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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
ure of a body of compressed air, so far as our present information extends, was that by Dr. Papin, of Blois, France, about 1695. His experiments were particularly directed to utilizing the power of a fall of water in compressing air which was conveyto prevent the transmission of heat to the deck. Air′--chamber for pumps. This was used by Dr. Papin of France about 1695, but had been described nearly two thousand years previously by Hero in his Spiritalia. It was attached by Perrault, in 1ntaneous combustion. Air — tube for conveying letters, goods, and passengers. This idea suggested by Dr. Papin about 1695, patented by Medhurst in England 1810, on the air-compression principle, and by Vallanee in 1824 on the exhaust principle, pipe L. The action of the pistons is alternate. At-mos-pher′ic En′gine. Invented by Dr. Papin, of Blois, France, in 1695; improved by Newcomen, 1705, and Watt, 1769. It was the first good steam-engine on a working scale, and is the foundatio
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
. Genghis Khan issued paper money, but all his power could not give it a purchasing value above fifty per cent of its face. In The book of the balance of wisdom, by Al-Khazini, a learned Arab of the twelfth century, occurs the remark that, in the first division of his book, are added chapters on exchange and the mint, in connection with the mode of proceeding, in general, as to things salable and legal-tenders. The Bank of England commenced business at Grono's Hall, Poultry, London, in 1695. No notes were issued under £ 20. Notes of £ 5 were issued in 1793. Bank-note En-grav′ing. The chief object in the manufacture of bank-notes is to render forgery impossible, or at least easy of detection. This is sought to be effected by peculiarity of paper, design, and printing; or by a combination of these means, as is done in the Bank of England and other banks. The mechanical design, however, has chiefly been relied on for security. It has been the constant aim to make the
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), H. (search)
chute, by which its contents are carried to wagons. b. A cistern or box for washing ores. 2. (Milling.) The case of a flour bolt. A bolting-hutch. 3. A kneading-trough. Hutch′ing. （Mining.) A separation of ore in a sieve, which is suspended from a lever or held in the hands, and agitated in a vat of water. See jigger. Huy-ghen′i — an eye-piece. （Optics.) The negative eye-piece, named after its distinguished inventor, Christian Huyghens, a Dutch astronomer (1629– 1695). This wonderful man excelled in mathematical and mechanical science and art. He improved the telescope; discovered the ring of Saturn (as such); reapplied the pendulum to beating time, and first accurately adapted it; invented the micrometer; and in his various communications to the Academy of Sciences in Paris and the Royal Society of London illuminated all he undertook. He was one of the emigrants driven from France at the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and exchanged the friend
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
oticed to resemble porcelain, which then was a curiosity and of great value. The material which gave the peculiar character to the compound was ascertained to be a fine white clay, found on the road near Aue, which was excessively tenacious and clammy, but capable when dry of being reduced to a very fine powder, so that it had been used for hair-powder and went by the name of Schnorr's white earth. It proved to be kaolin. The French porcelain works were first established at St. Cloud, in 1695, by Louis XIV.; at Vincennes, 1740; removed to Sevres, 1786. The Meissen, Saxony, porcelain manufactory was established by Augustus II., Elector of Saxony, in 1710. Botticher invented the hard paste in 1706; the red ware like jasper, in 1711: white porcelain, in 1709; the perfect, white kind, in 1715. He died in 1719. Heroldt introduced gilding and painting in 1720; modeled groups, in 1731; porcelain made in England, at Bow, in 1698. Wedgwood ware was first patented, 1762. Porcelain
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
and springbalance at a little lower pressure than the lock-up valve. It was invented by Papin, 1695, and was originally applied to his digester. Safety-valves. A, Fig. 4543, shows Papin's safblast of trumpets was not unknown there. Morland, who was born in 1625, and died in poverty in 1695, is believed to have given the speaking-trumpet its present form, though his claims are warmly coo make plans and test them. Basco de Garay, 1543, the Marquis of Worcester, 1655, Denys Papin, 1695, Savery, 1698, and others, had prophesied, proposed, or tried steam navigation. The modes of pe paddle-wheel1789 Sets of reciprocating paddles1789 Destruction of Denys Papin's steamboat in 1695, by the Bargemen of the Seine (by Figuier). See list under steam. See also propeller, pages 1al mind, like Watt, and was fertile in resources. This was Dr. Papin, of Blois, in France (about 1695). Papin's water-elevator. Papin started with one vessel (like De Caus); then separated them
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
of powder against the French at Rochelle. One exploded against a vessel without seriously damaging it. The others were intercepted. In the afternoon come the German, Dr. Knuffler, to discourse with us about his engine to blow up ships. We doubted not the matter of fact, it being tried in Cromwell's time, but the safety of carrying them in ships.—Pepys's Diary, 1662. In 1688 an immense floating bomb was prepared by the French against the port of Algiers, but was not used. In 1693-95 similar contrivances were used by the English in besieging St. Malo, Dieppe, and Dunkirk, without serious damage. In 1770 the Russians burned the Turkish fleet in the port of Tchesme, and destroyed the fortifications by the shock of the explosion. In 1804 the loaded catamarans of Fulton were used by the English against the French fleet off Boulogne. But little damage was done. The experiments were repeated again and again against Le Forte Rouge at Calais, 1804 (Fulton blew up the bri