Sandwich playing upon the gittarr, which he now commends above all musique in the world. — Pepys's Diary, 1665. The guitar is the principal musical instrument of the Japanese. Their syamsic has three strings, two in the octave, the middle one giving the fifth. It is played with a plectrum, consisting of
rs f may have a longitudinal movement. On raising the receivingtrough, the rod i pushes up the weight j, which, by means of the connecting-rod k, causes the holder to traverse the width of one set of brushes. The first (English) hackney-coach. Hackney-coach. (Vehicle.) An English term for a coach plying in the streets for hire. It has two facing seats inside. They were introduced into France in 1650 (fiacre), and about the same time into England. They are mentioned by Pepys, 1660. The name is French (coche-à--haquenee). Hack-saw. A frame saw of moderate set, tolerably close teeth, and good temper; used in sawing metal. Such a saw is used to cut the nicks in heads of screws, in cutting off bolts, etc. Hack-saw. Hade. (Mining.) The dip, inclination, or slope of a vein or stratum. The angle it bears to the horizon. The underlay. Had′ley's Quad′rant. (Optics.) An instrument for measuring altitudes. Used principally at sea. See quadrant;
bove, in mixed colors or plain. Moiles. The metallic oxide adhering to the glass which is knocked from the end of the blow-pipe. Moi′neau. (Fortification.) A small, flat bastion raised in front of an intended fortification, to defend it against attacks by small-arms. Moire. Watered or clouded silk. The thick silk goods is damped, folded in a peculiar manner, and subjected to great pressure, say, from 60 to 100 tons. Green watered moyre is mentioned by Pepys in his Diary, 1660. Moire an-tique′. (Fabric.) A heavy, watered silk. Moire Metal-lique′. Tin plate which has been acted on by an acid, so as to display by reflected light the crystalline texture of the tin. A surface of tinned iron is rinsed in an alkali water, dried, warmed, washed in a solution of nitric and hydrochloric acid, dipped in water, washed, and dried. It is then covered with colored varnish. A film of peculiar crystallization is produced in larger or smaller patterns, accordi
acters — was allied. The number of letters in the following alphabets is thus given in Ballhorn's Grammatography, Trubner & Co., 1831: — Hebrew22Ethiopic202 Chaldaic22Chinese214 Syriac22Japanese73 Samaritan22Dutch26 Phoenician22Spanish27 Armenian38Irish18 Arabic28Anglo-Saxon25 Persian32Danish28 Turkish33Gothic25 Georgian38French28 Coptic32German26 Greek24Welch4 Latin25Russian35 Sanscrit328 The letter J was introduced into the alphabets by Giles Beye, a printer of Paris, 1660. Short-hand writing was known to the Greeks and Romans. Its invention was ascribed to Xenophon. It was introduced into Rome by Cicero. Pliny employed a short-hand amanuensis. The Chinese dictionary shows 43,496 words: of these 13,000 are irrelevant, and consist of signs which are ill-formed and obsolete. For ordinary use 4,000 signs suffice. Kung-fu-tze can be read with a knowledge of 2,500. There are 214 root-signs, so to speak, which indicate the pronunciation, and form keys or
f small glass rods are arranged cylindrically, fixed by melted glass, and heated till the rods cohere. The bunch is then drawn out to a long cone and spirally twisted. Another bunch is similarly elongated and twisted in the other direction. One of these cones is inserted in the other and the two fused together. Wherever the little rods cross each other a bubble of air is inclosed, and the reticulated appearance is thus given. Re-tic′u-lated mi-crom′e-ter. Invented by Malvasia, about 1660, who constructed a network of silver wires, crossing each other at right angles, and dividing the field of the telescope into a number of equal squares. It is used for measuring small celestial distances. The reticulated micrometer consists of an eye-piece of low power, having stretched across it a number of wires at right angles to and at equal and known distances from each other. The wires are illuminated with the lantern, and the object measured by noting the number of divisions covered
have been employed on freight-cars, mail-bags, and for custom-house and various other purposes. Seal-pipe. (Gas.) A pipe whose inlet or exit is beneath the surface of the water in a hydraulic main to prevent reflux of gas. A dip-pipe, Fig. 1660. Seal-press. A press for imprinting an inscription or device on paper or plastic material. In the example, the handle depresses the seal by means of a cam, and is thrown up by a spring. Seal-press. A fly between the die and the bed prface of the water, and the pressure of the air forces out the water in a fountain when the faucet is turned. In another case fire is applied, and the pressure of steam performs the same office. This is like the Baptista Porta apparatus of A. D. 1660; De Caus, 1620; Marquis of Worcester, 1655. It has been said Hero merely collected these, and probably derived much from the sublime Archimedes, with whom he was nearly contemporary. Be it as it may, he recorded them, and we know no other auth
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